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DOE OSTI2021

ACCELERATOR CHALLENGES OF THE LHeC PROJECT

The LHeC project studies the design of a future electron-proton collider at CERN that will run in parallel to the standard LHC operation. For this purpose, the existing LHC storage ring will be combined with an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL), to accelerate electrons up to kinetic energy of 50 GeV. This concept - also applicable to the FCC-eh collider and studied at the PERLE project as prototype version - allows a peak luminosity of 10³⁴ cm⁻² s⁻¹. A sophisticated design of the RF structures, linacs, arcs, and interaction region is required. The electrons are accelerated and, after the interaction point, their energy is recovered through the same RF structures. While this energy recovery concept is a very promising approach, severe challenges are set by the layout of the interaction region, the beam separation concept and the design of the linac and arc lattice for the highest possible momentum acceptance. Emittance control and beam-beam effect of both, electron and proton beams, have been studied in front-to-end simulations and will be presented. We summarise the design principles of the ERL, the optimization of the arc lattice, and the main parameters of the project.

Holzer, B. J.↗
DOE OSTI2024

First results of AUP Nb3Sn quadrupole horizontal tests

The Large Hadron Collider will soon undergo an upgrade to increase its luminosity by a factor of ~10 [1]. A crucial part of this upgrade will be replacement of the NbTi focusing magnets with Nb3Sn magnets that achieve a ~50% increase in the field strength. This will be the first ever large-scale implementation of Nb3Sn magnets in a particle accelerator. The High-Luminosity LHC Upgrade, HL-LHC is a CERN project with a world-wide collaboration. It is under construction and utilizes Nb3Sn Magnets (named MQXF) as key ingredients to increase tenfold the integrated luminosity delivered to the CMS and ATLAS experiments in the next decade. The HL-LHC AUP is the US effort to contribute approximately 50% of the low-beta focusing magnets and crab cavities for the HL-LHC. This paper will present the program to fabricate the Nb3Sn superconducting magnets. We are reporting the status of the HL-LHC AUP project present the results from horizontal tests of the first fully assembled cryo-assembly.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Multiphysics Simulations of Thermal Shock Testing of Nanofibrous High Power Targets

Increase of primary beam power for neutrino beam-lines leads to a reduced lifespan for production targets. New concepts for robust targets are emerging from the field of High Power Targetry (HPT); one idea being investigated by the HPT R&D Group at Fermilab is an electrospun nanofiber target. As part of their evaluation, samples with different densities were sent to the HiRadMat facility at CERN for thermal shock tests. The samples with the higher density, irradiated under a high intensity beam pulse, exhibit major damage at the impact site whereas those with the lower density show no apparent damage. The exact cause of this failure was unclear at the time. In this paper, we present the results of multiphysics simulations of the thermal shock experienced by the nanofiber targets that suggest the failure originates from the reduced permeability of the high density sample to air flow. The air present in the porous target expands due to heating from the beam, but is unable to flow freely in the high density sample, resulting in a larger back pressure that blows apart the nanofiber mat. We close with a discussion on how to further validate this hypothesis.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Bend Magnet Heat Loads and Out of Orbit Scenarios

This paper presents an analytical calculation of the spatial power spectrum emitted from relativistic electrons passing through a series of bend magnets. Using lattice files from the software Elegant, both the ideal and missteered trajectories taken by the beam are considered in determination of the power profile. Calculations were performed for the Advanced Photon Source Upgrade multi-bend-achromat storage-ring. The power distribution and integrated total power values are in agreement with Synrad, a monte-carlo based program developed at CERN, within one percent error. The analytic solution used in this software gives a both quick and accurate tool for calculating the heat load on a photon absorber. The location and orientation can be optimized in order to reduce the peak intensity and thus the maximum thermal stress. The program can be used with any optimization or FEA software and gives rise to a versatile set of uses. [1]

