Results for “digital computing” — Page 87

DOE OSTI2016

Assessing task performance in FFDM, DBT, and synthetic mammography using uniform and anthropomorphic physical phantoms

Purpose The purpose of this study is to quantify the differences in detectability between full field digital mammography (FFDM), digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), and synthetic mammography (SM) for challenging, low contrast signals, in the context of both a uniform and an anthropomorphic, textured phantom. Methods Images of the phantoms were acquired using a Hologic Selenia Dimensions system. Images were taken at 50%, 100%, and 200% of the dose delivered under automatic exposure control (AEC). Low‐contrast disks, created using an inkjet printer with iodine‐doped ink, were inserted into the phantom. The disks varied in diameter from 210 to 630 μ m, and in local contrast from 1.1% to 2.8% in regular increments. Human observers located the disks in a 4 alternative forced choice experiment. Proportion correct (PC) was computed as the number of correct localizations out of the total number of tries. Results Overall, scores from FFDM and DBT were consistently greater than scores from SM. At an exposure corresponding to the AEC setting, mean PC scores for the largest disks with the uniform phantom were 0.80 for FFDM, 0.83 for DBT, and 0.66 for SM, with the same rank ordering at other doses. Scores were similar but lower for the nonuniform background. At an exposure twice the AEC setting, however, the difference between uniform and nonuniform scores was most pronounced for DBT alone. Differences between scores for FFDM and SM were statistically significant, while those between FFDM and DBT were not. Scores were used to compute the minimum contrast level needed to reach 62.5% detection rate. The minimum contrast for SM was 36%–81% higher compared to FFDM or DBT, in either background. Conclusions This study shows that an anthropomorphic phantom and lesions inserts may be used to conduct a reader study. Detectability was significantly lower for synthetic mammography than for FFDM or DBT, for all conditions. Additionally, observer performance was consistently lower for the anthropomorphic phantom, indicating the greater challenge due to anatomical background. Because of this, it may be important to use realistic phantoms in observer studies in order to draw conclusions that are more clinically relevant.

Ikejimba, Lynda C.↗

DOE OSTI2014

Security analysis of boolean algebra based on Zhang-Wang digital signature scheme

In 2005, Zhang and Wang proposed an improvement signature scheme without using one-way hash function and message redundancy. In this paper, we show that this scheme exits potential safety concerns through the analysis of boolean algebra, such as bitwise exclusive-or, and point out that mapping is not one to one between assembly instructions and machine code actually by means of the analysis of the result of the assembly program segment, and which possibly causes safety problems unknown to the software.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2025

An Integrated ML/AI Framework for Digitizing, Structuring and Searching DOE U-TRU-Fuels Data with Gap Analysis of Non-DOE Records

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Advanced Fuels Campaign (AFC) is advancing transmutation fuel technologies to reduce long-lived radioactive waste by converting minor actinides into shorter-lived or stable elements through irradiation in sodium-cooled fast reactors. Key experiments such as AFC-1, AFC-2, FUels for the transmutation of Trans-URanium elements In phéniX (FUTURIX)-Fortes Teneurs en Actinides (FTA), and Experimental Breeder Reactor-II (EBR-II) X501 have provided fuel fabrication, irradiation, and performance data on various transuranic-bearing fuel forms. This report documents the creation of an artificial-intelligence assisted database, which has consolidated all DOE-owned data related to Transuranic (TRU)-bearing fuel experiments and stored across it across both the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) Nuclear Data Management and Analysis System and the INL high performance computing (HPC) infrastructure. A dedicated webpage, hosted on the INL HPC system, has been developed to support role-based access and data interaction. The database architecture allows researchers to navigate large, heterogeneous archives with far greater speed and accuracy than manual search and lays the foundation for future expansion into multimodal nuclear materials analysis environments. The database represents a major step towards a nationally integrated fuels database utilizing artificial intelligence tools.

