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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,585 records · Page 88
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Observation of e + e - → ηψ(2S) at center-of-mass energies from 4.236 to 4.600 GeV

Using a total of 5 25 fb -1 of e + e - collision data with center-of-mass energies from 4.236 to 4.600 GeV, we report the first observation of the processe + e - → ηψ(2S) with a statistical significance of 4.9 standard deviations. The data sets were collected by the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII storage ring. We measure the yield of events integrated over center-of-mass energies and also present the energy dependence of the measured cross section.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Review of liquid desiccant air dehumidification systems coupled with heat pump: System configurations, component design, and performance

Vapor Compression Systems (VCS) are the most common air conditioning technology. VCS cool the air to its dew point temperature (overcooling) to remove water vapor in the air through condensation and then reheats the air back to the comfort temperature for direct use. The VCS process is inefficient due to overcooling and reheating. Liquid Desiccant Dehumidification (LDD) is a potentially energy-efficient air conditioning. LDD removes water vapor in the process air using liquid desiccant’s high-water affinity. It hybrids with sensible cooling to control temperature and humidity separately. The LD in the LDD becomes weak after dehumidification. The LDD needs additional heating to regenerate the weak Liquid Desiccant (LD) to a high concentration for dehumidification. Earlier versions of the LDD systems use highly concentrated liquid desiccant (large water removal capability) to dehumidify the air by only dealing with latent load. It leads to highly elevated temperatures above 60 °C of heat sources (combustion or electric resistance-based heating) for regeneration. The energy needed for the elevated temperature heat resource significantly reduces or demolishes the benefit of LDD systems. In the recent two decades, researchers have investigated a new configured LDD system that couples an LDD with a heat pump at both dehumidification and regeneration sides for better efficiency. The heat pump provides cooling (from the evaporator) for both dehumidification and sensible cooling and simultaneous heating from the condenser for regeneration. The highly integrated system (HP-LDD) with improved efficiency enables the LDD to operate at lower concentrations and temperatures in dehumidification and regeneration. This paper depicts the working principle behind HP-LDD and its heating and cooling requirements. It reviews the comparison between the HP-LDD systems and the conventional LDD systems regarding system configurations, component design, energy efficiency, and dehumidification performance characteristics. The main findings from the review include the preferred use of packed bed over membrane-based dehumidifiers, the use of internally cooled dehumidifiers enabled by the HP cooling capacity, the high dispersion of HP operation conditions, and the dependence of dehumidification performance on various dehumidifiers. Finally, an outlook for future research on HP-LDD strategies is presented based on the reviewed works and their limitations.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2026

Reliable statistics-based detection and investigation of anomalies in a SMART valve system

Reliable anomaly detection and diagnosis are critical for the safe operation of complex engineered systems. This study presents a unified framework that integrates statistical, model-based, and data-driven techniques for anomaly detection and investigation, demonstrated on SMART valve systems in hybrid energy applications. Four detection methods—mean deviation, seasonal extreme studentized deviate, ARIMA forecasting, and matrix profiling—were implemented and compared. Matrix profiling was particularly effective in revealing subtle deviations and hidden relationships among variables. Anomaly investigation was performed by analyzing variable-level and grouped signal profiles, with system topology incorporated to distinguish primary faults from propagated effects. Grouping signals by type enhanced interpretability, enabling accurate localization of anomalies across multi-dimensional datasets. Experimental results confirmed the framework's capability to consistently detect and isolate anomalies while providing actionable insights into system interdependencies. The proposed methodology offers a robust, interpretable, and scalable solution for condition monitoring, with potential applications in safety-critical domains such as nuclear energy, aerospace, and process industries.

ARIMA models↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Generation-Storage Coordination Dispatch Strategy for Power System Based on Causal Reinforcement Learning

In the backdrop of global energy transformation, power systems integrating high proportions of renewable energy sources are facing unprecedented challenges in operational stability and dispatch efficiency. To address these challenges, this study introduces a generation-storage coordination real-time dispatch strategy based on Causal Power System Dynamic Reinforcement Learning (CPSDRL). Diverging from traditional reinforcement learning approaches, CPSDRL innovatively incorporates causal inference within the state prediction model - the crux of model-based reinforcement learning - thereby establishing the Power Causal Dynamic Model (PCDM). Assisted by the prior knowledge of power systems, the model significantly enhances prediction accuracy and reliability through a two-stage training process. Utilizing PCDM, this study further applies a direct policy search algorithm to optimize the real-time dispatch strategy. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method improves the stability of generation-storage coordination real-time dispatch and exhibits competitive advantages in sample efficiency and computational speed, compared to traditional model-based and model-free reinforcement learning algorithms. This method is expected to enhance the practicality and adaptability of causal reinforcement learning techniques in power system scheduling and control.