MAGNET HEAT LOADS↗
DOE OSTI2019

A Ferroelectric Fast Reactive Tuner for Superconducting Cavities

A prototype FerroElectric Fast Reactive Tuner (FE-FRT) for superconducting cavities has been developed, which allows the frequency to be controlled by application of a potential difference across a ferroelectric residing within the tuner. This technique has now become practically feasible due to the recent development of a new extremely low loss ferroelectric material. In a world first, CERN has tested the prototype FE-FRT with a superconducting cavity, and frequency tuning has been successfully demonstrated. This is a significant first step in the development of an entirely new class of tuner. These will allow electronic control of cavity frequencies, by a device operating at room temperature, within timescales that will allow active compensation of microphonics. For many applications this could eliminate the need to use over-coupled fundamental power couplers, thus significantly reducing RF amplifier power.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2019

The history of the muon (g-2) experiments

I discuss the history of the muon (g-2) ( g − 2 ) measurements, beginning with the Columbia-Nevis measurement that observed parity violation in muon decay, and also measured the muon g g -factor for the first time, finding g_\mu=2 g μ = 2 . The theoretical (Standard Model) value contains contributions from quantum electrodynamics, the strong interaction through hadronic vacuum polarization and hadronic light-by-light loops, as well as the electroweak contributions from the W W , Z Z and Higgs bosons. The subsequent experiments, first at Nevis and then with increasing precision at CERN, measured the muon anomaly a_\mu = (g_\mu-2)/2 a μ = ( g μ − 2 ) / 2 down to a precision of 7.3 parts per million (ppm). The Brookhaven National Laboratory experiment E821 increased the precision to 0.54 ppm, and observed for the first time the electroweak contributions. Interestingly, the value of a_\mu a μ measured at Brookhaven appears to be larger than the Standard Model value by greater than three standard deviations. A new experiment, Fermilab E989, aims to improve on the precision by a factor of four, to clarify whether this result is a harbinger of new physics entering through loops, or from some experimental, statistical or systematic issue.

Roberts, B. Lee↗
DOE OSTI2022

Pair production of charged IDM scalars at high energy CLIC

The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) was proposed as the next energy-frontier infrastructure at CERN, to study e ^+ + e ^- − collisions at three centre-of-mass energy stages: 380,GeV, 1.5,TeV and 3,TeV. The main goal of its high-energy stages is to search for the new physics beyond the Standard Model (SM). The Inert Doublet Model (IDM) is one of the simplest SM extensions and introduces four new scalar particles: H ^\pm ± , A and H; the lightest, H, is stable and hence a natural dark matter (DM) candidate. A set of benchmark points is considered, which are consistent with current theoretical and experimental constraints and promise detectable signals at future colliders. Prospects for observing pair-production of the IDM scalars at CLIC were previously studied using signatures with two leptons in the final state. In the current study, discovery reach for the IDM charged scalar pair-production is considered for the semi-leptonic final state at the two high-energy CLIC stages. Full simulation analysis, based on the current CLIC detector model, is presented for five selected IDM scenarios. Results are then extended to the larger set of benchmarks using the Delphes fast simulation framework. The CLIC detector model for Delphes has been modified to take pile-up contribution from the beam-induced \gamma\gamma γ γ interactions into account, which is crucial for the presented analysis. Results of the study indicate that heavy, charged IDM scalars can be discovered at CLIC for most of the proposed benchmark scenarios, with very high statistical significance.

Klamka, Jan↗
DOE OSTI2022

Physics motivation and detector upgrades for the new era of the ATLAS experiment

The ATLAS experiment at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will be upgraded in two stages to prepare first for the Run~3 data-taking campaign, during which the integrated luminosity will roughly double, and then for the High-Luminosity LHC program with an ultimate integrated luminosity of up to 4 ab ^{{-1}} − 1 . These upgrades and high-statistics datasets will allow ATLAS to perform searches and precision measurements to constrain the Standard Model in yet-unexplored phase spaces and in the Higgs sector. This contribution summarizes the ATLAS detector upgrades and selected physics prospects for Run~3 and the HL-LHC.

