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At least 1,567 records · Page 87

Fast Kalman Filtering for Relative Spacecraft Position and Attitude Estimation for the Raven ISS Hosted Payload

The Raven ISS Hosted Payload will feature several pose measurement sensors on a pan/tilt gimbal which will be used to autonomously track resupply vehicles as they approach and depart the International Space Station. This paper discusses the derivation of a Relative Navigation Filter (RNF) to fuse measurements from the different pose measurement sensors to produce relative position and attitude estimates. The RNF relies on relative translation and orientation kinematics and careful pose sensor modeling to eliminate dependence on orbital position information and associated orbital dynamics models. The filter state is augmented with sensor biases to provide a mechanism for the filter to estimate and mitigate the offset between the measurements from different pose sensors.

estimation↗

Fast Kalman Filtering for Relative Spacecraft Position and Attitude Estimation for the Raven ISS Hosted Payload

The Raven ISS Hosted Payload will feature several pose measurement sensors on a pan/tilt gimbal which will be used to autonomously track resupply vehicles as they approach and depart the International Space Station. This paper discusses the derivation of a Relative Navigation Filter (RNF) to fuse measurements from the different pose measurement sensors to produce relative position and attitude estimates. The RNF relies on relative translation and orientation kinematics and careful pose sensor modeling to eliminate dependence on orbital position information and associated orbital dynamics models. The filter state is augmented with sensor biases to provide a mechanism for the filter to estimate and mitigate the offset between the measurements from different pose sensors

estimation↗

The Design of the Reference Orbit for NISAR, the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar Mission

The NISAR mission plans to use a 12-day-repeating sun-synchronous orbit for repeat-pass interferometry at multiple time scales using SAR data. For the interferometry to work the radar measurements must be made from within a critical baseline, which happens if all of the orbits are maintained to be within a fixed tube around a reference orbit. This paper describes the choice of dynamical models used in defining such a reference orbit, the perturbative effects of dynamics not considered in the repeat orbit, and the process of designing the orbit to repeat. We also describe our method for sharing the repeat orbit among multiple mission participants who use different models and software.

Hatch, Sara J.↗

The Design of the Reference Orbit for NISAR, the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar Mission

The NISAR mission plans to use a 12-day-repeating sun-synchronous orbit for repeat-pass interferometry at multiple time scales using SAR data. For the interferometry to work the radar measurements must be made from within a critical baseline, which happens if all of the orbits are maintained to be within a fixed tube around a reference orbit. This paper describes the choice of dynamical models used in defining such a reference orbit, the perturbative effects of dynamics not considered in the repeat orbit, and the process of designing the orbit to repeat. We also describe our method for sharing the repeat orbit among multiple mission participants who use different models and software.

Hatch, Sara J.↗

A long short-term memory embedding for hybrid uplifted reduced order models

In this paper, we introduce an uplifted reduced order modeling (UROM) approach through the integration of standard projection based methods with long short-term memory (LSTM) embedding. Our approach has three modeling layers or components. In the first layer, we utilize an intrusive projection approach to model dynamics represented by the largest modes. The second layer consists of an LSTM model to account for residuals beyond this truncation. This closure layer refers to the process of including the residual effect of the discarded modes into the dynamics of the largest scales. However, the feasibility of generating a low rank approximation tails off for higher Kolmogorov n -width systems due to the underlying nonlinear processes. The third uplifting layer, called super-resolution, addresses this limited representation issue by expanding the span into a larger number of modes utilizing the versatility of LSTM. Therefore, our model integrates a physics-based projection model with a memory embedded LSTM closure and an LSTM based super-resolution model. In several applications, we exploit the use of Grassmann manifold to construct UROM for unseen conditions. We performed numerical experiments by using the Burgers and Navier-Stokes equations with quadratic nonlinearity. Finally, our results show robustness of the proposed approach in building reduced order models for parameterized systems and confirm the improved trade-off between accuracy and efficiency.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Modelling and control of a rotor supported by magnetic bearings

