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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,567 records · Page 87
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

The use of idealised experiments in testing a new convective parametrization: Performance of CoMorph-A

CoMorph is a new mass-flux convection parametrization under development at the Met Office designed for use within the Unified Model and its successor model, LFRic. Use of a three-dimensional idealised model enables controlled tests of the performance of the scheme across different regimes. This includes the interaction between the physical parametrizations and the resolved dynamics, allowing study of the emergent organisation of convection on the resolved scale. A selection of well-known cases is revisited here, with the purpose of documenting the extent to which CoMorph captures a range of important, but challenging, behaviour such as the diurnal cycle and sensitivity to tropospheric moisture. Simulations using CoMorph-A, a new physics package, that has been demonstrated to perform well at numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate scales, are compared against the current global atmosphere configuration and high-resolution results. In addition to an entirely new convection scheme, the package of changes includes significant changes to the cloud, microphysics, and boundary-layer parametrizations. Recognising that CoMorph-A is the first version of a scheme that will continue to be substantially developed and to obtain good performance, compromises in tuning have had to be made. These idealised tests therefore show what works well in this configuration, and what areas will require further work. As such, it is quite a demanding testbed and could be viewed as some of the equipment required for a “convective playground”.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Adsorption of Phthalate Esters on Smectite Clay Surfaces

The partitioning of organic contaminants between water and solid surfaces is a key process controlling their fate and transport in natural environments. A novel methodology was developed to predict the adsorption of organic contaminants by smectite clay minerals (high specific surface area adsorbents abundant in natural soils) using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The methodology models a stack of flexible Ca- montmorillonite lamellae in direct contact with a bulk aqueous reservoir and uses the metadynamics technique to facilitate the exploration of the free energy landscape. The methodology was tested and validated in the case of six phthalate esters, widely used chemical plasticizers with endocrine disrupting properties. Simulation predictions reveal strong phthalate adsorption, especially for the larger and more hydrophobic phthalates. Predicted partition coefficients (K d values) are consistent with collected batch experimental data. Adsorption was observed on both the exterior basal surfaces and within the interlayer nanopore, with phthalate molecules predominately adopting a flat orientation on the clay surface. Intercalation was also detected in complementary X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments. A strong inverse relationship between extent of adsorption and clay surface charge density was observed, as phthalate molecules preferentially occupied the more hydrophobic uncharged patches on each surface. Detailed analysis of the free energy of adsorption revealed that phthalate affinity for the clay surface results from a small favorable van der Waals contribution and a large favorable entropic contribution. Overall, this research demonstrates the substantial affinity of smectite clays for phthalate esters and establishes a computational methodology capable of predicting the water-clay partition coefficients of organic contaminants, a key parameter in environmental fate and transport models.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Ensemble voting-based fault classification and location identification for a distribution system with microgrids using smart meter measurements

This study presents an ensemble learning approach for fault classification and location identification in a smart distribution network containing photovoltaics (PV)-based microgrid. Lack of available data points and the unbalanced nature of the distribution system make fault handling a challenging task for utilities. The proposed method uses event-driven voltage data from smart meters to classify and locate faults. The ensemble voting classifier is composed of three base learners; random forest, k-nearest neighbours, and artificial neural network. The fault location (FL) task has been formulated as a classification problem where the fault type is classified in the first step and based on the fault type, the faulty bus is identified. The method is tested on IEEE-123 bus system modified with added PV-based microgrid along with dynamic loading conditions and varying fault resistances from 0 to 20 Ω for both unbalanced and balanced fault types. A further sensitivity analysis has been done to test the robustness of the proposed method under various noise levels and data loss errors in the smart meter measurements. The ensemble method shows improved performance and robustness compared to some previously proposed FL methods. Finally, the proposed method has been experimentally validated on a real-time simulation-based testbed using a state-of-the-art digital real-time simulator, industry standard DNP3 communication protocol and a cpu-based control centre running the FL algorithm.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

