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DOE OSTI2021

Performance Evaluation of Comparative Vacuum Monitoring and Piezoelectric Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring of Rotorcraft Components

The costs associated with the increasing maintenance and surveillance needs of aging structures are rising at an unexpected rate. Multi-site fatigue damage, hidden cracks in hard-to-reach locations, disbonded joints, erosion, impact, and corrosion are among the major flaws encountered in today’s extensive fleet of aging aircraft and space vehicles. Aircraft maintenance and repairs represent about a quarter of a commercial fleet’s operating costs. The application of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems using distributed sensor networks can reduce these costs by facilitating rapid and global assessments of structural integrity. The use of in-situ sensors for real-time health monitoring can overcome inspection impediments stemming from accessibility limitations, complex geometries, and the location and depth of hidden damage. Reliable, structural health monitoring systems can automatically process data, assess structural condition, and signal the need for human intervention. The ease of monitoring an entire on-board network of distributed sensors means that structural health assessments can occur more often, allowing operators to be even more vigilant with respect to flaw onset. SHM systems also allow for condition-based maintenance practices to be substituted for the current time-based or cycle-based maintenance approach thus optimizing maintenance labor. The Federal Aviation Administration has conducted a series of SHM validation and certification programs intended to comprehensively support the evolution and adoption of SHM practices into routine aircraft maintenance practices. This report presents one of those programs involving a Sandia Labs-aviation industry effort to move SHM into routine use for aircraft maintenance. The Airworthiness Assurance NDI Validation Center (AANC) at Sandia Labs, in conjunction with Sikorsky, Structural Monitoring Systems Ltd., Anodyne Electronics Manufacturing Corp., Acellent Technologies Inc., and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) carried out a trial validation and certification program to evaluate Comparative Vacuum Monitoring (CVM) and Piezoelectric Transducers (PZT) as a structural health monitoring solution to specific rotorcraft applications. Validation tasks were designed to address the SHM equipment, the health monitoring task, the resolution required, the sensor interrogation procedures, the conditions under which the monitoring will occur, the potential inspector population, adoption of CVM and PZT systems into rotorcraft maintenance programs and the document revisions necessary to allow for their routine use as an alternate means of performing periodic structural inspections. This program addressed formal SHM technology validation and certification issues so that the full spectrum of concerns, including design, deployment, performance and certification were appropriately considered. Sandia Labs designed, implemented, and analyzed the results from a focused and statistically relevant experimental effort to quantify the reliability of a CVM system applied to Sikorsky S-92 fuselage frame application and a PZT system applied to an S-92 main gearbox mount beam application. The applications included both local and global damage detection assessments. All factors that affect SHM sensitivity were included in this program: flaw size, shape, orientation and location relative to the sensors, as well as operational and environmental variables. Statistical methods were applied to performance data to derive Probability of Detection (POD) values for SHM sensors in a manner that agrees with current nondestructive inspection (NDI) validation requirements and is acceptable to both the aviation industry and regulatory bodies. The validation work completed in this program demonstrated the ability of both CVM and PZT SHM systems to detect cracks in rotorcraft components. It proved the ability to use final system response parameters to provide a Green Light/Red Light (“GO” – “NO GO”) decision on the presence of damage. In additional to quantifying the performance of each SHM system for the trial applications on the S-92 platform, this study also identified specific methods that can be used to optimize damage detection, guidance on deployment scenarios that can affect performance and considerations that must be made to properly apply CVM and PZT sensors. These results support the main goal of safely integrating SHM sensors into rotorcraft maintenance programs. Additional benefits from deploying rotorcraft Health and Usage Monitoring Systems (HUMS) may be realized when structural assessment data, collected by an SHM system, is also used to detect structural damage to compliment the operational environment monitoring. The use of in-situ sensors for health monitoring of rotorcraft structures can be a viable option for both flaw detection and maintenance planning activities. This formal SHM validation will allow aircraft manufacturers and airlines to confidently make informed decisions about the proper utilization of CVM and PZT technology. It will also streamline future regulatory actions and formal certification measures needed to assure the safe application of SHM solutions.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2021