11 - NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Radiology and Enterprise Medical Imaging Extensions (REMIX)

Radiology and Enterprise Medical Imaging Extensions (REMIX) is a platform originally designed to both support the medical imaging-driven clinical and clinical research operational needs of Department of Radiology of The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. REMIX accommodates the storage and handling of “big imaging data,” as needed for large multi-disciplinary cancer-focused programs. The evolving REMIX platform contains an array of integrated tools/software packages for the following: (1) server and storage management; (2) image reconstruction; (3) digital pathology; (4) de-identification; (5) business intelligence; (6) texture analysis; and (7) artificial intelligence. These capabilities, along with documentation and guidance, explaining how to interact with a commercial system (e.g., PACS, EHR, commercial database) that currently exists in clinical environments, are to be made freely available.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗

DOE OSTI2016

MO-D-BRB-01: Fundamental Aspects of SBRT

Increased use of SBRT and hypofractionation in radiation oncology practice has posted a number of challenges to medical physicist, ranging from planning, image-guided patient setup and on-treatment monitoring, to quality assurance (QA) and dose delivery. This symposium is designed to provide current knowledge necessary for the safe and efficient implementation of SBRT in various linac platforms, including the emerging digital linacs equipped with high dose rate FFF beams. Issues related to 4D CT, PET and MRI simulations, 3D/4D CBCT guided patient setup, real-time image guidance during SBRT dose delivery using gated/un-gated VMAT/IMRT, and technical advancements in QA of SBRT (in particular, strategies dealing with high dose rate FFF beams) will be addressed. The symposium will help the attendees to gain a comprehensive understanding of the SBRT workflow and facilitate their clinical implementation of the state-of-art imaging and planning techniques. Learning Objectives: Present background knowledge of SBRT, describe essential requirements for safe implementation of SBRT, and discuss issues specific to SBRT treatment planning and QA. Update on the use of multi-dimensional and multi-modality imaging for reliable guidance of SBRT. Discuss treatment planning and QA issues specific to SBRT. Provide a comprehensive overview of emerging digital linacs and summarize the key geometric and dosimetric features of the new generation of linacs for substantially improved SBRT. NIH/NCI; Varian Medical Systems; F. Yin, Duke University has a research agreement with Varian Medical Systems. In addition to research grant, I had a technology license agreement with Varian Medical Systems.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2016

MO-D-BRB-03: Quality Assurance of SBRT

Increased use of SBRT and hypofractionation in radiation oncology practice has posted a number of challenges to medical physicist, ranging from planning, image-guided patient setup and on-treatment monitoring, to quality assurance (QA) and dose delivery. This symposium is designed to provide current knowledge necessary for the safe and efficient implementation of SBRT in various linac platforms, including the emerging digital linacs equipped with high dose rate FFF beams. Issues related to 4D CT, PET and MRI simulations, 3D/4D CBCT guided patient setup, real-time image guidance during SBRT dose delivery using gated/un-gated VMAT/IMRT, and technical advancements in QA of SBRT (in particular, strategies dealing with high dose rate FFF beams) will be addressed. The symposium will help the attendees to gain a comprehensive understanding of the SBRT workflow and facilitate their clinical implementation of the state-of-art imaging and planning techniques. Learning Objectives: Present background knowledge of SBRT, describe essential requirements for safe implementation of SBRT, and discuss issues specific to SBRT treatment planning and QA. Update on the use of multi-dimensional and multi-modality imaging for reliable guidance of SBRT. Discuss treatment planning and QA issues specific to SBRT. Provide a comprehensive overview of emerging digital linacs and summarize the key geometric and dosimetric features of the new generation of linacs for substantially improved SBRT. NIH/NCI; Varian Medical Systems; F. Yin, Duke University has a research agreement with Varian Medical Systems. In addition to research grant, I had a technology license agreement with Varian Medical Systems.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2018

Digital/Analog Cosimulation using CocoTB and Xyce

In this article, we describe a prototype cosimulation framework using Xyce, GHDL and CocoTB that can be used to analyze digital hardware designs in out-of-nominal environments. We demonstrate current software methods and inspire future work via analysis of an open-source encryption core design. Note that this article is meant as a proof-of-concept to motivate integration of general cosimulation techniques with Xyce, an open-source circuit simulator.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2015

PDE Constrained Optimization for Digital Image Correlation

The purpose of this report is to investigate a partial differential equation (PDE) constrained optimization approach for estimating the velocity field given image data for use within digital image correlation (DIC). We first introduce the problem and the standard DIC approach and then demonstrate why the DIC problem is ill-posed and introduce a standard regularization of the problem. We also demonstrate that the functional used is sensitive and robust via a sequence of experiments given by a stochastic model inducing the PDE constraint.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2015

