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DOE OSTI2013

Electron Cloud in Steel Beam Pipe vs Titanium Nitride Coated and Amorphous Carbon Coated Beam Pipes in Fermilab's Main Injector

This paper documents the use of four retarding field analyzers (RFAs) to measure electron cloud signals created in Fermilab’s Main Injector during 120 GeV operations. The first data set was taken from September 11, 2009 to July 4, 2010. This data set is used to compare two different types of beam pipe that were installed in the accelerator. Two RFAs were installed in a normal steel beam pipe like the rest of the Main Injector while another two were installed in a one meter section of beam pipe that was coated on the inside with titanium nitride (TiN). A second data run started on August 23, 2010 and ended on January 10, 2011 when Main Injector beam intensities were reduced thus eliminating the electron cloud. This second run uses the same RFA setup but the TiN coated beam pipe was replaced by a one meter section coated with amorphous carbon (aC). This section of beam pipe was provided by CERN in an effort to better understand how an aC coating will perform over time in an accelerator. The research consists of three basic parts: (a) continuously monitoring the conditioning of the three different types of beam pipe over both time and absorbed electrons (b) measurement of the characteristics of the surrounding magnetic fields in the Main Injector in order to better relate actual data observed in the Main Injector with that of simulations (c) measurement of the energy spectrum of the electron cloud signals using retarding field analyzers in all three types of beam pipe.

Backfish, Michael↗
DOE OSTI2012

International Linear Collider Physics and Detectors (2011 Status Report)

The studies of physics and detectors for the International Linear Collider are an important parallel element to the effort for the ILC Technical Design Report. The studies comprise the physics opportunities, detector requirements, and detector development to achieve the challenging high performance demanded by the physics, as well as integration of detectors into the accelerator. The current phase of this effort began with a call for Letters of Intent (LOIs) in 2007 and will lead to the submission of Detailed Baseline Design (DBD) report together with the ILC Technical Design Report at the end of 2012. Here we summarise the current status of this process, review what it has accomplished and identify the work that still needs to be completed. This report, titled International Linear Collider Physics and Detectors: 2011 Status Report, does just this. This report begins with a discussion of the outstanding issues in physics that motivate the construction of the ILC. It describes the organisation of the LOI process, the validation of the LOIs by the International Detector Advisory Group, and the results of R&D carried out to support the detector designs. The details of the concept detectors have already been published in the LOIs, which were completed in 2009. This report will, in a complementary way, describe the status of the detector R&D for each individual detector component and the status of the physics simulation infrastructure that has been built for the detector design process. Much of this work is carried out in cooperation between the two detector concept groups. This report describes the five common task groups and two working groups that have organised these cooperative activities. Many members of the detector concept groups and the common task groups have contributed to this report. Many more people have carried out the actual work that is reviewed. The complete list of members of each detector concept group can be found from the author lists of the published LOIs. The members of the ILC physics and detector organisation are listed at the end of this document. As we are now nearing the completion of the DBD phase, we are also entering a new stage of our preparation process. The experiments at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, Switzerland, are accumulating data and are extending our knowledge of the physics of the teraelectronvolt energy scale. The LHC results may confirm the standard model of electroweak symmetry breaking or they may deliver something completely new. In either case, we believe, the ILC will be critical to resolve the questions that the LHC programme will bring forward. In any scenario, we will need very high-quality detectors and excellent technical and simulation capabilities. This report describes the status of our work in pursuit of that goal.