New Capability at ORNL: High Precision Uranium Titration

Destructive analytical measurements establish a nuclear facility’s nuclear material inventory and inventory differences for Nuclear Material Accountancy and Control. A nuclear laboratory’s ability to perform accurate high-precision analytical measurements is key for tracking large inventories within a facility’s material balance areas and during production to track material movement through dynamic processes. For uranium, these measurements are made by using several established high-precision measurement protocols. These include isotope dilution mass spectrometry, gravimetry, and potentiometric titrations. Whatever measurement technique a nuclear lab chooses to use, reference materials (RMs) with certified attributes and accompanying uncertainties are used to calibrate measurement systems, and are the cornerstone for accurate results. In addition to calibration, RMs provide for metrological traceability, are used for method development and validation, and thus provide critical evaluations of the appropriateness and performance of analytical processes used. Evaluations may include validation that a method is fit-for-purpose, quantification of systematic and random biases, and the evaluation of long-term and short-term performance metrics. High-precision measurement techniques require that measured attributes be certified to a high degree of precision in the RMs used—ultimately, to a higher degree than that of the measurement technique itself. The US authority on the production of special nuclear material Certified Reference Materials is the NBL Program Office (NBLPO), formally known as New Brunswick Laboratory (NBL). The NBLPO is responsible for the sales and distribution of existing NBL certified reference materials (CRMs) and for the production of the next generation of nuclear RMs. To accomplish its mission, NBLPO is establishing key base capabilities within the DOE laboratory complex that formerly existed at the NBL laboratory. The Nuclear Analytical Chemistry (NAC) section within the Chemical Sciences Division (CSD) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is currently working with NBLPO to set up laboratory and measurement capabilities to provide measurements and capabilities for production and/or recertification of existing and future CRMs for uranium assay. The NBL-developed high-precision titration (HPT) method is a critically-evaluated, extremely precise and accurate primary method utilized for the determination of uranium content in a variety of uranium materials. The HPT method, combined with detailed balance weighing protocols, provides for an analytical methodology that is unsurpassed in precision and one in which all sources of error have been evaluated, a requirement of CRM certification. HPT capability within the United States was lost with the closure of the labs at NBL. The NAC has been collaborating with NBLPO to stand up and demonstrate the capability to perform uranium assay via HPT at ORNL. HPT can produce results with an expanded uncertainty of approximately 0.01% for pure uranium compounds, with typical precisions of <0.006%. The major tasks required to stand up the method at ORNL were the refurbishment of a dedicated lab and equipment setup, procedure development, analyst training, establishing method-specific quality assurance, and qualification of an analyst to perform the method. This report summarizes these tasks, outlines the documents drafted, and gives the outcome of the qualification titrations.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗

DOE OSTI2021

Physical Sciences Vistas Issue 3 2021

In this issue, highlights of our contributions to mission operations include descriptions of the following. • How exact and scrupulous planning in concert with sophisticated science enabled a first-ever direct measurement of a radionuclide with a half-life as short as six days. The work, which included operations at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Centers (LANSCE) Weapons Neutron Research Facility and the Isotope Production Facility’s hot cell facility, is a boon for both astrophysics and weapons science. • An introduction to Christie Davis and her role in ensuring the Lab’s execution of simultaneous excellence. • A look at progress by AOT’s Target and Experimental Support Team in reclaiming long-dormant space in a radiological controlled area for new work improving target systems for the Lujan Center. • A story showcasing a cross-organizational effort to minimize the directorate’s legacy and environmental footprint. Staff from across the Lab joined together to ensure the safe and efficient disposal of Rocky Flats legacy waste stored in a transportainer at the Target Fabrication Facility. • How the Lab’s Utilities and Infrastructure experts collaborated with stakeholders in our directorate to safety execute preventive maintenance on the LANSCE mesa’s large electrical substation. The Safe Conduct of Research principles provided a common framework for the planning and process. • A description of the resources called upon and the procedures undertaken by MPA to inventory the division’s time-sensitive chemicals, including the careful and conscientious response of an alert team member when something seemed amiss.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Physical Sciences Vistas: Issue 4 2021

In this issue of Physical Sciences Vistas we highlight examples of “excellence in nuclear security.” In this issue, highlights of our outstanding work supporting the Laboratory’s nuclear security enterprise include the following: The complete refurbishment of Sigma’s surface finishing lab. Pride in the lab’s revitalized condition on the part of the operations and R&D staff responsible for this complex operation is well justified. Development of advanced materials and processes enabling next-generation weapons designs, much of which has been facilitated by projects supported by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program. The use of proton radiography in illuminating elements important to validating high explosive burn models. The experimental series was a collaboration between Los Alamos researchers and staff at Lawrence Livermore and Sandia national laboratories and the United Kingdom’s Atomic Weapons Establishment. Deployment of a sophisticated remote handling unit to safely transfer highly radioactive materials required to support mission-critical projects. The skillful swap of an electrical transformer at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE). The deliberate operation restored power to the accelerator in less than estimated time. A look at George Goff ’s role in translating fundamental science into applied solutions essential to the Lab’s nuclear security mission.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2022