Validation testing of the Canberra mobile Feed Roll Assay system - 15404

Japanese farmers grow various grasses as feed for cattle. These are rolled up and sealed for future use. Canberra has created a special truck to monitor these Feed Rolls, called 'Feed Roll Assay System [FRAS]'. On the bed of the truck is the shield containing a large NaI detector. The detector is 3x5x16'' in size, the same size as used in the Canberra FastScan Whole Body Counter. The detector is also LED-stabilized, to keep the gain constant under the wide range of temperature variations expected for this outdoor measurement instrument. The Canberra Osprey digital MCA is connected to the detector. The detector and the MCA are housed in a water proof box, which is surrounded on the bottom and all sides by a 15 cm thick steel shield. A portion of the shield at the top is open where the detector can view the Feed Rolls placed there. A single ethernet cable goes to a laptop PC which provides power to the MCA and detector, and also transmits the signal to the PC. The system was calibrated using MCNP for a variety of different densities, and Feed Roll sizes. The Japanese version of the Canberra Genie software is used to analyze the spectra and compute the Bq/kg concentration of the Feed Roll. The shielding is sufficient so that at a 5 uSv/hr background dose rate, no Cs-137 or Cs-134 peaks were detected in a 1 hour count. Measurements were performed in 0.2 uSv/hr dose rate, using uncontaminated Feed Rolls at various counting times. The MDA for Cs-137 was 11.9 Bq/kg at 30 seconds, 8.2 Bq/kg for 60 seconds, and 1.1 Bq/kg at 3600 seconds count time. The relative measurement uncertainty of the FRAS measurements was 9.4 to 13%, as compared to assays of samples extracted [30-45%] and in-situ Ge measurements [6.0 - 7.1%]. The FRAS measurement results have considerably better precision than measurements of samples extracted from the Feed Rolls, and are much faster than the in-situ Ge measurements and have just about the same uncertainty. (authors)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2013

THE OBSCURED FRACTION OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI IN THE XMM-COSMOS SURVEY: A SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION PERSPECTIVE

The fraction of active galactic nucleus (AGN) luminosity obscured by dust and re-emitted in the mid-IR is critical for understanding AGN evolution, unification, and parsec-scale AGN physics. For unobscured (Type 1) AGNs, where we have a direct view of the accretion disk, the dust covering factor can be measured by computing the ratio of re-processed mid-IR emission to intrinsic nuclear bolometric luminosity. We use this technique to estimate the obscured AGN fraction as a function of luminosity and redshift for 513 Type 1 AGNs from the XMM-COSMOS survey. The re-processed and intrinsic luminosities are computed by fitting the 18 band COSMOS photometry with a custom spectral energy distribution fitting code, which jointly models emission from hot dust in the AGN torus, from the accretion disk, and from the host galaxy. We find a relatively shallow decrease of the luminosity ratio as a function of L{sub bol}, which we interpret as a corresponding decrease in the obscured fraction. In the context of the receding torus model, where dust sublimation reduces the covering factor of more luminous AGNs, our measurements require a torus height that increases with luminosity as h ∝ L{sub bol}{sup 0.3-0.4}. Our obscured-fraction-luminosity relation agrees with determinations from Sloan Digital Sky Survey censuses of Type 1 and Type 2 quasars and favors a torus optically thin to mid-IR radiation. We find a much weaker dependence of the obscured fraction on 2-10 keV luminosity than previous determinations from X-ray surveys and argue that X-ray surveys miss a significant population of highly obscured Compton-thick AGNs. Our analysis shows no clear evidence for evolution of the obscured fraction with redshift.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2017

The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. XXVIII. Characterization of the Galactic White Dwarf Population