Brau, James E.↗
DOE OSTI2014

Initial report from the ICFA Neutrino Panel

The discovery of neutrino oscillations implies that neutrinos have mass and that the flavour eigenstates mix. Non-zero neutrino masses require new physics beyond the Standard Model. Revealing the physics behind neutrino masses and mixing is among the highest priorities for particle physics in the twenty-first century. Measurements of the parameters that govern neutrino oscillations will have a profound impact on our understanding of particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology. Such a breadth of impact justifies a far-reaching experimental programme by which the properties of the neutrino that are presently unknown are determined, the three-neutrino-mixing picture is tested and the properties of the neutrino are measured with a precision sufficient to allow the physics that explains these properties to be understood. Accelerator-based neutrino-oscillation experiments are an essential component of this programme as they are the only way in which oscillations between all known flavours can be studied precisely. The accelerator-based neutrino-oscillation programme is international in both scope and engagement. The approved programme will improve our knowledge of the mixing angles and the mass-squared differences and may be able to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy. In the medium term, the Long-baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) and the Tokai (J-PARC) to Hyper-Kamiokande experiment offer complementary approaches to searching for the violation of the matter-anti-matter symmetry in neutrino oscillations. For these experiments to realise their full potential coordinated programmes of hadro-production and neutrino-nucleus cross-section measurements are essential. A design study of an alternative wide-hand beam facility is underway: the Long-baseline Neutrino Observatory (LBNO) study will report by the end of 2014. New concepts such as the implementation of a neutrino beam on the European Spallation Source (ESSnuSB) and the use of muon decay-at-rest to search for the matter-anti-matter asymmetry (Daedalus) are also being studied. The Neutrino Factory, in which electron- and muon-neutrino beams are produced from the decay of muons confined within a storage ring, has been shown to offer the ultimate sensitivity and precision. The staged implementation of the facility has been studied. The attractive hrst stage, “nuSTORM”, has the potential to make detailed and precise studies of electron- and muon-neutrino-nucleus scattering and to make exquisitely sensitive searches for sterile neutrinos. A small number of measurements do not fit the elegant three-neutrino-mixing model. These measurements can be interpreted as evidence for new “sterile neutrino” states. If confirmed, these measurements will revolutionise the held. An experimental programme is underway to investigate these anomalies. It is important that these anomalies are addressed. Short-baseline contributions to this programme should have clear synergy with the long-baseline programme. This report presents the conclusions drawn by the Panel from three regional “Town Meetings” that took place between November 2013 and February 2014. The Panel recognises that to maximise the discovery potential of the accelerator-based neutrino-oscillation programme it will be essential to exploit the infrastructures that exist at CERN, FNAL and J-PARC and the expertise and resources that reside in laboratories and institutes around the world.

Cao, J.↗
DOE OSTI2014

Development of Large Area Gas Electron Multiplier Detector and Its Application to a Digital Hadron Calorimeter for Future Collider Experiments

The UTA High Energy Physics Group conducted generic detector development based on large area, very thin and high sensitivity gas detector using gas electron multiplier (GEM) technology. This is in preparation for a use as a sensitive medium for sampling calorimeters in future collider experiments at the Energy Frontier as well as part of the tracking detector in Intensity Frontier experiments. We also have been monitoring the long term behavior of one of the prototype detectors (30cmx30cm) read out by the SLAC-developed 13-bit KPiX analog chip over three years and have made presentations of results at various APS meetings. While the important next step was the development of large area (1m x 1m) GEM planes, we also have looked into opportunities of applying this technology to precision tracking detectors to significantly improve the performance of the Range Stack detector for CP violation experiments and to provide an amplification layer for the liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber in the LBNE experiment. We have jointly developed 33cmx100cm large GEM foils with the CERN gas detector development group to construct 33cm x100cm unit chambers. Three of these unit chambers will be put together to form a 1m x 1m detector plane. Following characterization of one 33cmx100cm unit chamber prototype, a total of five 1m x 1m planes will be constructed and inserted into an existing 1m3 RPC DHCAL stack to test the performance of the new GEM DHCAL in particle beams. The large area GEM detector we planned to develop in this proposal not only gives an important option to DHCAL for future collider experiments but also the potential to expand its use to Intensity Frontier and Cosmic Frontier experiments as high efficiency, high amplification anode planes for liquid Argon time projection chambers. Finally, thanks to its sensitivity to X-rays and other neutral radiations and its light-weight characteristics, the large area GEM has a great potential for the use in medical imaging and homeland security, as well as satellite based astronomy experiments.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2014