FY2021 Improvements to the New CTH Code Verification & Validation Test Suite

Over the past few years, the CTH multiphysics hydrocode has overhauled its software quality and testing processes, implementing current best practices in software quality and building a robust V&V test suite comprised of traditional hydrocode verification problems, including ASC Tri-Lab Test Suite and Enhanced Tri-Lab Test Suite problems, as well as validation problems for some of CTH’s most frequently used equations of state, materials models, and other key capabilities. Substantial progress towards building this new test suite was made in FY19 and FY20. In FY21, the test suite has been expanded to include verification and validation tests of the Steinberg-Guinan-Lund (ST) viscoplastic model and the Johnson Cook (JFRAC) fracture model. Additionally, two new verification tests were added, covering hydrodynamics and high explosive (HE) modeling capabilities: the Kidder Gaussian density problem and the Escape of HE Products (EHEP) problem from the Tri-Lab Test Suite. This report discusses each of these test problems in detail. Verification test results are compared to analytic solutions. Validation test results are compared to experimental data. Wherever possible, convergence or mesh refinement studies are included. Additionally, while implementing the Kidder verification problem, a bug was identified that affects the use of tables to initialize pressure or density in 1D or 2D calculations. A brief discussion of the bug and its fix is included. CTH demonstrates good performance overall on the new test suite problems. Simulation results showed good agreement with analytic solutions for the Kidder problem, with convergence rates ranging between 1.8 and sub-linear, and relatively good agreement for the EHEP problem, though convergence rates for pressure and density were nearly 0. The ST and JFRAC strain rate loading verification tests show good agreement with analytic solutions. Likewise, CTH simulation results show good agreement with experimental validation data, including Taylor rod impact testing, for the materials tested. Future V&V work will focus on adding 2D and 3D versions of existing verification tests as well as adding validation tests of other frequently used capabilities such as other fracture models.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2020

Fabricated ecosystem workshop: bridging laboratory to field science. Workshop report.

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) scientists held a workshop at the DOE BER Genomic Sciences PI meeting on the use of Fabricated Ecosystems in Washington D.C. on February 25th, 2020. Ecosystem fabrication is an approach to creating controlled microbial, soil and plant ecologies within a laboratory setting that enable discovery and dissection of environmental variables, activities, and interactions. At Berkeley Lab, we are developing two systems which span spatial and temporal scales — the EcoFAB and the EcoPOD. The participants of the workshop discussed the potential applications and challenges of using fabricated ecosystems as tools to tackle BER-relevant scientific questions. Specifically, they identified (1) research challenges that would benefit from ready access to this infrastructure (2) identified and prioritized technical challenges that currently limit these systems and (3) discussed how to use them to bridge the gap between lab and field research. To ensure that the fabricated ecosystems , in particular the larger-scale EcoPODs, are of use to as much of the BER community as possible, the workshop participants made the following recommendations: 1. Produce publicly available datasets for a set of control variables. Use for benchmarking, and assessing reproducibility between systems. 2. Implement data standards. 3. Develop/leverage nano/micro sensors and in situ root imaging. 4. Encourage the development of interdisciplinary teams to develop EcoPOD experiments. 5. Develop fabricated ecosystems with size and complexity that sits between the EcoFAB and EcoPOD to accelerate use and access.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2022

Energy Equity and Environmental Justice Summit Report 2022

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) hosted a limited-engagement Energy Equity and Environmental Justice (EEEJ) Summit on September 28, 2022, with the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Economic Impact and Diversity (DOE-ED) and DOE national laboratories: Argonne National Laboratory, Idaho National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, and Savannah River National Laboratory. The goal of the Summit was for labs to highlight their capabilities in the EEEJ space and connect them to DOE-ED’s mission and goals as well as share lessons learned and best practices in our various programmatic spaces. The event commenced with an opening address from Director Shalanda Baker (DOE-ED), which included a call to action for the national labs. Three presentation panels followed, giving insights to the programs stewarded by national laboratories that are currently taking steps to enhance the way science is implemented through equity and justice lenses. A roundtable discussion concluded the Summit and highlighted lessons learned, gaps, challenges, opportunities, and future needs that will improve the impact and partnership of EEEJ work at DOE, national laboratories, at other agencies and institutions, and in other programmatic areas. Interest among participants to stay connected and coordinated and to partner on EEEJ work across labs was emphasized, including a suggestion to establish an intra-laboratory community of practice.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