We use three different techniques to identify hundreds of white dwarf (WD) candidates in the Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS) based on photometry from the NGVS and GUViCS, and proper motions derived from the NGVS and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Photometric distances for these candidates are calculated using theoretical color–absolute magnitude relations, while effective temperatures are measured by fitting their spectral energy distributions. Disk and halo WD candidates are separated using a tangential velocity cut of 200 km s{sup −1} in a reduced proper motion diagram, which leads to a sample of six halo WD candidates. Cooling ages, calculated for an assumed WD mass of 0.6 M {sub ⊙}, range between 60 Myr and 6 Gyr, although these estimates depend sensitively on the adopted mass. Luminosity functions for the disk and halo subsamples are constructed and compared to previous results from the SDSS and SuperCOSMOS survey. We compute a number density of (2.81 ± 0.52) × 10{sup −3} pc{sup −3} for the disk WD population—consistent with previous measurements. We find (7.85 ± 4.55) × 10{sup −6} pc{sup −3} for the halo, or 0.3% of the disk. Observed stellar counts are also compared to predictions made by the TRILEGAL and Besançon stellar population synthesis models. The comparison suggests that the TRILEGAL model overpredicts the total number of WDs. The WD counts predicted by the Besançon model agree with the observations, although a discrepancy arises when comparing the predicted and observed halo WD populations; the difference is likely due to the WD masses in the adopted model halo.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2016

MO-D-BRB-02: SBRT Treatment Planning and Delivery

Increased use of SBRT and hypofractionation in radiation oncology practice has posted a number of challenges to medical physicist, ranging from planning, image-guided patient setup and on-treatment monitoring, to quality assurance (QA) and dose delivery. This symposium is designed to provide current knowledge necessary for the safe and efficient implementation of SBRT in various linac platforms, including the emerging digital linacs equipped with high dose rate FFF beams. Issues related to 4D CT, PET and MRI simulations, 3D/4D CBCT guided patient setup, real-time image guidance during SBRT dose delivery using gated/un-gated VMAT/IMRT, and technical advancements in QA of SBRT (in particular, strategies dealing with high dose rate FFF beams) will be addressed. The symposium will help the attendees to gain a comprehensive understanding of the SBRT workflow and facilitate their clinical implementation of the state-of-art imaging and planning techniques. Learning Objectives: Present background knowledge of SBRT, describe essential requirements for safe implementation of SBRT, and discuss issues specific to SBRT treatment planning and QA. Update on the use of multi-dimensional and multi-modality imaging for reliable guidance of SBRT. Discuss treatment planning and QA issues specific to SBRT. Provide a comprehensive overview of emerging digital linacs and summarize the key geometric and dosimetric features of the new generation of linacs for substantially improved SBRT. NIH/NCI; Varian Medical Systems; F. Yin, Duke University has a research agreement with Varian Medical Systems. In addition to research grant, I had a technology license agreement with Varian Medical Systems.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2018

Cross-Correlation Analysis of Digital Speckle Photography

This paper describes new algorithms for processing noisy specklograms, which permit quantitative diagnostics of the microstructure of shock-wave flows with a subpicosecond accuracy with the use of statistical analysis of numerically registered speckle fields disturbed by the refraction in the investigated flows. The software developed by us permits reconstructing up to 10,000 vector angles of probe radiation deflection in a two-dimensional region of size 20 × 30 mm{sup 2} in imaging a speckle field with optical magnification M = 1.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2018

Industrial IoT cross-layer forensic investigation

Cross-layer forensic investigation is addressed for Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) device attacks in Critical Infrastructure (CI) applications. The operational motivation for cross-layer investigation is provided by the desire to directly correlate bit-level network anomaly detection with physical layer (PHY) device connectivity and/or status (normal, defective, attacked, etc.) at the time of attack. The technical motivation for developing cross-layer techniques is motivated by (a) having considerable capability in place for Higher-Layer Digital Forensic Information exploitation—real-time network cyberattack and postattack analysis, (b) having considerably less capability in place for Lowest-Layer PHY Forensic Information exploitation—the PHY domain remains largely under exploited, and (c) considering cyber-physical integration as a means to jointly exploit higher-layer digital and lowest-layer PHY forensic information to maximize investigative benefit in IIoT cyber forensics. A delineation of higher-layer digital and lowest-layer PHY elements is provided for the standard network Open Systems Interconnection model and the specific Perdue Enterprise Reference Architecture commonly used in IIoT Industrial Control System/Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition applications. Finally, a forensics work summary is provided for each delineated area based on selected representative publications and provides the basis for presenting the envisioned cross-layer forensic investigation.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2022

Advances in phosphor two-color ratio method thermography for full-field surface temperature measurements