The Impact of Bias Row Noise to Photometric Accuracy: Case Study Based on a Scientific CMOS Detector

Abstract We tested a new model of CMOS detector manufactured by the Gpixel Inc, for potential space astronomical application. In laboratory, we obtain some bias images under the typical application environment. In these bias images, clear random row noise pattern is observed. The row noise also contains some characteristic spatial frequencies. We quantitatively estimated the impact of this feature to photometric measurements, by making simulated images. We compared different bias noise types under strict parameter control. The result shows the row noise will significantly deteriorate the photometric accuracy. It effectively increases the readout noise by a factor of 2–10. However, if it is properly removed, the image quality and photometric accuracy will be significantly improved.

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗
DOE OSTI2020

Conifers depend on established roots during drought: results from a coupled model of carbon allocation and hydraulics

Trees may survive prolonged droughts by shifting water uptake to reliable water sources, but it is unknown if the dominant mechanism involves activating existing roots or growing new roots during drought, or some combination of the two. To gain mechanistic insights on this unknown, a dynamic root-hydraulic modeling framework was developed that set up a feedback between hydraulic controls over carbon allocation and the role of root growth on soil–plant hydraulics. The new model was tested using a 5 yr drought/heat field experiment on an established pi~non-juniper stand with root access to bedrock groundwater. Owing to the high carbon cost per unit root area, modeled trees initialized without adequate bedrock groundwater access experienced potentially lethal declines in water potential, while all of the experimental trees maintained nonlethal water potentials. Simulated trees were unable to grow roots rapidly enough to mediate the hydraulic stress, particularly during warm droughts. Alternatively, modeled trees initiated with root access to bedrock groundwater matched the hydraulics of the experimental trees by increasing their water uptake from bedrock groundwater when soil layers dried out. Therefore, the modeling framework identified a critical mechanism for drought response that required trees to shift water uptake among existing roots rather than growing new roots.

Mackay, D. Scott↗
DOE OSTI2024

Trapped-ion quantum simulation of electron transfer models with tunable dissipation

Electron transfer is at the heart of many fundamental physical, chemical, and biochemical processes essential for life. The exact simulation of these reactions is often hindered by the large number of degrees of freedom and by the essential role of quantum effects. Here, we experimentally simulate a paradigmatic model of molecular electron transfer using a multispecies trapped-ion crystal, where the donor-acceptor gap, the electronic and vibronic couplings, and the bath relaxation dynamics can all be controlled independently. By manipulating both the ground-state and optical qubits, we observe the real-time dynamics of the spin excitation, measuring the transfer rate in several regimes of adiabaticity and relaxation dynamics. Our results provide a testing ground for increasingly rich models of molecular excitation transfer processes that are relevant for molecular electronics and light-harvesting systems.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
DOE OSTI2011

Effects of Tidal Turbine Noise on Fish Task 2.1.3.2: Effects on Aquatic Organisms: Acoustics/Noise - Fiscal Year 2011 - Progress Report - Environmental Effects of Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy

Naturally spawning stocks of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) that utilize Puget Sound are listed as threatened (http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/ Chinook/CKPUG.cfm). Plans exist for prototype tidal turbines to be deployed into their habitat. Noise is known to affect fish in many ways, such as causing a threshold shift in auditory sensitivity or tissue damage. The characteristics of noise, its spectra and level, are important factors that influence the potential for the noise to injure fish. For example, the frequency range of the tidal turbine noise includes the audiogram (frequency range of hearing) of most fish. This study (Effects on Aquatic Organisms, Subtask 2.1.3.2: Acoustics) was performed during FY 2011 to determine if noise generated by a 6-m-diameter open-hydro turbine might affect juvenile Chinook salmon hearing or cause barotrauma. After they were exposed to simulated tidal turbine noise, the hearing of juvenile Chinook salmon was measured and necropsies performed to check for tissue damage. Experimental groups were (1) noise exposed, (2) control (the same handling as treatment fish but without exposure to tidal turbine noise), and (3) baseline (never handled). Preliminary results indicate that low levels of tissue damage may have occurred but that there were no effects of noise exposure on the auditory systems of the test fish.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