causal reinforcement learning↗
DOE OSTI2021

Bio-inspired strategies for next-generation perovskite solar mobile power sources

Smart electronic devices are becoming ubiquitous due to many appealing attributes including portability, long operational time, rechargeability and compatibility with the user-desired form factor. Integration of mobile power sources (MPS) based on photovoltaic technologies with smart electronics will continue to drive improved sustainability and independence. With high efficiency, low cost, flexibility and lightweight features, halide perovskite photovoltaics have become promising candidates for MPS. Realization of these photovoltaic MPS (PV-MPS) with unconventionally extraordinary attributes requires new ‘out-of-box’ designs. Natural materials have provided promising designing solutions to engineer properties under a broad range of boundary conditions, ranging from molecules, proteins, cells, tissues, apparatus to systems in animals, plants, and humans optimized through billions of years of evolution. Applying bio-inspired strategies in PV-MPS could be biomolecular modification on crystallization at the atomic/meso-scale, bio-structural duplication at the device/system level and bio-mimicking at the functional level to render efficient charge delivery, energy transport/utilization, as well as stronger resistance against environmental stimuli (e.g., self-healing and self-cleaning). In this paper, we discuss the bio-inspired/-mimetic structures, experimental models, and working principles, with the goal of revealing physics and bio-microstructures relevant for PV-MPS. Here the emphasis is on identifying the strategies and material designs towards improvement of the performance of emerging halide perovskite PVs and strategizing their bridge to future MPS.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Establishing the Quality Assurance programme for the strip sensor production of the ATLAS tracker upgrade including irradiation with neutrons, photons and protons to HL-LHC fluences

The successful pre-production delivery of strip sensors for the new Inner Tracker (ITk) for the upgraded ATLAS detector at the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) at CERN was completed and based on their performance full production has commenced. The overall delivery period is anticipated to last 4 years to complete the approximately 22000 sensors required for the ITk. For Quality Assurance (QA), a number of test structures designed by the collaboration, along with a large area diode and miniature version of the main sensor, are produced in every wafer by the foundry Hamamatsu Photonics K.K (HPK). As well as Quality Control (QC) checks on every main sensor, samples of the QA pieces from each delivery batch are tested both before and after irradiation with results after exposure to neutrons, gammas or protons to fluences and doses corresponding to those anticipated after operation at the HL-LHC to roughly 1.5 times the ultimate integrated luminosity of 4000 fb -1 . In this paper the procedures are presented and the studies carried out to establish that the seven ITk QA Strip Sensor irradiation and test sites meet all the requirements to support this very extensive programme throughout the strip sensor production phase for the ITk project.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Network Slicing for Federated Learning in Operational Technology Environment

Industrial Control Systems (ICS) and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) environments are essential to modern infrastructure, facing challenges in ensuring low-latency, high-throughput communication while mitigating cyber threats. This paper presents a framework integrating Federated Learning (FL) and network slicing with Quality of Service (QoS) to enable real-time monitoring without disrupting OT operations. Leveraging digital twin technology and Network Function Virtualization (NFV), the architecture supports predictive analytics and Industry 4.0 requirements. FL facilitates decentralized model training, preserving data privacy and scalability, though it introduces potential throughput constraints. Network slicing addresses this by creating dedicated virtualized segments optimized for performance and security. Advanced fault tolerance at the container and instance levels enhances system reliability. The proposed architecture ensures high throughput, low latency, and secure orchestration for real-time anomaly detection in OT networks. Performance evaluations validate its efficiency in throughput, deployment, and learning accuracy, providing a robust foundation for future ICS automation and data-driven decision-making.

Delgado, Brian G. Rodiles [University of Texas at ↗
DOE OSTI2024

Measurement-Based Approach for Inertia-Trend Analysis of the US Western Interconnection

Rising deployment of inverter-based resources (IBRs), characterized by a lack of rotating mass, is decreasing the total inertia of the system. This can lead to an increased Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) during the disturbance and false activation of protective devices. There is a need to assess the inertia over the past decade amidst the evolving landscape of renewable energy sources to develop strategies for integrating energy storage, enhancing resilience measures, and ensuring the stable and reliable operation of the grid. Therefore, a realistic assessment of the inertia trend using a measurement-based approach that addresses the limitations of existing models is proposed. An inertia study of the Western Interconnection in the United States is performed utilizing the data from 2013 to 2022, obtained from FNET/ GridEye network. The three-second RoCoF time window is chosen for the study as it showed an optimum balance between a strong correlation with the power imbalance (ΔP) and minimum inclusion of primary response from governor. The obtained inertia trend result shows a small percentage declination of inertia over the decade. By examining the result alongside a generation mix graph, insights are gained into the dynamic interplay between shifting energy landscape and system inertia.

