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DOE OSTI2022

An overview of how parity-violating electron scattering experiments are performed at CEBAF

Parity-violating electron-scattering experiments represent an important focus of the nuclear physics experimental program at the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at Jefferson Lab. These experiments pose significant challenges because the scattering asymmetries can be very small, of the order parts-per-million and smaller. To succeed, the properties of the electron beam such as current, position, size and energy, must be very nearly identical in the two electron-polarization spin states (parallel and anti-parallel relative to the direction of beam motion at the scattering target). This paper describes the origins of unwanted helicity-correlated beam asymmetries present on the electron beam and methods to minimize them to acceptable levels.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2014

Note: Simulation and test of a strip source electron gun

We present simulation and test of an indirectly heated strip source electron beam gun assembly using Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) electron beam trajectory program. The beam is now sharply focused with 3.04 mm diameter in the post anode region at 15.9 mm. The measured emission current and emission density were 1.12 A and 1.15 A/cm{sup 2}, respectively, that corresponds to power density of 11.5 kW/cm{sup 2}, at 10 kV acceleration potential. The simulated results were compared with then and now experiments and found in agreement. The gun is without any biasing, electrostatic and magnetic fields; hence simple and inexpensive. Moreover, it is now more powerful and is useful for accelerators technology due to high emission and low emittance parameters.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2017

IOTA (Integrable Optics Test Accelerator): Facility and experimental beam physics program

The Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) is a storage ring for advanced beam physics research currently being built and commissioned at Fermilab. It will operate with protons and electrons using injectors with momenta of 70 and 150 MeV/c, respectively. The research program includes the study of nonlinear focusing integrable optical beam lattices based on special magnets and electron lenses, beam dynamics of space-charge effects and their compensation, optical stochastic cooling, and several other experiments. In this article, we present the design and main parameters of the facility, outline progress to date and provide the timeline of the construction, commissioning and research. Finally, the physical principles, design, and hardware implementation plans for the major IOTA experiments are also discussed.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2013

Improvements realized on the cryogenic solution called NiThrow{sub TM}

The economic, environmental, social and societal constraints have pushed the nuclear industry to develop new dismantling and decommissioning (D and D) techniques in order to meet the current industrial requirements. Since 5 years, AREVA, in partnership with Air Liquide, has been working on a new cryogenic solution that can be used to achieve the main important D and D operations (i.e. cutting, surface decontamination and concrete scrabbling). This solution, called NiThrow{sup TM}, is based on the Nitrocision LLC concept and consists in spraying highly pressurized liquid nitrogen (3500 bar) at a very low temperature (-140 deg. C) onto a surface. The main advantage in using liquid nitrogen instead of water is due to its rapid conversion into gaseous nitrogen that will avoid the generation of liquid effluent. The preliminary trials made in France at Saint Ouen l'Aumone and at the AREVA SICN facility by using NiThrow{sup TM} appeared to be very interesting and promising in terms of effectiveness, reduction of the dosimetry (i.e. ALARA principle) and adaptability to the different types of surfaces and materials to be treated. On an other hand, they also highlighted a couple of defects like a lack of reliability that is not compatible with a safety use in a nuclear environment. In 2009, with the aim of fixing all these issues, AREVA decided to start an extensive R and D program. This work has been essentially focused on the lancing tool, the insulation and the flexibility of the liquid nitrogen distribution network, but also on the design and the manufacturing of a waste collection unit and a dedicated carrier. Today, these R and D efforts have been totally completed. and resulted to the publication of 3 patents. Also, the collaboration, with Air Liquide and the American company Conco allows AREVA to propose to its customers a safe and reliable solution for their cleaning operations in France and all over the world. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2016

Deeply Virtual Pseudoscalar Meson Production at Jefferson Lab and Transversity GPDs

Transverse-momentum dependent parton distribution functions (TMDs) provide a description of nucleon structure in terms of the parton transverse momentum and its transverse spin. At leading twist there are eight TMDs, each offering a unique feature of quarks in a polarized or an unpolarized nucleon. The Sivers distribution is one of the most interesting TMD due to its non-universality. It has been extracted using the data from semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering (SIDIS), but there is no data yet from spin-dependent Drell-Yan (DY) process. Such measurement will provide a crucial test of TMD formalism which predicts an equal magnitude and opposite sign for the Sivers function extracted from SIDIS and DY process. We will discuss key future measurements of TMDs using both SIDIS and DY process with a focus on Hall A SoLID SIDIS program at Jefferson Lab.