High field superconductor development and understanding

All present circular accelerators use superconducting magnets to bend and to focus the particle beams. The most powerful of these machines is the large hadron collider (LHC) at CERN. The main ring dipole magnets of the LHC are made from Nb-Ti but, as the machine is upgraded to higher luminosity, more powerful magnets made of Nb 3 Sn will be required. Our work addresses how to make the Nb 3 Sn conductors more effective and more suitable for use in the LHC. The most important property of the superconducting conductor used for an accelerator magnet is that it must have very high critical current density, the property that allows the generation of high magnetic fields in small spaces. Nb 3 Sn is the original high field superconductor, the material which was discovered in 1960 to allow a high current density in the field of about 9 T. For the high luminosity upgrade of the LHC, much higher current densities in fields of about 12 Tesla will be required. The critical value of the current density is of order 2600 A/mm 2 in a field of 12 Tesla. But there are very important secondary factors that complicate the attainment of this critical current density. The first is that the effective filament diameter must be no larger than about 40 µm. The second factor is that 50% of the cross-section of the Nb 3 Sn conductor that is pure copper must be protected from any poisoning by any Sn leakage through the diffusion barrier that protects the package of niobium and tin from which the Nb 3 Sn is formed by a high temperature reaction. These three, somewhat conflicting requirements, mean that optimization of the conductor is complex. The work described in this contract report addresses these conflicting requirements. They show that very sophisticated characterizations can uncover the way to satisfy all 3 requirements and they also suggest that the ultimate optimization of Nb 3 Sn is still not yet in sight

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

XL5 Klystron

This drawing package is for the SLAC XL5 x-band pulsed klystron that was scaled from the XL4 klystron design to operate at higher frequency. This device is used at CERN as a power source for CLIC experiments and at other European labs as sources for linearizers. This klystron operates at a frequency of 11.993 GHz and produces a peak output power of 50 MW with a pulse length of 1.5 {mu}s at 60 Hz pulse repetition rate

Tremaine, Aaron↗
DOE OSTI2015

Research in Elementary Particle Physics

This report details the accomplishments and research results for the High Energy Physics Group at the University of Texas at Arlington at the Energy and Intensity Frontiers. For the Energy Frontier we have made fundamental contributions in the search for supersymmetric particles, proposed to explain the stabilization of the mass of the Higgs Boson – the agent giving mass to all known particles. We have also made major contributions to the search for additional Higgs Bosons and to the planning for future searches. This work has been carried out in the context of the ATLAS Experiment at CERN (European Nuclear Research Laboratory) and for which we have made major contributions to computing and data distribution and processing, and have worked to calibrate the detector and prepare upgraded electronics for the future. Our other contribution to the Energy Frontier has been to the International Linear Collider (ILC) project, potentially hosted by Japan, and to the Silicon Detector Concept (SiD) in particular. We have lead the development of the SiD Concept and have worked on a new form of precise energy measurement for particles from the high energy collisions of electrons and positrons at the ILC. For the Intensity Frontier, we have worked to develop the concept of Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment(s) (LBNE) at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. Our contributions to detector development, neutrino beam studies, particle identification, software development will facilitate future studies of the oscillation of one type of neutrino into other type(s), establish the order of the neutrino masses, and, through an innovative new idea, allow us to create a beam of dark matter particles.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2014