OEDI—Solar Grid Integration Data and Analytics Library

As a part of the Open Energy Data Initiative, this effort aims to develop and demonstrate novel distribution state estimation, control optimization, and transient analysis as well as provide access to data, data integration, and mapping information. More specifically, the focus of the effort will be on physics-based distribution system state estimation, hybrid (physics-based and machine learning) distribution optimal power flow, and event detection/analysis for solar integration and analytics. This work will enable reproducible, robust, replicable, and generalizable R&D in simulation and emulation of solar system integration. These test models and datasets will provide an integrated library for developing and testing power system operation technologies. To make the library user-friendly, this project will provide data curation tools such as data translators, mapping scripts and APIs, database schemas and metadata, interfaces and user dashboard, source code for the reference algorithms, description of the use-cases/scenarios, and comprehensive information on all the assumptions.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

OC6 project Phase III: validation of the aerodynamic loading on a wind turbine rotor undergoing large motion caused by a floating support structure

Abstract. This paper provides a summary of the work done within Phase III of the Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration, Continued, with Correlation and unCertainty (OC6) project, under the International Energy Agency Wind Technology Collaboration Programme Task 30. This phase focused on validating the aerodynamic loading on a wind turbine rotor undergoing large motion caused by a floating support structure. Numerical models of the Technical University of Denmark 10 MW reference wind turbine were validated using measurement data from a 1:75 scale test performed during the UNsteady Aerodynamics for FLOating Wind (UNAFLOW) project and a follow-on experimental campaign, both performed at the Politecnico di Milano wind tunnel. Validation of the models was performed by comparing the loads for steady (fixed platform) and unsteady (harmonic motion of the platform) wind conditions. For the unsteady wind conditions, the platform was forced to oscillate in the surge and pitch directions under several frequencies and amplitudes. These oscillations result in a wind variation that impacts the rotor loads (e.g., thrust and torque). For the conditions studied in these tests, the system aerodynamic response was almost steady. Only a small hysteresis in airfoil performance undergoing angle of attack variations in attached flow was observed. During the experiments, the rotor speed and blade pitch angle were held constant. However, in real wind turbine operating conditions, the surge and pitch variations would result in rotor speed variations and/or blade pitch actuations, depending on the wind turbine controller region that the system is operating. Additional simulations with these control parameters were conducted to verify the fidelity of different models. Participant results showed, in general, a good agreement with the experimental measurements and the need to account for dynamic inflow when there are changes in the flow conditions due to the rotor speed variations or blade pitch actuations in response to surge and pitch motion. Numerical models not accounting for dynamic inflow effects predicted rotor loads that were 9 % lower in amplitude during rotor speed variations and 18 % higher in amplitude during blade pitch actuations.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Leptonic Decays of Charged Pseudoscalar Mesons - 2015

We review the physics of purely leptonic decays of $\pi^\pm$, $K^\pm$, $D^{\pm}$, $D_s^\pm$, and $B^\pm$ pseudoscalar mesons. The measured decay rates are related to the product of the relevant weak-interaction-based CKM matrix element of the constituent quarks and a strong interaction parameter related to the overlap of the quark and antiquark wave-functions in the meson, called the decay constant $f_P$. The leptonic decay constants for $\pi^\pm$, $K^\pm$, $D^{\pm}$, $D_s^\pm$, and $B^\pm$ mesons can be obtained with controlled theoretical uncertainties and high precision from {\it ab initio} lattice-QCD simulations. The combination of experimental leptonic decay-rate measurements and theoretical decay-constant calculations enables the determination of several elements of the CKM matrix within the standard model. These determinations are competitive with those obtained from semileptonic decays, and also complementary because they are sensitive to different quark flavor-changing currents. They can also be used to test the unitarity of the first and second rows of the CKM matrix. Conversely, taking the CKM elements predicted by unitarity, one can infer "experimental" values for $f_P$ that can be compared with theory. These provide tests of lattice-QCD methods, provided new-physics contributions to leptonic decays are negligible at the current level of precision. This review is the basis of the article in the Particle Data Group's 2016 edition, updating the versions in Refs. [1-3].

