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NASA NTRS1972

Subsonic, transonic, and supersonic nozzle flow by the inverse technique.

The inverse technique is used to obtain a mathematically and physically consistent solution of the flowfield in a nozzle from the mass generation surface through the supersonic region. The inverse method employs an assumed centerline function which is of the Cauchy type in that the values and the derivatives of the function are known. Since the Cauchy boundary conditions can give rise to numerical instabilities, the governing gasdynamic equations for rotational steady flow were transformed into a form which puts the geometry into a rectangular shape, and which spaces the network of interior points more finely in regions of the greatest gradients of the dependent variables. For arbitrarily specified centerline data, the solution of the governing flow equations may not exist, and if it does it may not depend continuously on the data.

Norton, D. J.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Control law synthesis and sensor design for active flutter suppression.

Methods are presented for representing unsteady aerodynamic loadings, valid for arbitrary motion, for the two-dimensional typical section with a trailing-edge control surface in incompressible flow and a three-dimensional lifting surface with leading- or trailing-edge control surfaces in subsonic compressible flow. Loads for the two-dimensional incompressible case are obtained via analytic continuation of the Theodorsen function into the complex plane, with guidance from a time-domain approximation of the Wagner indicial function. For the three-dimensional case, it is proposed that oscillatory generalized aerodynamic forces be approximated by Pade fractions, thereby permitting an obvious continuation into the complex plane. A theoretical justification for this procedure is briefly outlined, and some practical aspects of its implementation are discussed.

Lyons, M. G.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Design study of steady-state 30-tesla liquid-neon-cooled magnet

A design for a 30-tesla, liquid-neon-cooled magnet was reported which is capable of continuous operation. Cooled by nonboiling, forced-convection heat transfer to liquid neon flowing at 2.8 cu m/min in a closed, pressurized heat-transfer loop and structurally supported by a tapered structural ribbon, the tape-wound coils with a high-purity-aluminum conductor will produce over 30 teslas for 1 minute at 850 kilowatts. The magnet will have an inside diameter of 7.5 centimeters and an outside diameter of 54 centimeters. The minimum current density at design field will be 15.7 kA/sq cm.

Prok, G. M.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Dip-molded t-shaped cannula

Cannula, fabricated out of polyetherurethane, has been designed for long-term service. Improved cannula is T-shaped to collect blood from both directions, thus replacing two conventional cannulas that are usually required and eliminating need for large surgical wound. It is fabricated by using dip-molding process that can be adapted to other elastomeric objects having complex shapes. Dimensions of cannula were chosen to optimize its blood-flow properties and to reduce danger of excessive clotting, making it suitable for continuous service up to 21 days in vein or artery of patient.

Broyles, H. F.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Calibration of transonic and supersonic wind tunnels

State-of-the art instrumentation and procedures for calibrating transonic (0.6 less than M less than 1.4) and supersonic (M less than or equal to 3.5) wind tunnels were reviewed and evaluated. Major emphasis was given to transonic tunnels. Continuous, blowdown and intermittent tunnels were considered. The required measurements of pressure, temperature, flow angularity, noise and humidity were discussed, and the effects of measurement uncertainties were summarized. A comprehensive review of instrumentation currently used to calibrate empty tunnel flow conditions was included. The recent results of relevant research are noted and recommendations for achieving improved data accuracy are made where appropriate. It is concluded, for general testing purposes, that satisfactory calibration measurements can be achieved in both transonic and supersonic tunnels. The goal of calibrating transonic tunnels to within 0.001 in centerline Mach number appears to be feasible with existing instrumentation, provided correct calibration procedures are carefully followed. A comparable accuracy can be achieved off-centerline with carefully designed, conventional probes, except near Mach 1. In the range 0.95 less than M less than 1.05, the laser Doppler velocimeter appears to offer the most promise for improved calibration accuracy off-centerline.

Reed, T. D.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Boundary-value problem of configurations with compressible free vortex flow

A self-consistent version of the compressible boundary-value problem for configurations with leading-edge vortex separation is formulated, based on the assumption that the compressible flow field is controlled by the linearized potential equation. The stream surface boundary condition and the zero pressure jump condition of the compressible free vortex flows are analyzed; application of the Goethert rule permits the compressible nonlinear boundary-value problem for the subsonic flow domain to be transformed into an equivalent nonlinear incompressible problem. The compressibility corrections developed are used in numerical calculations of subsonic leading-edge vortex flows about planar wing geometries. The sample calculations, employing an inviscid flow model in which the wing and vortex sheets are represented by piecewise continuous quadratic doublet sheet distributions, are applicable to high subsonic Mach numbers.