Dulal, Saurav↗
DOE OSTI2024

Time and Frequency Analysis of Load Profile Data

Technology advancements and integration of modern advanced metering systems can monitor, forecast, inform, control, and operate the building's mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems. They offer a higher level of information, which can contribute to making smart buildings more energy efficient and to making them closer to becoming grid-interactive energy efficient buildings (GEB). This paper builds on the ongoing research on variability analysis of a case study building with a 1-minute load profile and examines the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) process in the frequency domain to quantify the signal's energy in each bandwidth, with respect to each end-use category. Moreover, the amount of variability in the total variability is not similar among the end-use categories. This information is needed to understand the behavior of the variability in the frequency domain for future applications, such as generating synthetic load profiles with a similar frequency spectrum as the measured signal.

decomposition↗
DOE OSTI2025

The B1APF Large Aperture Interaction Region Dipole

Brookhaven National Laboratory is hosting the Electron Ion Collider (EIC). B1APF dipole is the last magnet near the interaction point #6. The longitudinal geometrical space available for this magnet is 1.5 m. The diameter of the coil mandrel is 370 mm. The 3-dimensional coil ends design is particularly challenging because of this large aspect ratio. The coil operating current and operating temperature are 12600 A and 1.9 K respectively. It produces an integrated dipole field of 4.05 Tm. The coil is wound with a NbTi Rutherford cable which is 15.1 mm wide and 1.8 mm thick. The parameters for the 3D end design optimization are obtained after a series of winding tests on a real mandrel with the given cable. In conclusion, this study discusses the latest design based on 1) sensitivity studies on variations in wedge thicknesses and variations in B-H data, and 2) experimental data from the winding trials, analysis and its implementation in the 3D design of this magnet.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

Grid Integration of Small-Scale Photovoltaic Systems in Secondary Distribution Network—A Review

The relative share of renewable energy, specifically the solar photovoltaic (PV), is increasing exponentially in the world electric energy sector. This is a cumulative result of reduction in the cost of solar panels, improvement in the panel efficiency, and advancement in the associated power electronics. Among different types of PV plants, installation of small-scale rooftop PV is growing rapidly due to direct end-user benefits and lucrative governmental incentives. There are various standards developed in regards to grid integration of PVs and other distributed generations (DGs). Different power converter topologies are developed to interface the PV panel with the utility grid. To keep up with the stringent regulations imposed by the standards, various control strategies and grid synchronization methods have been developed. This review article amalgamates and summarizes all of the aforementioned aspects of a grid-integrated PV system including various standards, power stage architectures, grid synchronization methods, operation under extreme events, and control methodologies, pertaining to small-scale PV plants. This article will help freshman researchers to gain some familiarity with the topic and introduce them to some of the key issues encountered in this field.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

High-Temperature Thermophysical Property Measurement of Proposed Gen3 CSP Containment Materials

Abstract The US Department of Energy (DOE) has sponsored an initiative to improve the thermal efficiency of Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems. To approach parity with conventional fossil fuel-based electricity generation, the operating temperature of the CSP power cycle must exceed 700°C with integrated thermal energy storage. The materials used to house this high-temperature heat transfer media must be thermally stable and corrosion resistant. However, the temperature-dependent thermophysical properties of commonly used containment materials (nickel alloys and alumina-based firebricks) are either not well known or poorly understood. In this report, the high-temperature thermal properties of thirteen (13) candidate containment materials proposed by the CSP community are tested using laser flash analysis and differential scanning calorimetry.

Brankovic, Sonja A.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Binder-benchmarking

SAND2025-07593O Binder-benchmarking evaluates the speed and memory impacts of C++, Python, and Matlab code binders. As a repository, it provides a way to locally run computation-based and memory-based benchmark suites on pybind11 and nanobind-based code in a Docker image. The software runs simple-speed and memory benchmarks on primitive navigation and integration exemplar algorithms. Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.