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Relating Gyrokinetic Electron Turbulence to Plasma Confinement in the National Spherical Torus Experiment

Unraveling the relationship between plasma turbulence and transport is an important step in the development of magnetic fusion energy. In a magnetic fusion experiment, naturally occurring gradients in temperature and density profiles drive plasma turbulence. This turbulence can effectively transport heat and particles throughout the machine, thereby modifying the plasma's profiles. The result is a feedback system, with turbulence driving transport and transport altering the turbulent drive. Understanding this system is as important to development of fusion energy as it is challenging. The relationship between gyrokinetic electron temperature gradient (ETG) driven turbulence and thermal confinement is particularly poorly understood. Empirical evidence suggests that ETG turbulence can not only exist in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) but that it can also sometimes drive enough thermal transport to limit machine performance. Electron-scale (high-k) density fluctuations increase when the ETG mode is predicted to be active. Reversing the device's magnetic shear not only suppresses these fluctuations, but also triggers high electron confinement modes in NSTX known as electron internal transport barriers (e-ITBs). Controlling ETG turbulence with magnetic shear significantly enhances plasma confinement. This dissertation supplements these experimental observations with numerical simulations. Applying the nonlinear gyrokinetic code GYRO to NSTX confirms the possibility of strong ETG-driven turbulent transport within the experiment. The associated thermal flux can indeed be high, accounting for at least one half of the inferred experimental level; however, the link between highk fluctuations and ETG turbulence is less firm. Additionally, the first nonlinear simulations of an NSTX e-ITB confirm that magnetic shear suppresses ETG turbulence and establishes transport barriers. While ETG turbulence can be strong in NSTX, its detrimental effects can be controlled with magnetic shear. How turbulence governs the performance of fusion experiments cannot be determined without an understanding of plasma transport. To that end, this work develops new algorithms for solving the steady-state plasma transport problem, integrating them into and testing them with the TGYRO code. An application of the new algorithms to a proposed ETG experiment on NSTX shows that adding impurities to radio-frequency heated plasmas can reduce turbulent transport and improve plasma performance. This work is supported by the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, which is operated by Princeton University for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-09CH11466, and the SciDAC Center for the Study of Plasma Microturbulence, and used the computational resources of both the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility, located in the National Center for Computational Sciences at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is supported by the Office of Science of the Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725, and the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, which is supported by the Office of Science under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

TU-AB-303-03: CBCT-Based On-Site Simulation, Planning, and Delivery (OSPD) for Whole Brain Radiotherapy