In this paper we develop a dynamical model of a rotor and the active magnetic bearings used to support the rotor. We use this model to develop a stable state feedback control of the magnetic bearing system. We present the development of a rigid body model of the rotor, utilizing both Rotation Matrices (Euler Angles) and Euler Parameters (Quaternions). In the latter half of the paper we develop a stable state feedback control of the actively controlled magnetic bearing to control the rotor position under inbalances. The control law developed takes into account the variation of the model with rotational speed. We show stability over the whole operating range of speeds for the magnetic bearing system. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the closed loop system performance. We develop the model of the magnetic bearing, and present two schemes for the excitation of the poles of the actively controlled magnetic bearing. We also present a scheme for averaging multiple sensor measurements and splitting the actuation forces amongst redundant actuators.

Gurumoorthy, R.↗

A Reduced Model for Prediction of Thermal and Rotational Effects on Turbine Tip Clearance

This paper describes a dynamic model that was developed to predict changes in turbine tip clearance the radial distance between the end of a turbine blade and the abradable tip seal. The clearance is estimated by using a first principles approach to model the thermal and mechanical effects of engine operating conditions on the turbine sub-components. These effects are summed to determine the resulting clearance. The model is demonstrated via a ground idle to maximum power transient and a lapse-rate takeoff transient. Results show the model demonstrates the expected pinch point behavior. The paper concludes by identifying knowledge gaps and suggesting additional research to improve the model.

Kypuros, Javier A.↗

On the advantages of exploiting memory in Markov state models for biomolecular dynamics

Biomolecular dynamics play an important role in numerous biological processes. Markov State Models (MSMs) provide a powerful approach to study these dynamic processes by predicting long time scale dynamics based on many short molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In an MSM, protein dynamics are modeled as a kinetic process consisting of a series of Markovian transitions between different conformational states at discrete time intervals (called “lag time”). To achieve this, a master equation must be constructed with a sufficiently long lag time to allow interstate transitions to become truly Markovian. This imposes a major challenge for MSM studies of proteins since the lag time is bound by the length of relatively short MD simulations available to estimate the frequency of transitions. Here, we show how one can employ the generalized master equation formalism to obtain an exact description of protein conformational dynamics both at short and long time scales without the time resolution restrictions imposed by the MSM lag time. Using a simple kinetic model, alanine dipeptide, and WW domain, we demonstrate that it is possible to construct these quasi-Markov State Models (qMSMs) using MD simulations that are 5–10 times shorter than those required by MSMs. These qMSMs only contain a handful of metastable states and, thus, can greatly facilitate the interpretation of mechanisms associated with protein dynamics. A qMSM opens the door to the study of conformational changes of complex biomolecules where a Markovian model with a few states is often difficult to construct due to the limited length of available MD simulations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Motion models in attitude estimation

Attitude estimator use observations from different times to reduce the effects of noise. If the vehicle is rotating, the attitude at one time needs to be propagated to that at another time. If the vehicle measures its angular velocity, attitude propagating entails integrating a rotational kinematics equation only. If a measured angular velocity is not available, torques can be computed and an additional rotational dynamics equation integrated to give the angular velocity. Initial conditions for either of these integrations come from the estimation process. Sometimes additional quantities, such as gyro and torque parameters, are also solved for. Although the partial derivatives of attitude with respect to initial attitude and gyro parameters are well known, the corresponding partial derivatives with respect to initial angular velocity and torque parameters are less familiar. They can be derived and computed numerically in a way that is analogous to that used for the initial attitude and gyro parameters. Previous papers have demonstrated the feasibility of using dynamics models for attitude estimation but have not provided details of how each angular velocity and torque parameters can be estimated. This tutorial paper provides some of that detail, notably how to compute the state transition matrix when closed form expressions are not available. It also attempts to put dynamics estimation in perspective by showing the progression from constant to gyro-propagated to dynamics-propagated attitude motion models. Readers not already familiar with attitude estimation will find this paper an introduction to the subject, and attitude specialists may appreciate the collection of heretofore scattered results brought together in a single place.