We report thermographic phosphors can be employed for optical sensing of surface, gas phase, and bulk material temperatures through different strategies including the time-decay method, time-integrated method, and frequency-domain method. We focus on the time-integrated method, also known as the ratio method, as it can be more practical in many situations. This work advances the ratio method using two machine vision cameras with CMOS detectors for full-field temperature measurements of a solid surface. A phosphor calibration coupon is fabricated using aerosol deposition and employed for in situ determination of the temperature-versus-intensity ratio relationship. Algorithms from digital image correlation are employed to determine the stereoscopic imaging system intrinsic and extrinsic parameters, and accurately register material points on the sample to subpixel locations in each image with 0.07 px or better accuracy. Detector nonlinearity is carefully characterized and corrected. Temperature-dependent, spatial non-uniformity of the full-field intensity ratio—posited to be caused by a blue-shift effect of the bandpass filter for non-collimated light and/or a wavelength-dependent transmission efficiency of the lens—is assessed and treated for cases where a standard flat-field correction fails to correct the non-uniformity. In sum, pixel-wise calibration curves relating the computed intensity ratio to temperature in the range of T = 300–430 K are generated, with an embedded error of less than 3 K. This work offers a full calibration methodology and several improvements on two-color phosphor thermography, opening the door for full-field temperature measurements in dynamic tests with deforming test articles.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2020

Scaling the training of particle classification on simulated MicroBooNE events to multiple GPUs

Measurements in Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) neutrino detectors, such as the MicroBooNE detector at Fermilab, feature large, high fidelity event images. Deep learning techniques have been extremely successful in classification tasks of photographs, but their application to LArTPC event images is challenging, due to the large size of the events. Events in these detectors are typically two orders of magnitude larger than images found in classical challenges, like recognition of handwritten digits contained in the MNIST database or object recognition in the ImageNet database. Ideally, training would occur on many instances of the entire event data, instead of many instances of cropped regions of interest from the event data. However, such efforts lead to extremely long training cycles, which slow down the exploration of new network architectures and hyperparameter scans to improve the classification performance. We present studies of scaling a LArTPC classification problem on multiple architectures, spanning multiple nodes. The studies are carried out on simulated events in the MicroBooNE detector. We emphasize that it is beyond the scope of this study to optimize networks or extract the physics from any results here. Institutional computing at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the SummitDev machine at Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s Leadership Computing Facility have been used. To our knowledge, this is the first use of state-of-the-art Convolutional Neural Networks for particle physics and their attendant compute techniques onto the DOE Leadership Class Facilities. We expect benefits to accrue particularly to the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) LArTPC program, the flagship US High Energy Physics (HEP) program for the coming decades.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Quantitative Analysis of Color Differences within High Contrast, Low Power Reversible Electrophoretic Displays

Here, quantitative color analysis is performed on videos of high contrast, low power reversible electrophoretic deposition (EPD)-based displays operated under different applied voltages. This analysis is coded in an open-source software, relies on a color differentiation metric, ΔE * 00 , derived from digital video, and provides an intuitive relationship between the operating conditions of the devices and their performance. Time-dependent ΔE * 00 color analysis reveals color relaxation behavior, recoverability for different voltage sequences, and operating conditions that can lead to optimal performance.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2016

Cybersecurity Assessment Methodology for International Safeguards

International nuclear safeguards are technical measures implemented by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to verify the correctness and completeness of declarations made by States about their nuclear activities. The systems used to verify such activities include electronic and digital hardware and software components capable of data collection, processing, analysis, storage and transmission. Despite increasing efforts to protect digital systems against unauthorized access or attack through cybersecurity measures, these systems are not immune to cyber exploitation that could compromise their integrity or reliability. Previous versions of these systems did not include capabilities that exist today, such as BluetoothTM and GPS. The inclusion of these new capabilities, as well as new data processing and storage mechanisms, adds new attack vectors and opportunities for adversaries to exploit the devices that did not previously exist. As mentioned in the above referenced Cybersecurity for Safeguards study, cyber-domain vulnerabilities present risks to the equipment used to perform the international nuclear safeguards mission. The IAEA has produced guidance on the protection of nuclear facilities and their computer systems against cyber threats, but these documents do not specifically address the risks to safeguards or safeguards equipment. In response, the U.S. Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration (DOE/NNSA) Office of International Nuclear Safeguards/Safeguards Technology Development (NA-241) sponsored Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia, SNL) and the Idaho National Laboratory (Idaho, INL) to conduct a one-year study to evaluate cyber related vulnerabilities in safeguards equipment and develop recommendations for the mitigation of any identified risks.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