Kubarovsky, Valery P.↗

DOE OSTI2019

The Future Prospects of Muon Colliders and Neutrino Factories

The potential of muon beams for high energy physics applications is described along with the challenges of producing high quality muon beams. Two proposed approaches for delivering high intensity muon beams, a proton driver source and a positron driver source, are described and compared. The proton driver concepts are based on the studies from the Muon Accelerator Program (MAP). Here, the MAP effort focused on a path to deliver muon-based facilities, ranging from neutrino factories to muon colliders, that could span research needs at both the intensity and energy frontiers. The Low EMittance Muon Accelerator (LEMMA) concept, which uses a positron-driven source, provides an attractive path to very high energy lepton colliders with improved particle backgrounds. The recent study of a 14-TeV muon collider in the LHC tunnel, which could leverage the existing CERN injectors and infrastructure and provide physics reach comparable to the 100[Formula: see text]TeV FCC-hh, at lower cost and with cleaner physics conditions, is also discussed. The present status of the design and R&D efforts towards each of these sources is described. A summary of important R&D required to establish a facility path for each concept is also presented.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2014

Performance Refactoring of Instrumentation, Measurement, and Analysis Technologies for Petascale Computing. The PRIMA Project

The growing number of cores provided by today’s high-end computing systems present substantial challenges to application developers in their pursuit of parallel efficiency. To find the most effective optimization strategy, application developers need insight into the runtime behavior of their code. The University of Oregon (UO) and the Juelich Supercomputing Centre of Forschungszentrum Juelich (FZJ) develop the performance analysis tools TAU and Scalasca, respectively, which allow high-performance computing (HPC) users to collect and analyze relevant performance data – even at very large scales. TAU and Scalasca are considered among the most advanced parallel performance systems available, and are used extensively across HPC centers in the U.S., Germany, and around the world. The TAU and Scalasca groups share a heritage of parallel performance tool research and partnership throughout the past fifteen years. Indeed, the close interactions of the two groups resulted in a cross-fertilization of tool ideas and technologies that pushed TAU and Scalasca to what they are today. It also produced two performance systems with an increasing degree of functional overlap. While each tool has its specific analysis focus, the tools were implementing measurement infrastructures that were substantially similar. Because each tool provides complementary performance analysis, sharing of measurement results is valuable to provide the user with more facets to understand performance behavior. However, each measurement system was producing performance data in different formats, requiring data interoperability tools to be created. A common measurement and instrumentation system was needed to more closely integrate TAU and Scalasca and to avoid the duplication of development and maintenance effort. The PRIMA (Performance Refactoring of Instrumentation, Measurement, and Analysis) project was proposed over three years ago as a joint international effort between UO and FZJ to accomplish these objectives: (1) refactor TAU and Scalasca performance system components for core code sharing and (2) integrate TAU and Scalasca functionality through data interfaces, formats, and utilities. As presented in this report, the project has completed these goals. In addition to shared technical advances, the groups have worked to engage with users through application performance engineering and tools training. In this regard, the project benefits from the close interactions the teams have with national laboratories in the United States and Germany. We have also sought to enhance our interactions through joint tutorials and outreach. UO has become a member of the Virtual Institute of High-Productivity Supercomputing (VI-HPS) established by the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres as a center of excellence, focusing on HPC tools for diagnosing programming errors and optimizing performance. UO and FZJ have conducted several VI-HPS training activities together within the past three years.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2014

Diagnostic and Prognostic Models for Generator Step-Up Transformers

In 2014, the online monitoring (OLM) of active components project under the Light Water Reactor Sustainability program at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) focused on diagnostic and prognostic capabilities for generator step-up transformers. INL worked with subject matter experts from the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) to augment and revise the GSU fault signatures previously implemented in the Electric Power Research Institute’s (EPRI’s) Fleet-Wide Prognostic and Health Management (FW-PHM) Suite software. Two prognostic models were identified and implemented for GSUs in the FW-PHM Suite software. INL and EPRI demonstrated the use of prognostic capabilities for GSUs. The complete set of fault signatures developed for GSUs in the Asset Fault Signature Database of the FW-PHM Suite for GSUs is presented in this report. Two prognostic models are described for paper insulation: the Chendong model for degree of polymerization, and an IEEE model that uses a loading profile to calculates life consumption based on hot spot winding temperatures. Both models are life consumption models, which are examples of type II prognostic models. Use of the models in the FW-PHM Suite was successfully demonstrated at the 2014 August Utility Working Group Meeting, Idaho Falls, Idaho, to representatives from different utilities, EPRI, and the Halden Research Project.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2016