Purpose: To demonstrate the feasibility of a CBCT-based on-site simulation, planning, and delivery (OSPD) for whole brain radiotherapy, in which all steps from imaging, planning to treatment delivery are performed at the treatment unit in one appointment time slot. This work serves as the proof of concept for future OSPD single fraction radiation therapy. Methods: An integrated on-site imaging, planning and delivery workflow was developed and tested for whole brain radiotherapy. An automated two-opposed-oblique-beam plan is created by utilizing the treatment planning system scripting and simple field-in-field IMRT. The IMRT plan is designed with maximum 8 control points to cover the target volume consisting of the brain to C1/C2 of the spinal cord, with dose homogeneity criteria from −5% to +7% of the prescription dose. Due to inaccuracy of reconstructed Hounsfield unit numbers in CBCT images, the dose distribution is calculated with non-heterogeneity correction introducing only clinically insignificant dose discrepancy. A coherent and synchronized workflow was designed for a team of attending physician, physicist, therapists, and dosimetrist to work closely with the ability to quickly modify, approve, and implement the treatment. Results: Thirty-one patients have been treated with this OSPD treatment, without compromising the plan quality compared to our regular clinically used parallel apposed 2D plans. The average time for these procedures are 48.02 ±11.55 minutes from the time patient entered the treatment room until s/he exited, and 35.09 ±10.35 minutes from starting CBCT until last beam delivered. This time duration is comparable to the net time when individual tasks are summed up during our regular CT- based whole brain planning and delivery. Conclusions: The OSPD whole brain treatment has been tested to be clinically feasible. The next step is to further improve the efficiency and to streamline the workflow. Other disease sites will be also tested with this new technology.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Thermal Analysis of Simulated Nitrate Salt and sWheat Scoop ® Mixtures

The Department of Energy (DOE) Environmental Management Los Alamos Field Office (EM-LA) is examining options for managing its transuranic (TRU) waste currently in interim storage at the Waste Control Specialists LLC (WCS) facility located near Andrews, Texas. As part of this examination, a Draft Engineering Evaluation and Initial Feasibility Study, collectively referred to as the Feasibility Study, is being implemented to investigate the feasibility of different options and methodologies for preparing the waste for transport and disposal at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP). To support the needs identified in the Feasibility Study, the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) has been requested to pursue the characterization and assess the classification of inappropriately treated Remediated Nitrate Salt (RNS) wastes generated at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). Previous results from experimentation conducted at SRNL showed that both reaction time and water content had an observable effect on the exothermicity of a remediated waste surrogate under conditions mimicking the SW-846 Method 1050 test for spontaneous combustion. To further elucidate parameters that may contribute to the propensity for spontaneous combustion, SRNL designed and performed additional benchscale testing on simulated wastes targeting the compositions of six remediated drums of similar material previously sampled and characterized at LANL. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis displayed a general decrease in reactivity with increasing age and triethanolamine addition. Review of heat generation data versus analyzed compositions indicate that regardless of salt composition, water content, or age, no substantial combustion was witnessed for any mixture tested that contained at least 50 wt% of organic material.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2022

Optimal management of electric hotel loads in mild hybrid heavy duty truck

Here, the problem of engine idling for heavy-duty trucks has been under study for decades with Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) and Truck Stop Electrification (TSE) as the most compelling solutions. With the electrification of trucks approaching feasibility in terms of cost-effective technology, hybridization offers another “degree of freedom” to tackle the problem. Here, this work aims at exploiting a battery pack of a 48 V mild-hybrid heavy-duty truck to store sufficient onboard energy for powering the auxiliary loads during the hoteling. This problem is not trivial, as the battery packs typically cannot recover the entire energy required through regeneration alone; hence an optimal energy management strategy needs to be employed to charge the battery through the engine during drive operation. This strategy optimizes powertrain performances among the four modes: (i) Engine of Coasting (EOC), (ii) Regeneration by braking, (iii) Regeneration by engine, and (iv) engine idling. This paper presents the development of a Dynamic Programming (DP) framework that employs a multi-objective cost function to minimize the fuel consumption and maximize the regeneration using the above-mentioned four modes. A typical heavy-duty truck drive cycle is used to represent the drive phase, with mandatory hoteling stops as per regulations. A comprehensive powertrain model is developed using validated components’ model. The DP employs two state variables: battery State-of-Charge (SOC) and engine mode, and three control inputs: (i) the engine ON–OFF state, (ii) clutch engagement state, and (iii) power request at the Electric Machine (EM) for calculating optimal SOC trajectory. The framework also tackles rapid engine ON–OFF scenarios to avoid the challenges associated with DP and the compromises in fuel cost with those approaches. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed framework is tested for potential fuel savings on two different battery packs by performing the full cycle simulations. The results show 6.47% of fuel consumption reduction as compared to traditional APU-based heavy-duty truck.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Neural network model of neutral beam injection in the EAST tokamak to enable fast transport simulations