Brune, G. W.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Equatorial wave-mean flow interaction - A numerical study of the role of latitudinal shear

A time-dependent primitive equation model for an equatorial channel is used to assess the interaction of equatorial Kelvin and mixed Rossby-gravity waves with the mean flow. The proposed model involves a semiimplicit time-differencing scheme and a finite-difference grid in the meridional plane. It is shown that forced equatorial waves interact with mean flow to produce equatorial jets characterized by downward-moving westerly (Kelvin wave forcing) and easterly (mixed Rossby-gravity wave forcing) shear zones, respectively. For parameters characteristic of the observed waves in the equatorial stratosphere, the wave-mean flow interaction process always reduces the amplitude of any initial cross-equatorial mean wind shear. The mean flow profile tends to become symmetric about the equator as the interaction process continues.

Holton, J. R.↗

NASA NTRS1982

The effect of islands on low frequency equatorial motions

A complete analytic solution is presented for the influence of equatorial islands on steady low-frequency waves. If the island is small (the meridional extent is much less than the equatorial radius of deformation, R), the waves pass it almost undisturbed, with the mass flux incident on the upstream side flowing around it nearly equally to the north and to the south and continuing on downstream in the lee of the island. For large islands (comparable in extent with R or larger), the principal response is organized as it would be if the island barrier were meridionally infinite. An incident Kelvin wave is largely reflected as long Rossby waves; symmetric long Rossby waves are reflected as equatorial Kelvin waves, while antisymmetric ones stop at the island barrier. In all cases, a boundary current composed of short Rossby waves forms at the eastern side of the island and accomplishes the required meridional redistribution of the zonal mass flux.

Cane, M. A.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Evaluation of moisture barrier coatings on carbon-phenolic SRM nozzle materials

The carbon-phenolic composite ablative material used on the Solid Rocket Motor (SRM) nozzle is known to absorb moisture from the atmosphere. This could cause problems such as pocketing during firing. Several moisture barrier coatings were tested on the SRM nozzle material. Data are presented for six of the 12 coatings to be tested. The data were obtained from immersion of coated samples in an environmental chamber at 100 F and 100% relative humidity and by using a modified TGA (thermal gravimetric analysis) technique. The TGA technique involved allowing wet nitrogen (25 C, 80% relative humidity) to flow across a small sample at about 65 cu cm per minute while continually monitoring the weight increase. These preliminary results show Kel-F-800, a material supplied by 3M Corporation to be the better moisture barrier. A second task was to collect data on the relative absorption of water and kerosene into the carbon-phenolic SRM nozzle material. These data indicate that water absorbs into the nozzle material to a much greater extent than kerosene. Thus kerosene is the more likely solvent in which to make specific gravity measurements on the SRM nozzle material.

Mcnutt, Ronald C.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Viscous shock-layer analysis of hypersonic flows over long slender bodies

Numerical solutions from the time-steady viscous shock-layer equations are presented for the hypersonic laminar and turbulent flow of a perfect gas over long slender bodies. These results are obtained from a spatial-marching implicit finite-difference technique. Detailed comparisons have been made with other predictions and experimental data to assess the accuracy of the present numerical technique, especially for slender-body flows. Results from the present method show that coupling the normal momentum and continuity equations and the use of the Vigneron pressure condition in the subsonic nose region give quite accurate and stable results. These results compare (with some exceptions) favorably with those obtained using PNS and other VSL methods.

Gupta, R. N.↗

NASA NTRS1988

An unusual outflow around IRAS 16293-2422

The dense dusty molecular cloud core associated with the unusual protostellar source IRAS 16293-1422 (IRAS 1629A) was observed in the J = 2-1 transition of (C-12)O and (C-13)O. These observations indicate that IRAS 1629A is a source of an unusual high-velocity molecular outflow with four separate emission lobes. The morphology and velocity structure of the lobes may suggest the presence of a dual jet or double bipolar outflow system originating from the vicinity of IRAS 1269A. These observations resolve the outflowing gas into numerous high-velocity clumps which are either being continuously accelerated from low to high velocity along the entire length of the flow or are undergoing free-flow expansion.

Walker, Christopher K.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Design and calibration of the carousel wind tunnel

In the study of planetary aeolian processes the effect of gravity is not readily modeled. Gravity appears in the equations of particle motion along with interparticle forces but the two terms are not separable. A wind tunnel that would permit variable gravity would allow separation of the forces and aid greatly in understanding planetary aeolian processes. The design of the Carousel Wind Tunnel (CWT) allows for a long flow distance in a small sized tunnel since the test section is a continuous circuit and allows for a variable pseudo-gravity. A prototype design was built and calibrated to gain some understanding of the characteristics of the design and the results presented.