Digital Architecture Planning Model

As part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Light Water Reactor Sustainability Program, the Digital Architecture (DA) Project focuses on providing a model that nuclear utilities can refer to when planning deployment of advanced technologies. The digital architecture planning model (DAPM) is the methodology for mapping power plant operational and support activities into a DA that unifies all data sources needed by the utilities to operate their plants. The DA is defined as a collection of information technology capabilities needed to support and integrate a wide spectrum of real-time digital capabilities for performance improvements of nuclear power plants. DA can be thought of as integration of the separate instrumentation and control and information systems already in place in nuclear power plants, which are brought together for the purpose of creating new levels of automation in plant work activities. A major objective in DAPM development was to survey all key areas that needed to be reviewed in order for a utility to make knowledgeable decisions regarding needs and plans to implement a DA at the plant. The development was done in two steps. First, researchers surveyed the nuclear industry in order to learn their near-term plans for adopting new advanced capabilities and implementing a network (i.e., wireless and wire) infrastructure throughout the plant, including the power block. Secondly, a literature review covering regulatory documents, industry standards, and technical research reports and articles was conducted. The objective of the review was to identify key areas to be covered by the DAPM, which included the following: 1. The need for a DA and its benefits to the plant 2. Resources required to implement the DA 3. Challenges that need to be addressed and resolved to implement the DA 4. Roles and responsibilities of the DA implementation plan. The DAPM was developed based on results from the survey and the literature review. Model development, including the survey results and conclusions made about the key areas during the literature review, are described in this report.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

DOE OSTI2017

Johnston Avenue Solar Project

DOE awarded funds to support a demonstration project to illustrate how access to solar power and green roof systems could improve building performance and long-term outcomes for the building owner and multiple nonprofit tenants housed in the building. Since being placed in service the solar PV system has saved approximately $1,000 per month in energy costs. The green roof has added to this benefit by naturally cooling the building and has helped reduce local road flooding by retaining storm water. These elements have improved the quality of life in the low-income community in which the building is located by allowing social service organizations to focus more of their resources on programs and job creation.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2016

Laboratory Directed Research and Development 2015 Annual Report

Sandia's research strategy arises from its laboratory strategy and is organized through program elements known as Investment Areas, each of which is focused on discipline- or mission-based research priorities set by upper management. The LDRD program elements mirror this structure.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2018

FY2017 Advanced Combustion Systems and Fuels Annual Progress Report

The Advanced Combustion Systems and Fuels Program supports VTO’s goal and focuses early-stage research and development (R&D) to improve understanding of the combustion processes, fuel properties, and emission control technologies while generating knowledge and insight necessary for industry to develop the next generation of engines.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Status of the Full Circumference Examination of the Inner Container Closure Weld Region for Selected 3013 DE Container

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2018

WNSL Decommissioning Project (Final Report)

This technical report describes the decommissioning of the tandem accelerator at the Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory (WNSL) at Yale University and the disposition of equipment from the WNSL experimental areas. For the past several decades Yale University hosted the Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory with a tandem accelerator facility as a DOE Nuclear Physics-funded user laboratory and Center of Excellence. Operations of the Tandem facility ended in 2011 and a broad, new research program in nuclear physics with particular focus on experimental neutrino physics and fundamental symmetries was initiated in 2013. Removal of unused equipment and decommissioning of the WNSL accelerator and experimental facilities was a prerequisite for the new use of this laboratory space. This report describes the safe and orderly disposition of equipment from the main experimental areas and the decommissioning of the accelerator at WNSL.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2015

Comparison of Failure Mechanisms Due to Shock Propagation in Forged, Layered, and Additive Manufactured Titanium

This chapter for the Stewardship Science Academic Programs Annual Report describes a project focused on characterizing the shock propagation and failure mechanisms in forged, layered, and additive manufactured (AM) materials. The AM process fabricates a part layer by layer, which provides opportunities to tailor geometry and optimize structural performance in addition to minimizing the amount of material waste for odd shaped parts.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2019

FY19 Status of the Full Circumference Examination of the Inner Container Closure Weld Region for Selected 3013 DE Containers