Nielsen, Jason↗
DOE OSTI2012

High Energy Physics at Tufts University Final Report

In this Final Report, we the researchers of the high energy physics group at Tufts University summarize our works and achievements in three frontier areas of elementary particle physics: (i) Neutrino physics at the Intensity Frontier, (ii) Collider physics at the Energy Frontier, and (iii) Theory investigations of spin structure and quark-gluon dynamics of nucleons using quantum chromodynamics. With our Neutrino research we completed, or else brought to a useful state, the following: Data-taking, physics simulations, physics analysis, physics reporting, explorations of matter effects, and detector component fabrication. We conducted our work as participants in the MINOS, NOvA, and LBNE neutrino oscillation experiments and in the MINERvA neutrino scattering experiment. With our Collider research we completed or else brought to a useful state: Data-taking, development of muon system geometry and tracking codes, software validation and maintenance, physics simulations, physics analysis, searches for new particles, and study of top-quark and B-quark systems. We conducted these activities as participants in the ATLAS proton-proton collider experiment at CERN and in the CDF proton-antiproton collider experiment at Fermilab. In our Theory research we developed QCD-based models, applications of spin phenomenology to fundamental systems, fitting of models to data, presenting and reporting of new concepts and formalisms. The overarching objectives of our research work have always been: 1) to test and clarify the predictions of the Standard Model of elementary particle physics, and 2) to discover new phenomena which may point the way to a more unified theoretical framework.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Zgoubi Users' Guide

The computer code zgoubi calculates trajectories of charged particles in magnetic and electric fields. At the origin specially adapted to the definition and adjustment of beam lines and magnetic spectrometers, it has so evolved that it allows the study of systems including complex sequences of optical elements such as dipoles, quadrupoles, arbitrary multipoles, FFAG magnets and other magnetic or electric devices, and is able as well to handle periodic structures. Compared to other codes, it presents several peculiarities, as follows - a non-exhaustive list : • a numerical method for integrating the Lorentz equation, based on Taylor series, which optimizes computing time and provides high accuracy and strong symplecticity, • spin tracking, using the same numerical method as for the Lorentz equation, • account of stochastic photon emission, and its effects on particle dynamics, • calculation of the synchrotron radiation electric field and spectra in arbitrary magnetic fields, from the ray-tracing outcomes, • the possibility of using a mesh, which allows ray-tracing from simulated or measured (1-D, 2-D or 3-D) electric and magnetic field maps, • a number Monte Carlo procedures : unlimited number of trajectories, in-flight decay, stochastic radiation, etc., • built-in fitting procedures allowing arbitrary variables and a large variety of constraints, easily expandable, • multi-turn tracking in circular accelerators including features proper to machine parameter calculation and survey, • simulation of time-varying power supplies, and • simulation of arbitrary radio-frequency programs. The initial version of zgoubi was dedicated to ray-tracing in magnetic elements, beam lines, spectrometers. It was perfected for the purpose of studying, and operating, the four spectrometers SPES I, II, III, IV at the Laboratoire National SATURNE (CEA-Saclay, France), and, later, SPEG at GANIL (Caen, France). Developments regarding spin tracking and ray-tracing in combined electric and magnetic fields were implemented, in the late 1980s and early 1990s respectively. In the mid-1990s, the computation of synchrotron radiation electromagnetic impulse and spectra was introduced, for the purpose of synchrotron radiation diagnostic R&D at LEP, and further applied to the design of the SR diagnostics installations at LHC in the early 2000s. In the mean time, several new optical elements were added, such as electro-magnetic and other electrostatic lenses. Used since several years for special studies in periodic machines (e.g., SATURNE at Saclay, COSY at Julich, LEP and LHC at CERN), zgoubi has also undergone extensive developments regarding storage ring related features. Many developments have been accomplished since the early 2000s in the frame of a number of project design and beam dynamics studies, as the neutrino factory, lepton and hadron colliders, spin studies at AGS and RHIC, etc. As a consequence the list of optical elements and the compendium of numerical methods, so-called “Glossary of Keywords” list, pp. 7 and 169, has stretched with new simulation and computing procedures, ranging from fitting (FIT2 procedure ; additional constraints) to overlapping magnetic field capabilities (DIPOLES, FFAG), spin manipulation (SPINR), optical elements (BEAMBEAM), radiation damping tools (SRLOSS) and many others (FAISTORE, MAP2D-E, OPTICS, PICKUPS, TWISS, etc.). The graphic interface to zgoubi (zpop, Part D) has undergone extensive developments, making it a convenient companion tool to the use of zgoubi.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Zgoubi Users' Guide