Chu, D.↗

Defect cluster and nonequilibrium gas bubble associated growth in irradiated UMo fuels – a cluster dynamics and phase field model

Irradiation examination shows that gas bubble swelling kinetics is much faster after irradiation-induced recrystallization than that prior recrystallization in UMo fuels. It implies that gas bubbles in coarse grains and small recrystallized grains have different growth behavior. In this work, a phase-field model of gas bubble evolution integrating microstructure dependent cluster dynamics has been developed, for the first time, to study the gas bubble swelling behavior in the recrystallization zone of UMo fuels. Generation, diffusion, reaction, sink, emission and clustering of vacancies and interstitials are described by the cluster dynamics model while a phase-field model is used to describe the evolution of non-equilibrium gas bubbles including nucleation and growth. With the coupled model, the effect of defect generation rate, clustering rate, interstitial emission and sink rates on grain boundaries on the gas bubble evolution are systematically simulated. A set of model parameters (defect generation rate, clustering rate, interstitial emission and sink rates) is determined by comparing measured and simulated gas bubble swelling kinetics. The results demonstrate that interstitial clustering is one of the important physical mechanisms which results in a fast gas bubble swelling kinetics in the recrystallization zone. The developed model can also be extended to study the associated growth of defect and second phase precipitates often observed in irradiated materials.

Hu, Shenyang↗

Multiresolution GPC-Structured Control of a Single-Loop Cold-Flow Chemical Looping Testbed

Chemical looping is a near-zero emission process for generating power from coal. It is based on a multi-phase gas-solid flow and has extremely challenging nonlinear, multi-scale dynamics with jumps, producing large dynamic model uncertainty, which renders traditional robust control techniques, such as linear parameter varying H ∞ design, largely inapplicable. This process complexity is addressed in the present work through the temporal and the spatiotemporal multiresolution modeling along with the corresponding model-based control laws. Namely, the nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous input model structure, nonlinear in the wavelet basis, but linear in parameters, is used to identify the dominant temporal chemical looping process dynamics. The control inputs and the wavelet model parameters are calculated by optimizing a quadratic cost function using a gradient descent method. The respective identification and tracking error convergence of the proposed self-tuning identification and control schemes, the latter using the unconstrained generalized predictive control structure, is separately ascertained through the Lyapunov stability theorem. The rate constraint on the control signal in the temporal control law is then imposed and the control topology is augmented by an additional control loop with self-tuning deadbeat controller which uses the spatiotemporal wavelet riser dynamics representation. The novelty of this work is three-fold: (1) developing the self-tuning controller design methodology that consists in embedding the real-time tunable temporal highly nonlinear, but linearly parametrizable, multiresolution system representations into the classical rate-constrained generalized predictive quadratic optimal control structure, (2) augmenting the temporal multiresolution loop by a more complex spatiotemporal multiresolution self-tuning deadbeat control loop, and (3) demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in producing fast recursive real-time algorithms for controlling highly uncertain nonlinear multiscale processes. The latter is shown through the data from the implemented temporal and augmented spatiotemporal solutions of a difficult chemical looping cold flow tracking control problem.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

A Fully Nonlinear, Dynamically Consistent Numerical Model for Solid-Body Ship Motion. I. Ship Motion with Fixed Heading

In this paper, we describe the details of our numerical model for simulating ship solidbody motion in a given environment. In this model, the fully nonlinear dynamical equations governing the time-varying solid-body ship motion under the forces arising from ship wave interactions are solved with given initial conditions. The net force and moment (torque) on the ship body are directly calculated via integration of the hydrodynamic pressure over the wetted surface and the buoyancy effect from the underwater volume of the actual ship hull with a hybrid finite-difference/finite-element method. Neither empirical nor free parametrization is introduced in this model, i.e. no a priori experimental data are needed for modelling. This model is benchmarked with many experiments of various ship hulls for heave, roll and pitch motion. In addition to the benchmark cases, numerical experiments are also carried out for strongly nonlinear ship motion with a fixed heading. These new cases demonstrate clearly the importance of nonlinearities in ship motion modelling.