One of the main focus areas of the 3013 Surveillance Program is a thorough evaluation of the inner container closure weld region (ICCWR) opened for destructive examination (DE). As part of the protocol to investigate the corrosion in the ICCWR a laser confocal microscope (LCM) is used to perform close visual examination of the surface and measurements of corrosion features on the surface. In FY17, DE containers from FY13 through FY16 were evaluated to select candidates for a full circumference analysis of the ICCWR. In FY18, the selected DE containers for full circumference evaluation (FCE) were processed according to the ICCWR protocol and LCM data collection was completed for the full circumference only for FY15 DE07. In FY19 the remaining DE containers were completed. The ICCWR protocol was completed as follows: (1) the FCE containers were sectioned into quarters and the weld removed to access the ICCWR; (2) a series of images of the ICCWR full circumference were taken using a stereo microscope and assembled into panoramic views; (3) SEM/EDS analysis performed on selected sections showed what is most likely corrosion products on the surface and chlorides randomly dispersed; (4) the presence of chlorides was also confirmed with ion chromatography of citric acid washes, in which FY15 DE07 and FY16 DE05 showed a significant amount of chlorides with FY15 DE08 showing the less amount of chlorides; (5) dye penetrant examination was performed on the interior and exterior surfaces of all the sidewall sections but reveled no relevant indication of surface-breaking defects, (6) finally, as described above, the full circumference examination of the ICCWR by LCM was completed. The three ICCWRs show general and localized corrosion on the surface. However, FY15 DE08 show more areas with agglomerated pits in Zones 2 and 3 than the other two DEs. The major suspect corrosion events were observed for FY15 DE07 on Sections C1 and C2 and for FY15 DE08 on Section C2. These events correspond to suspect cracks or crack-like features identified with a unique name to easily refer to each feature. FY15 DE07 shows a crack-like feature, identified as Acrux, in Section C1 and three features in Section C2 identified as Bellatrix, Cursa Minor and Cursa Major. Acrux and Bellatrix are located at the boundary of Zone 2 and Zone 3. Cursa Minor and Cursa Major are in Zone 2. FY15 DE08 shows two crack-like features, identified as Denebola and Draco, in Section C2. Both features are located at the boundary of Zone 2 and Zone 3. However, gas analysis and statistical evaluation of the gas compositions and pressures via GEST analyses suggest that leakage between the OI and IC volumes was unlikely. Additional characterization and analysis will be performed on the locations where the cracks were found.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2019

Development and Validation of a Conjugate Heat Transfer Model for the Two-Phase CFD Code NEK-2P

A project is underway to develop, verify and validate an advanced two-phase flow modeling capability for the highly-scalable, high-performance CFD code NEK5000. The goal of the project is to develop a new two-phase version of the NEK5000 code, named NEK-2P, to simulate the two-phase flow and heat transfer phenomena that occur in a Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) fuel bundle under various operating conditions. The NEK-2P two-phase flow models follow the approach used for the Extended Boiling Framework (EBF) [2-3] previously developed at Argonne, but include more fundamental physical models of boiling phenomena and advanced numerical algorithms for improved computational accuracy, robustness, and computational speed. The development of the NEK-2P two-phase solver and the implementation of the Extended Boiling Framework two-phase models were initially supported by Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne) through a Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project during FY2014-2016. The development and validation of the two-phase models through analyses of selected two-phase boiling flow experiments was supported by the Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (NEAMS) program in FY2017-2019. This report focuses on the FY2019 development and validation of the Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) model for the NEK-2P Two-Phase, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code. The NEK-2P CHT model calculates the coupled behavior of the fluid and solid domains. In the fluid domain NEK-2P calculates the vapor and liquid phase temperatures, velocities and mass fractions. In the solid domain only the temperatures are calculated. The fluid and solid domains are coupled with a heat flux boundary condition at the fluid-solid interface. The heat flux and the wall temperatures at the fluid-solid interface are updated using the NEK-2P wall heat-flux partitioning model. A wall heat flux boundary condition is also applied to the exterior surface of the solid domain. The CHT model validation was illustrated through the analysis of three of the Becker Critical Heat Flux (CHF) tests. Reasonably good agreement with measured data was obtained in predicting the CHF location and post CHF wall temperature behavior illustrating the ability of the NEK-2P CHT model to simulate the CHF phenomena for a wide range of thermal-hydraulic conditions. Apart from the CHT model development and validation, initial simulations were performed for the Virginia Tech. (VT) 3x3 bare rod bundle experiments including both cold and boiling flow simulations.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2019

Mobility Data and Models Informing Smart Cities

Using emerging data platforms, new mobility technologies, and travel demand models (TDMs), researchers, industry, and communities seek to improve the quality of transportation while maximizing the energy efficiency, equity, and safety of transportation services. As transportation may soon reach over 30% of U.S. energy consumption and with urban areas representing an increasing proportion of the U.S. population (>80% since 2010), a critical need exists to engage in urban data science-informed approaches to enhancing mobility. The objective of this study is to explore and document how aspiring Smart Cities are using data and models to inform mobility and energy initiatives within Smart City programs and in so doing identify gaps in knowledge and processes guiding Smart City mobility investment strategies, programs, projects, and pilots. A primary focus of the Smart Cities studied was the creation of an integrated data sharing environment approach. Most of these systems are being developed in parallel with multiple new data analysis tools, while regional metropolitan planning organizations continue to slowly evolve TDMs to take into account impacts of long-term strategies for emerging mobility technologies and services. Smart City initiatives in the United States have keen interests in leveraging knowledge and research on the mobility benefits and risks of automated, connected, efficient/electric, and shared on-demand mobility services; and understanding the related energy, environmental, economic, and societal impacts of these shifts. The results serve to identify key gaps in data, knowledge, and methods required to advance energy efficient urban mobility innovation, and to enable research and analysis collaboration between Smart Cities and the U.S. Department of Energy's efforts enabling new Systems and Modeling for Accelerated Research in Transportation (SMART) Mobility.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