Survey of the Worldwide Supply Chain of Commodities Needed for a Quantum Technology Program

Quantum Information Science (QIS) is an emerging technology being pursued by fundamental science research groups worldwide, as well as commercial companies and government programs. There are a variety of QIS disciplines, including quantum computing, quantum sensing and quantum encryption. Some of the commodities needed for a robust quantum laboratory are particular to quantum phenomenon, but in general the equipment needed is similar to that needed for a typical high - technology lab (e.g. oscilloscopes, lasers, vacuum chambers, etc.). This study focuses on identifying commodities manufactured worldwide that would be needed for a robust quantum lab. The authors' own knowledge of needed equipment and primary vendors was used as a starting point, follow ed by extensive internet searching and utilization of buyer's guides to create a large spreadsheet of most of the components needed, the company offering the components, and country of manufacture. With this extensive spreadsheet, stakeholders can identify commodities that would be needed for a quantum lab oratory and potentially identify market choke points.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2022

Report Series: Finding of Effect and Mitigation Documentation for Building 23-153, Mercury, Area 23, Nevada National Security Site, Nye County, Nevada

Finding of Effect: The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office (NNSA/NFO) plans to demolish Building 23-153, the Mechanical Calibration Laboratory (Calibration Lab), in Mercury (Nevada State Historic Preservation Office [SHPO] Resource No. B15271), which is on the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) in Nye County, Nevada. The purpose of the undertaking is related to the modernization of Mercury for future mission needs. The NNSA/NFO will implement this undertaking in accordance with the Programmatic Agreement between the National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office and the Nevada State Historic Preservation Officer Regarding Modernization and Operational Maintenance of the Nevada National Security Site, at Mercury in Nye County, Nevada, hereafter referred to as the Mercury PA. Building 23-153 was constructed in Mercury in 1982 as the Mechanical Calibration Laboratory and served as a support facility for nuclear testing throughout the last decade of the Cold War. The town of Mercury and the immediate surrounding area have been formally determined eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as the Mercury Historic District (MHD, SHPO Resource No. D230) under Criteria A and C for their importance in supporting nuclear testing and scientific research from 1951 through 1992. Building 23-153 was identified as a contributing element to the MHD in a 2018 architectural survey of the district (Reno et al. 2018) and recorded on a Nevada Architectural Resource Assessment (ARA) form (Reno et al. 2017). Building 23-153 was also identified in Appendix C of the Mercury PA as a Category II contributing element. Category II properties are those that have several representatives in the MHD but may possess different engineering or architectural characteristics that distinguish them from other classes of similar elements. Building 23-153 is a historic property for the purposes of compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and subject to the stipulations of the Mercury PA. Mitigation: The purpose of this letter report is to submit documentation related to the mitigation of the demolition of Building 23-153, the Mechanical Calibration Laboratory (Calibration Lab, Nevada State Historic Preservation Office [SHPO] Resource No. B15271), in the Mercury Historic District (MHD, SHPO Resource No. D230) at the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) in Nye County, Nevada. The Calibration Lab is considered contributing to the significance of the district both for its historic importance in relation to nuclear testing under Criterion A and as a part of the distinctive design and construction of the district under Criterion C. This submission is intended to comply with the stipulations in the Programmatic Agreement between the National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office and the Nevada State Historic Preservation Officer Regarding Modernization and Operational Maintenance of the Nevada National Security Site, at Mercury in Nye County, Nevada, hereafter referred to as the Mercury PA.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

Holiday Cooking: Make something from this historic Los Alamos cookbook and tell us about it!