The neutral beam injection (NBI) system in EAST produces energetic neutral particles, which collide with electrons and ions in tokamak plasmas and heat the plasmas through Coulomb collisions. Moreover, it drives a non-inductive source of current, due to the charge-exchange collision between neutral particles and ions, and injects toroidal torque, which generates a toroidal rotation of the plasma. The effect caused by the NBI system, such as plasma heating, current drive, total neutron rate, momentum transfer, and shine-through, are modeled by a comprehensive module called NUBEAM. However, NUBEAM is computationally intensive since it relies on Monte Carlo methods. In this work, a neural network model has been developed as a surrogate model for NUBEAM in EAST. The database for neural-network model training, validation and testing is generated by running TRANSP for experimental discharges from recent EAST campaigns (after the latest NBI upgrade) while using the NUBEAM module. Simulation results illustrate that the trained neural network has the capability of replicating the predictions made by NUBEAM while demanding a significantly shorter execution time. Finally, these results indicate that surrogate models like the one proposed in this work could enable fast transport simulations for EAST after integrating them into a control-oriented predictive code such as COTSIM.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Dynamic Radioactive Source for Evaluating and Demonstrating Time-dependent Performance of Continuous Air Monitors

Evaluation of continuous air monitors in the presence of a plutonium aerosol is time intensive, expensive, and requires a specialized facility. The Radiation Protection Services Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory has designed a Dynamic Radioactive Source, intended to replace plutonium aerosol challenge testing. Furthermore, the Dynamic Radioactive Source is small enough to be inserted into the sampler filter chamber of a typical continuous air monitor. Time-dependent radioactivity is introduced from electroplated sources for real-time testing of a continuous air monitor where a mechanical wristwatch motor rotates a mask above an alpha-emitting electroplated disk source. The mask is attached to the watch’s minute hand, and as it rotates, more of the underlying source is revealed. The alpha activity we measured increases with time, simulating the arrival of airborne radioactive particulates at the air sampler inlet. The Dynamic Radioactive Source allows the temporal behavior of puff and chronic release conditions to be mimicked without the need for radioactive aerosols. The new system is configurable to different continuous air monitor designs and provides an in-house testing capability (benchtop compatible). It is a repeatable and reusable system and does not contaminate the tested air monitor. Test benefits include direct user control, realistic (plutonium) aerosol spectra, and iterative development of continuous air monitor alarm algorithms. We also used data obtained using the Dynamic Radioactive Source to elucidate alarm algorithms and to compare the response time of two commercial continuous air monitors.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

A Reference Governor for Plasma-Shape Control in Tokamaks

Tokamaks are torus-shaped devices where a high-temperature, ionized gas (i.e. a plasma) is confined by means of helical magnetic fields. The ultimate goal of tokamaks is producing net electrical energy by means of nuclear-fusion reactions within the plasma. The shape of the plasma inside the tokamak is closely related with its confinement characteristics and, therefore, with the produced fusion power. In order to achieve and maintain plasma shapes that maximize the fusion yield, feedback controllers have been successfully developed during the years. However, machine-protection and plasma-stability requirements impose hard constraints on the plasma-shape targets that can be safely achieved by a feedback controller. In this work, a reference governor is proposed to provide, in real time, plasma-shape targets that fulfill the aforementioned safety requirements. The reference governor calculates such plasma-shape targets in response to changes in the state of the closed-loop system, as well as disturbances in the plasma energy and current. Here, the reference-governor design is based on a dynamical model of the plasma electromagnetic response. Simulation tests of the reference governor have been carried out for different plasma scenarios in the DIII-D tokamak to emulate realistic cases where safety may be compromised.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