Walker II, Michael [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-CA),↗
DOE OSTI2025

Real-Time Dispatcher for a Distributed Energy Resource Power Plant to Provide Grid Services [SWR-25-17]

This software dispatches the aggregated power of a distributed energy resource (DER) plant located on an electrical distribution network. It is designed to provide the following services to the grid in real-time: (i) voltage support of the distribution network, (ii) virtual power plant at the substation with power factor support, and (iii) operating reserves for automatic generator control for the transmission system. This dispatcher integrates with the local power plant controller and utilizes the battery energy storage system (BESS) to smooth the volatile net power output from the DERs. It can also integrate with a day-ahead scheduler to strategically charge and discharge.

Comden, Joshua [National Renewable Energy Laborato↗
DOE OSTI2025

Dual-polarization O-band silicon photonics transmitter with an integrated tunable laser, Mach-Zehnder modulators, and SOAs

Presented is an O-band silicon photonics dual-polarization coherent/IMDD modulator integrated with semiconductor optical amplifiers and tunable laser to enhance the short-reach link budget. The laser demonstrated output power >6 dBm and a <250 kHz linewidth over a 14 nm tuning range. Modulators paired with custom 64 Gbaud QPSK drivers exhibited improved analog link sensitivity compared to similar devices without integrated gain sections. They also demonstrated 53 Gbaud dual-polarization PAM4 operation when characterized with a linear driver and MaxLinear 100G/lane DSP board. Both optical links achieved BERs at the KP4-FEC threshold and overall transmitter assembly energy consumption <6.9 pJ/bit without any thermal control when at steady room temperatures.

Liu, Junqian (ORCID:0000000167337650)↗
DOE OSTI2021

Fugitive methane detection using open-path stand-off chirped laser dispersion spectroscopy

We report an open-path chirped laser dispersion spectrometer capable of detecting the atmospheric methane concentration above the background using both specular and diffusive reflective surfaces via two distinct operation modes in a stand-off detection configuration. The system is integrated with simultaneous ranging functionality, which enables average concentration measurements for varying optical pathlengths. The system was first tested for accuracy and characterized to achieve sensitivity of 2.9 p p m - m / H z 1 / 2 and pathlength precision of 0.2 m / H z 1 / 2 with a controlled release of methane outside the laboratory. The instrument was subsequently field-deployed in the proximity of a natural gas compressor station for fugitive methane detection. The instrument successfully detected methane plumes and narrowed down the location of the plume through multi-path measurement. The field measurements were verified by a co-located reference mobile methane sensor.

Chen, Yifeng↗
DOE OSTI2022

Soil Incubation, Methane Pool Dilution, Edgewater, MD, USA, July 2022 v1.0.1

Isotopic pool dilution is a powerful approach to quantify gross biogeochemical transformation rates, but remains seldom used despite its potential. To facilitate broader implementation of pool dilution methods, we developed a user-friendly R package that optimizes gross production and consumption rates (and optionally fractionation constants as well) based on standard pool dilution time series data. This data package is the soil methane pool dilution data and code for building and using this software, including source code (R) and raw data (.csv). This package features extensive documentation and example analyses, and is easily integrated into analytical pipelines as R software is free and open source. Operation of this package requires R version 2.10 or newer, and we recommend its use in conjunction with packages testthat (3.0.0), knitr, rmarkdown, ggploto2, tibble, and tidyr.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

PARTICULATE STUDY OF NEG PUMPS IRRADIATED IN THE CEBAF TUNNEL

Non-evaporable getter (NEG) pumps are being used to maintain ultra-high vacuum in the beamline of superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) accelerators, such as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at Jefferson Lab. Because of the sensitivity of the performance of SRF cavities to particulate contamination, it is important to evaluate the integrity of the NEG material after exposure to high radiation during beam operation. The particulate from two NEG pumps based on ZAO® getter alloy was measured with a particle counter in a clean-room. The pumps were assembled onto a hermetically sealed setup which was placed in the CEBAF tunnel. The setup was exposed to 24 h beam operation for ~ 230 days. The total gamma-rays dose measured on the test setup was ~ 1.6 Mrad. The total neutron dose measured at ~ 75 cm of the test setup was ~ 11 krad. The particulate count from the two pumps was measured again in the clean-room after irradiation. Whereas an increase of particulate counts was measured, compared to before irradiation, subsequent measurements indicate the absence of systematically loose particulate. The pumping speed of one of the irradiated pumps was also measured to be consistent with that of a non-irradiated one, corroborating the absence of significant damage to the ZAO® NEG material due to irradiation.

Ciovati, G. [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator↗