UPR/Mayaguez High Energy Physics

This year the University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez (UPRM) High Energy Physics (HEP) group continued with the ongoing research program outlined in the grant proposal. The program is centered on the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the proton-proton (pp) collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. The main research focus is on data analysis and on the preparation for the High Luminosity (HL) LHC or experiment detector upgrade. The physics data analysis included Higgs Doublet Search and measurement of the (1) Λ 0 b branching fraction, (2) B meson mass, and (3) hyperon θ - b lifetime. The detector upgrade included work on the preparations for the Forward Pixel (FPIX) detector Silicon Sensor Testing in a production run at Fermilab. In addition, the group has taken responsibilities on the Software Release through our former research associate Dr. Eric Brownson who acted until last December as a Level Two Offline Manager for the CMS Upgrade. In support of the CMS data analysis activities carried out locally, the UPRM group has built and maintains an excellent Tier3 analysis center in Mayaguez. This allowed us to analyze large data samples and to continue the development of algorithms for the upgrade tracking robustness we started several years ago, and we plan to resume in the near future. This project involves computer simulation of the radiation damage to be suffered at the higher luminosities of the upgraded LHC. This year we continued to serve as a source of outstanding students for the field of high energy physics. Three of our graduate students finished their MS work in May, 2014, Their theses research were on data analysis of heavy quark b-physics. All of them are currently enrolled at Ph.D. physics program across the nation. One of them (Hector Moreno) at New Mexico University (Hector Moreno), one at University of New Hampshire (Sandra Santiesteban) and one at University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras (Carlos Malca). The students H. Moreno and C. Malca has been directly supervised by Dr. Mendez and S. Santiesteban supervised by Dr. Ramirez. During the last 13 years, our group have graduated 23 MS students on experimental High Energy Physics data analysis and applied hardware techniques. Most of the students have been supported by DOE grants, included this grant. Since 2001, Dr. Mendez have directly supervised eleven students, Dr. Ramirez three students and the former PI (Dr. Lopez) nine students. These theses work are fully documented in the group web page (http://charma.uprm.edu). The High Energy Physics group at Mayaguez is small and presently consists of three Physics faculty members, the Senior Investigators Dr. Hector Mendez (Professor) and Dr. Juan Eduardo Ramirez (Professor), and Dr. Sudhir Malik who was just hired in July 2014. Dr. Ramirez is in charge of the UPRM Tier-3 computing and will be building the network bandwidth infrastructure for the campus, while Dr. Mendez will continues his effort in finishing the heavy quark physics data analysis and moving to work on SUSY analysis for the 2015 data. Our last grant application in 2012 was awarded only for 2013-2014. As a result our postdoc position was lost last month of March. Since then, we have hired Dr. Malik as a new faculty in order to reinforce the group and to continue our efforts with the CMS experiment. Our plan is to hire another junior faculty in the next two years to strengthen the HEP group even further. Dr. Mendez continues with QuarkNet activities involving an ever larger group of high school physics teachers from all around Puerto Rico.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Online Luminosity Measurement at CMS for Energy Frontier Physics after LS1

This proposal was directed towards the measurement of Bunch-by-Bunch and Total Luminosity in the CMS experiment using Single-Crystal Diamond (sCVD) installed close to the Interaction Point - known as the Fast Beam Conditions Monitor, or BCM1F detector. The proposal was successfully carried out and in February 2015 CMS installed its upgraded BCM1F detector. At first collisions in June 2015 the BCM1F was used as the primary luminometer, then in August 2015 a Van De Meer scan has been carried out and the detailed luminometer calibration is under study. In all aspects of performance measurement the upgraded detector has satisfied its design parameters and as an overview of its performance in this report will show, we have high expectations that the detector will be a powerful addition to the luminosity measurement at CMS and LHC. The proposed upgrade of BCM1F was a collaboration of CMS Institutes in Germany (DESY-Zeuthen) and the USA (Princeton) and of CERN itself.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Advanced Concepts for Ultrahigh Brightness and Low Temperature Beams. Final Report

This grant supported research on techniques to manipulate and combine positrons and antiprotons to synthesize, and to probe, antihydrogen. The majority of the research was conducted as part of the ALPHA Collaboration at CERN. Using ideas and techniques from accelerator physics, we proposed a new method for measuring the the gravitational attraction of antihydrogen to the Earth's field. ALPHA reported the first precision charge measurement on antihydrogen and a crude bound on its gravitational dynamics in the Earth's field. We proposed using a stochastic acceleration method to measure any putative charge of antihydrogen and built numerical models of the mixing of antiprotons and positrons. Further research included proposing the radiator-first concept for operating an X-ray free electron laser driven by a high repetition rate bunch source and studying scattering in passive foil-based ion focusing systems.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2015