Lin, Ray-Quing↗

The role of the sea-surface temperature distribution on numerically simulated cyclogenesis during ERICA

The goal was to quantify the extent to which a sea surface temperature (SST) front can influence cyclogenesis. The approach was to use the Drexel Limited-Area Mesoscale Prediction System (LAMPS) dynamical model to simulate cyclogenesis over various SST fields. Research during the past year focused on the development and testing of a four dimensional data assimilation (FDDA) technique within LAMPS. The technique is a continuous dynamical assimilation where forcing terms are added to the governing model equations to gradually nudge the model solution toward a gridded analysis. Here, the nudging is used as a dynamic initialization tool during a 12 hour preforecast to generate model balanced initial conditions for a subsequent 24 hour numerical prediction. Tests were performed to determine which variables to nudge and how to specify the four dimensional weighting function used to scale the nudging terms. To date, optimal results were obtained by nudging the u and v components of the wind along with the potential temperature. The weighting function ranged from 0 to 1 and varies in time as a quadratic polynomial. It was initialized at 0, reached its maximum at 9 hours into the preforecast, and fell back at 0 to 12 hours. The nudging terms are included in the model equations for all grid points except those within the model predicted oceanic boundary layer. This design attempts to confine changes imposed by the specified SST field to the oceanic boundary layer during the preforecast period.

Lapenta, William M.↗

Vibration transmission through rolling element bearings. I - Bearing stiffness formulation. II - System studies

How vibratory motion can be transmitted from the rotating shaft to the casing and other connecting structures in rotating mechanical equipment is addressed here by developing a new mathematical model of precision rolling element bearings. A new grating stiffness matrix is proposed in order to demonstrate a coupling between the shaft bending motion and the flexural motion of the casing plate. It is shown that the translational bearing stiffness coefficients currently used in rotor dynamic models are a small subset of the proposed matrix. The theory is validated by examples, and the proposed bearing formulation is then extended to demonstrate its superiority over existing models in vibration transmission analyses. It is shown that the model can easily be incorporated into analytical or numerical models typically used for dynamic analyses.

Lim, T. C.↗

Deep Learning Explicit Differentiable Predictive Control Laws for Buildings

We present a differentiable predictive control (DPC) methodology for learning constrained control laws for unknown nonlinear systems. DPC poses an approximate solution to multiparametric programming problems emerging from explicit nonlinear model predictive control (MPC). Contrary to approximate MPC, DPC does not require supervision by an expert controller. Instead, a system dynamics model is learned from a small dataset of recorded observations of the perturbed system's dynamics and the control law is optimized offline by interaction with the learned system model. The DPC method is based on two sequential steps, i) system identification using a constrained neural state-space model, and ii) optimization of an explicit control law parametrized by another neural network in closed-loop simulation with the identified neural state-space model. The combination of a differentiable closed-loop system and penalty methods for constraint handling of system outputs and inputs allows us to optimize the control law's parameters directly by backpropagating economic MPC loss through the learned system model. By incorporating domain knowledge and leveraging established techniques from optimal control, our method leverages deep neural networks as nonlinear function approximators for system identification and control while avoiding concomitant costs of intractably large datasets, and computationally expensive over-parametrized models. The scalability, data efficiency, and constrained optimal control capability of the proposed DPC method are demonstrated in simulation using a multi-zone building emulator.

Drgona, Jan↗

Order reduction for models of space structures using modal cost analysis

Modal cost analysis furnishes a promising methodology for developing dynamical models of space structures for use in control systems analysis. Economy and accuracy can be attained by only retaining vibration modes that contribute significantly to an appropriately defined cost function. Expressions for modal costs (especially simple for 'lightly damped' structures) are derived for attitude control, vibration suppression, and shape control. These techniques are illustrated through application to a high-order finite element model of a large platform-type structure.

Skelton, R. E.↗

Modeling a beaver population on the Prescott Peninsula, Massachusetts: Feasibility of LANDSAT as an input

A preliminary dynamic model of beaver spatial distribution and population growth was developed. The feasibility of locating beaver ponds on LANDSAT digital tapes, and of using this information to provide initial conditions of beaver spatial distribution for the model, and to validate model predictions is discussed. The techniques used to identify beaver ponds on LANDSAT are described.

Finn, J. T.↗