Leach, R. N.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Development and testing of a unique carousel wind tunnel to experimentally determine the effect of gravity and the interparticle force on the physics of wind-blown particles

In the study of planetary aeolian processes the effect of gravity is not readily modeled. Gravity appears in the equations of particle motion along with the interparticle forces but the two are not separable. A wind tunnel that perimits multiphase flow experiments with wind blown particles at variable gravity was built and experiments were conducted at reduced gravity. The equations of particle motion initiation (saltation threshold) with variable gravity were experimentally verified and the interparticle force was separated. A uniquely design Carousel Wind Tunnel (CWT) allows for the long flow distance in a small sized tunnel since the test section if a continuous loop and develops the required turbulent boundary layer. A prototype model of the tunnel where only the inner drum rotates was built and tested in the KC-135 Weightless Wonder 4 zero-g aircraft. Future work includes further experiments with walnut shell in the KC-135 which sharply graded particles of widely varying median sizes including very small particles to see how interparticle force varies with particle size, and also experiments with other aeolian material.

Leach, R. N.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Creation of current filaments in the solar corona

It has been suggested that the solar corona is heated by the dissipation of electric currents. The low value of the resistivity requires the magnetic field to have structure at very small length scales if this mechanism is to work. In this paper it is demonstrated that the coronal magnetic field acquires small-scale structure through the braiding produced by smooth, randomly phased, photospheric flows. The current density develops a filamentary structure and grows exponentially in time. Nonlinear processes in the ideal magnetohydrodynamic equations produce a cascade effect, in which the structure introduced by the flow at large length scales is transferred to smaller scales. If this process continues down to the resistive dissipation length scale, it would provide an effective mechanism for coronal heating.

Mikic, Z.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Ionizable-Substance Detector

Device that includes all conventional components of fuel cell and electrolyzer continuously monitors concentration of ionizable substance in stream of fluid without significantly disrupting flow or chemical composition. Among substances monitored are hydrogen, sodium, fluorine, chlorine, oxygen, and bromine. Useful in early detection of fluctuations, malfunctions, or hazards. Particularly useful for detecting hydrogen in stream of water in closed system containing oxygen, wherein concentration of hydrogen must not exceed given maximum, lest hydrogen react explosively with oxygen. Also used to monitor exhaust stream to comply with environmental-protection requirements.

Mcelroy, William↗

NASA NTRS1992

Microwave Electrothermal Propulsion for Space

The microwave electrothermal thruster (MET) concept for medium or high-power spacecraft propulsion is described. The MET employs continuous wave microwave energy to create and maintain a plasma discharge in a flowing propellant gas. The discharge then acts to absorb the applied microwave energy and transform it into thermal and internal energy of the propellant. Expansion and expulsion of the hot propellant through a throat and nozzle finally converts the energy of the gas into thrust. The MET concept is electrodeless, synergistically combines high pressure and high power capability, provides external control over the energy-conversion discharge, and operates on hydrogen propellant. The potential performance of the MET on hydrogen propellant has been modeled with a two-dimensional kinetics computer code. The MET concept is particularly suitable for use with a magnetic nozzle. Apparatus is described for testing the resonant-cavity MET to power levels of 30 kW at 915 MHz on nitrogen, helium, and hydrogen. The low-ripple operation of the microwave generator has been verified, as has a procedure for starting the microwave discharge and raising the power applied to the cavity via a phase shifter-tuner.

Power, John L.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Local isotropy in distorted turbulent boundary layers at high Reynolds number

This is a report on the continuation of our experimental investigations of the hypothesis of local isotropy in shear flows. This hypothesis, which states that at sufficiently high Reynolds numbers the small-scale structures of turbulent motions are independent of large-scale structures and mean deformations, has been used in theoretical studies of turbulence and computational methods such as large-eddy simulation. Since Kolmogorov proposed his theory, there have been many experiments, conducted in wakes, jets, mixing layers, a tidal channel, and atmospheric and laboratory boundary layers, in which attempts have been made to verify - or refute - the local-isotropy hypothesis. However, a review of the literature over the last five decades indicated that, despite all these experiments in shear flows, there was no consensus in the scientific community regarding this hypothesis, and, therefore, it seemed worthwhile to undertake a fresh experimental investigation into this question.

Saddoughi, Seyed G.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Boundary-layer receptivity due to distributed surface imperfections of a deterministic or random nature

Acoustic receptivity of a Blasius boundary layer in the presence of distributed, 2D surface irregularities is investigated analytically. It is shown that, out of the entire spatial spectrum of the surface irregularities, only a narrow band of Fourier components can lead to an efficient conversion of the acoustic input at any given frequency to an unstable eigenmode of the boundary-layer flow. Random irregularities which are spatially homogeneous in nature, and also possess a continuous spectrum in the streamwise direction, lead to instability amplitudes that are intermediate to those caused by the periodic and isolated irregularities, respectively, being, in fact, of the same order as the geometrical mean of the amplitudes in the latter two cases. A physical explanation for these asymptotic scalings is given, in addition to providing an analytical expression for the expected value of the instability amplitude for an ensemble of statistically irregular surfaces with random phase distributions.

Choudhari, Meelan↗