CLIC Drive Beam Gun

The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a proposed future electron-positron collider, designed to perform collisions at energies from 0.5 to 5 TeV, with a nominal design optimized for 3 TeV (Dannheim, 2012). CLIC generates three beams: the drive beam, the main electron beam and the positron beam. The drive beam is a high current electron beam that is accelerated in an S-band linac and then decelerated in 12 GHz structures to generate the RF for accelerating the colliding main electron and positron beams. The drive beam employs a high current thermionic DC electron gun. This report explores the optimal anode – cathode geometry as well as analyzes the mechanical and electrical integrity of the gun structure designed by CERN.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2015

HARP targets pion production cross section and yield measurements. Implications for MiniBooNE neutrino flux

The prediction of the muon neutrino flux from a 71.0 cm long beryllium target for the MiniBooNE experiment is based on a measured pion production cross section which was taken from a short beryllium target (2.0 cm thick - 5% nuclear interaction length) in the Hadron Production (HARP) experiment at CERN. To verify the extrapolation to our longer target, HARP also measured the pion production from 20.0 cm and 40.0 cm beryllium targets. The measured production yields, d 2 N π± (p; θ )=dpd Ω, on targets of 50% and 100% nuclear interaction lengths in the kinematic rage of momentum from 0.75 GeV/c to 6.5 GeV/c and the range of angle from 30 mrad to 210 mrad are presented along with an update of the short target cross sections. The best fitted extended Sanford-Wang (SW) model parameterization for updated short beryllium target π + production cross section is presented. Yield measurements for all three targets are also compared with that from the Monte Carlo predictions in the MiniBooNE experiment for different SW parameterization. The comparisons of v μ flux predictions for updated SW model is presented.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2016

High speed radiation tolerant data links

This project was slated to design and develop Rad-Hard IP components for 1Gb/s links and supporting hardware designs such as PLL, SER/DES, pad drivers and receivers and custom protocol hardware for the 1Gb/s channel. Also included in the proposal was a study of a hardened memory to be used as a packet buffer for channel and data concentrator components to meet the 1 Gb/s specification. Over the course of the proposal, technology change and innovation of hardware designs lead us away from the 1 Gb/s goal to contemplate much higher performance link IP which, we believed better met the goals of physics experiments. Note that CERN microelectronics had managed to create a 4.7 Gb/s link designed to drive optical fibers and containing infrastructure for connecting much lower bandwidth front-end devices. Our own work to that point had shown the possibility of constructing a link with much lower power, lower physical overhead but of equivalent performance that could be designed to integrate directly onto the front-end ASIC (ADC and data encoding) designs. Substantial overall power savings and experimental simplicity could be achieved by eliminating data transmission to data concentrators and data concentrators and related hardened buffering themselves, with conversion to optical media at a removed distance from the experiment core. We had already developed and tested Rad-Hard SER/DES components (1Gb in 130nm standard cells) and redundant Pad Drivers/Receivers (3+ Gb/s designed and measured performance), and had a viable 1Gb/s link design based on redundant a stuttered clock receiver and classical PLL, so the basic goals of the proposal had been achieved. Below, in chronological order, are the products and tools we constructed, as well as our tests and publications.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2016

A search for long-lived particles that stop in the CMS detector and decay to muons