Third Lab Director Harold Agnew’s barbecue sauce. Applesauce meatballs from the wife of Nobel laureate Frederick Reines. Two different recipes for chopped liver. And dozens more for soups, salads, meats, breads, desserts, drinks – plus a big taste of the past. What’s Cooking was published in Los Alamos in 1955 and recently discovered in a used bookstore in Santa Fe by Lab physicist Roseanne Cheng. “It was buried and on a forgotten shelf,” Cheng said. “I started flipping through it and I couldn’t believe all the (recognizable) names inside.” The wives of Lab staff, including prominent scientists, and Los Alamos community members had submitted recipes to the Los Alamos Chapter of Hadassah, which compiled them and printed the book.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Status of SNS Proton Power Upgrade SRF Cavities Production Qualification

The Proton Power Upgrade project at Oak Ridge National Lab’s Spallation Neutron Source (SNS PPU) currently being constructed will double the proton beam power from 1.4 to 2.8 MW by adding 7 additional cryomodules, each contains four six-cell high beta (\beta = 0.81) superconducting radio frequency cavities. The cavities were built by Research Instruments, Germany, with all the cavity processing done at the vendor site, including electropolishing as the final active chemistry step. All 28 cavities needed for 7 cryomodules were delivered to Jefferson Lab, ready to be tested. The cryogenic RF qualifications and helium vessel welding were done at Jefferson Lab. The performance largely exceed the requirements, and greatly exceeded the performance of the original SNS cavity production series. Here, we present the summary of RF test on production cavities to this date.

Dhakal, P.↗

DOE OSTI2023

LANL Today story Project Y badge photos

The National Security Research Center (NSRC) recently restored about 1,400 of its iconic badge photos from the Lab’s earliest days, stopping the deterioration of the photos and preserving valuable artifacts from Lab history. Now, the badge photos can be accessed online via the Lab’s external website.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Stirred-Reactor Coupon Analysis: An International Round Robin Study

The objective of this task was to determine the precision of the SRCA technique when used to determine the dilute condition corrosion rate. To this end, an interlaboratory round robin study was conducted per the instructions in ASTM Practice E691 to measure the precision with which the SRCA test method can be conducted. Twelve independent labs from eleven different institutions each evaluated four glass compositions in three different conditions. The ASTM procedures recommend at least 6 labs participate in a round robin testing the same 3 materials in the same conditions to determine precision. In this case, 12 labs each performed 12 independent tests. This was only possible thanks to the multi-glass testing capability of the SRCA test. A total of 108 duplicate pairs were used to calculate the repeatability of the tests, with the same glass tested in the same vessel, producing as identical conditions as possible for the replicates. These test results were quite tightly clustered, with a median difference from the average value of the pair of only 2.9%. Based on the calculations outlined in ASTM E177-20 and a measured standard deviation of 4.74%, the intralaboratory repeatability limit (r) was calculated to be within 13.3% of the expected value with 95% confidence level. The reproducibility limit (R) of the test was examined using all 277 data points from the round robin. Because of the differences in dissolution rates due to pH variability and intrinsically for the 12 conditions tested, the reproducibility limits for each condition and overall were calculated from the percent relative residual value for each test. The SRCA test is expected to be reproducible within 64% of the expected value with a 95% confidence level.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2023

Rapid, Approximate Multi-Axis Vibration Testing [Thesis]

The aerospace industry uses vibration shaker tables to perform component durability testing. In these tests a component, piece of equipment, or entire system is attached to a shaker table where it is subjected to dynamic excitation. The goal is to understand how the article under test will perform in its service environment without having to run it through its entire service life via field testing. In a vibration test, an aerospace system or component is qualified if it is shown to survive a test meant to replicate its lifetime service conditions. The test is designed based on recorded field data. To develop a test, a system is taken through all of its intended environments, e.g., transportation, launch, and reentry. Acceleration data measured from these environments is then brought back to the lab and imported into a shaker table controller. The controller then drives a vibration test intended to mimic the acceleration conditions experienced by the system or specific components of the system in the field. However, it is often difficult to match the measured field response in a lab test. This is largely due to the test’s boundary conditions and excitation methods. In a lab test, a shaker table is the excitation source. The two most common shaker table types, differentiated by their number of independent degrees of freedom, are single-axis and multi-axis shaker tables. Multi-axis shakers have the ability to reproduce service environments more realistically, as real accelerations inevitably produce multiple degrees of freedom of excitation simultaneously. Figure 1 depicts a generic multi-axis testing setup on a three-axis shaker table. Often multi-axis tests use six-degree-of-freedom (6DOF) shaker tables. Yet multi-axis shakers are not yet common in the aerospace industry due in part to their high cost and the difficulty for shaker controllers to handle the added complexity. Single-axis shaker tables are much more common. They are not as expensive to purchase and have a wide range of control software options.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2023

JRO Exhibit Article

Lab staff can now see unique artifacts related to the Lab’s famed first director, J. Robert Oppenheimer. The temporary display, located in the lobby of the National Security Sciences Building (TA-03-1400) through the end of June, highlights objects and photos from Oppenheimer’s life, including his time as director of Los Alamos. Items from both the Lab’s National Security Research Center and the Bradbury Science Museum will be on display.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Understanding the EMC effect with tagged DIS measurements

Understanding the modification of quarks in nucleons within nuclei (EMC effect) is a longstanding open question in nuclear physics. Recent experimental results from electron scattering at Jefferson Lab strengthen the correlation between the EMC effect and short- range correlated pairs (SRC) of nucleons in nuclei. That means that the EMC effect is probably driven by the high-momentum highly-virtual nucleons of the SRC pairs. This connection can be tested experimentally by measuring electron deep inelastic scattering from a nucleon and detecting its correlated SRC partner nucleon (tagging). This allows us to measure the quark modification of high-momentum nucleons. Two tagged experiments on deuterium are underway at Jefferson Lab of which one already took data and the other will take data in the upcoming years. In my talk, I will present the current knowledge of the EMC effect and its correlation to SRC pair and the status of the tagged measurements at Jefferson Lab.

Hauenstein, Florian↗

DOE OSTI2023

The Low-Yield Nuclear Monitoring (LYNM) Experimental Science Plan

The Low-Yield Nuclear Monitoring (LYNM) Program is a long-term NNSA research and development effort designed to improve the United States’ explosion monitoring capabilities, particularly with respect to low-yield and potentially evasive underground nuclear testing. The LYNM Program focuses on researching, discovering, and exploiting unique and useful signatures, from all available technologies and sensors (e.g., seismic, acoustic, electromagnetic, gases, and particulates (both stable and radioactive)). Four Department of Energy laboratories participate in LYNM and together are referred to as the ‘quad-lab’. The R&D program execution is performed under NNSA defined structures known as “ventures”. Four science ventures were established: 1) Explosion Source Functions; 2) Containment of Low-Yield Underground Tests; 3) Local Signatures; 4) Dynamic Monitoring Networks. To organize and execute the large field scale experiment a fifth venture was established: 5) Physics Experiment One (PE-1). As part of the LYNM Program, a series of experiments are planned at various scales and levels of venture involvement. These vary from those that involve a subset of labs and/or LYNM ventures (e.g., small experiments), to full quad-lab LYNM Program field-scale integrated experiments. Such experiments may involve chemical explosions with tracer materials or other means of simulating the expected signals from a nuclear explosion. The LYNM Program does not conduct actual nuclear explosions. Since 1992, the U.S. has observed a moratorium on underground nuclear explosions. This document is intended to provide the underlying scientific basis for the LYNM planned experimental work. Each specific LYNM experiment will develop a goals, objectives, and requirements (GOR) plan following the guidance in this document. The LYNM technical staff will define the numbers and types of experiments required over the course of the Program based on technical needs and within funding constraints. As with any scientific experiment series, the number and types of experiments may change based upon the experimental results obtained. An experiment that agrees with models/codes/software signature predictions may need fewer repetitions/variations, depending upon the level of statistical rigor desired, as compared to one in which the predictions and experimental data do not match. The large LYNM field-scale integrated experiments require the longest lead-time for planning, and these are discussed in more detail near the end of this document.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

LLE Diagnostic Resource Team for Innovative Fusion Concepts (Final Report)

The LLE Diagnostic Resource Team for Innovative Fusion Concepts provided travelling neutron diagnostics, consultancy on neutron diagnostics, and consultancy on tritium handling to fusion companies. An existing neutron detector was recalibrated for low yields and two detectors were built based on designs proven on the Omega Laser Facility. The three detectors allow measurements over a wide range of yields (from 10 to 1E7 incident neutrons). The detectors were calibrated for DD neutrons on a dedicated OMEGA shot day. Neutron detectors from the company MIFTI were also calibrated on OMEGA. MIFTI is currently using their detectors and two of our detectors on staged Z-pinch experiments at UCSD. The Team acted as consultants for the development of a liquid scintillator array to detect neutrons from muon induced fusion by NK Labs. Segments of NK Labs’ detector were tested at the LLE using radioactive sources and a DD neutron generator. The Team also acted as consultants for the design of a tritium handling system for NK Labs. A new type of neutron spectrometer was designed and built, and has completed preliminary testing.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