A search for long-lived particles that are produced in proton-proton collisions at the CERN LHC, come to rest in the CMS detector, and decay to muons is presented. The decays of the stopped particles could be observed during the intervals between LHC beam crossings, at times that are well separated from any proton-proton collisions. The analysis uses 19.7 1/fb of 8 TeV data collected by CMS in 2012, during a search interval of 293 hours of trigger livetime. Massive, long-lived particles do not exist in the Standard Model, and so any sign of them would be an indication of new physics. The results are interpreted with a model that predicts a long-lived particle that has a charge of twice the electron charge and that behaves like a lepton. Cross section limits are set for each long-lived particle mass as a function of lifetime, for lifetimes between 100 ns and 10 days. These are the first limits for long-lived stopped particles that decay to muons.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Strange Particles and Heavy Ion Physics

This very long-running grant has supported many experiments in nuclear and particle physics by a group from the University of New Mexico. The gamut of these experiments runs from many aspects of Strangeness Nuclear Physics, to rare Kaon decays, to searches for exotic Hadrons such as Pentaquark or H-Dibaryon, and finally to Spin Physics within the PHENIX collaboration at RHIC. These experiments were performed at a number of laboratories worldwide: first and foremost at Brookhaven National Lab (BNL), but also at CERN, KEK, and most recently at J-PARC. In this Final Technical Report we summarize progress and achievements for this award since our last Progress Report, i.e. for the period of fall 2013 until the award’s termination on November 30, 2015. The report consists of two parts, representing our two most recent experimental efforts, participation in the Nucleon Spin Physics program of the PHENIX experiment at RHIC, the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at BNL – Task 1, led by Douglas Fields; and participation in several Strangeness Nuclear Physics experiments at J-PARC, the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Center in Tokai-mura, Japan – Task 2, led by Bernd Bassalleck.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Using Supercomputers to Probe the Early Universe

For decades physicists have been trying to decipher the first moments after the Big Bang. Using very large telescopes, for example, scientists scan the skies and look at how fast galaxies move. Satellites study the relic radiation left from the Big Bang, called the cosmic microwave background radiation. And finally, particle colliders, like the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, allow researchers to smash protons together and analyze the debris left behind by such collisions. Physicists at Los Alamos National Laboratory, however, are taking a different approach: they are using computers. In collaboration with colleagues at University of California San Diego, the Los Alamos researchers developed a computer code, called BURST, that can simulate conditions during the first few minutes of cosmological evolution.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Research on Electroweak and Flavor Symmetry Breaking

Abstract of Project Summary, as written in August 2012: The objective of this research is the primary one of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Geneva: the discovery and study of the origin of electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB). This is the mission of the LHC's two large general-purpose detectors, ATLAS and CMS. Lane's approach to this goal assumes that a new strong interaction at the electroweak energy scale of 100's of GeV, called ``technicolor'' (TC), is responsible for triggering EWSB. He is one of the developers of technicolor, particularly of its flavor-physics component, called extended technicolor (ETC). The TC/ETC theory of this physics provides not only the dynamics of EWSB, but also an understanding of the types (flavors) of quarks and leptons and of their masses and mixing. The main thrust of this research involves close collaboration with members of ATLAS and CMS to search for the signatures of TC/ETC that are most accessible experimentally. These are new, rather heavy, spin-one particles --- technivector bosons ($\tro$, $\tom$, $\ta$) --- readily produced at the LHC and decaying into electroweak bosons, $\gamma, W, Z$, and spin-zero bosons called technipions, $\tpi$. If these particles exist, they hold the key to understanding flavor physics. A very important recent development at the LHC is the discovery of a new 125-GeV boson decaying into $\gamma\gamma$, $ZZ$ and $WW$. This particle is widely suspected to be the long-sought Higgs boson, a basic component of the so-called standard model of EWSB. But, from a purely theoretical standpoint, this resolution to the origin of EWSB is very unsatisfactory. Moreover, there are interesting and possibly significant discrepancies of the data with this interpretation. Lane and collaborators are proposing that this boson is, in fact, a special kind of technipion. He is also working with ATLAS experimentalists to test this hypothesis. The LHC data to be collected and analyzed by ATLAS and CMS over the next year likely will determine whether the particle is a Higgs boson, a technipion, or something else entirely.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