The initial version of zgoubi, dedicated to ray-tracing in magnetic fields, was developed by D. Garreta and J.C. Faivre at CEN-Saclay in the early 1970’s. It was perfected for the purpose of studying the four spectrometers SPES I, II, III, IV at the Laboratoire National SATURNE (CEA-Saclay, France), and SPEG at GANIL (Caen, France). It is being used since long in several national and foreign laboratories. The first manual was in French. Accounting for many developments and improvements, and in or der to facilitate access to the program an English version of the manual was written at TRIUMF with the assistance of J. Doornbos. P. Stewart prepared the manuscript for publication. An updating of the latter was necessary for accompanying the third version of the code which included developments regarding spin tracking and ray-tracing in combined electric and magnetic fields; this was done with the help of D. Bunel (SATURNE Laboratory, Saclay) for the preparation of the document and lead to the third release. In the mid-1990s, the computation of synchrotron radiation electromagnetic impulse and spectra was introduced for the purpose of studying interference effects at the LEP synchrotron radiation based diagnostic mini-wiggler. In the mean time, several new optical elements were added, such as electro-magnetic and other electrostatic lenses. Used since several years for special studies in periodic machines (e.g., SATURNE at Saclay, COSY at Julich, LEP and LHC at CERN, Neutrino Factory rings), zgoubi has also undergone extensive developments regarding storage ring related features. These developments of zgoubi have strongly benefited of the environment of the Groupe Théorie, Laboratoire National SATURNE, CEA/DSM-Saclay, in the years 1985-1995. The graphic interface to zgoubi (addressed in Part D) has also undergone concomitant extensive devel opments, which make it a performing tool for the post-processing of zgoubi outputs. The Users’ Guide is intended to describe the contents of the most recent version of zgoubi, which is far from being a “finished product”. Françios Méot

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Development of the 4th Concept Detector

For the support of a new technology high energy collider ("4th") for potential use at a new lepton collider. In addition, support for dual-readout calorimetry, CERN RD52.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2012

Estimation of Equivalent Sea Level Cosmic Ray Exposure for Low Background Experiment

While scientists at CERN and other particle accelerators around the world explore the boundaries of high energy physics, the Majorana project investigates the other end of the spectrum with its extremely sensitive, low background, low energy detector. The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR aims to detect neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ), a rare theoretical process in which two neutrons decay into two protons and two electrons, without the emission of the two antineutrinos that are a product of a normal double beta decay. This process is only possible if – and therefore a detection would prove — the neutrino is a Majorana particle, meaning that it is its own antiparticle. The existence of such a decay would also disprove lepton conservation and give information about the neutrino's mass.

Greene, Austen T.↗
DOE OSTI2013

Collaborative Research: Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Plasma Physics of Antihydrogen Generation and Trapping

Ever since Dirac predicted the existence of antimatter in 1928, it has excited our collective imagination. Seventy-four years later, two collaborations at CERN, ATHENA and ATRAP, created the first slow antihydrogen. This was a stunning achievement, but the most important antimatter experiments require trapped, not just slow, antihydrogen. The velocity, magnetic moment, and internal energy and state of the antihydrogen depend strongly on how it is formed. To trap antihydrogen, physicists face two broad challenges: (1) Understanding the behavior of the positron and antiprotons plasmas from which the antihydrogen is synthesized; and (2) Understanding the atomic processes by which positrons and antiprotons recombine. Recombination lies on the boundary between atomic and plasma physics, and cannot be studied properly without employing tools from both fields. The proposed collaborative research campaign will address both of these challenges. The collaboration members have unique experience in the relevant fields of experimental and theoretical non-neutral plasma physics, numerical modeling, nonlinear dynamics and atomic physics. This expertise is not found elsewhere amongst antihydrogen researchers. The collaboration members have strong ties already, and seek to formalize them with this proposal. Three of the four PIs are members of the ALPHA collaboration, an international collaboration formed by most of the principal members of the ATHENA collaboration.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

US LHCNet: Transatlantic Networking for the LHC and the U.S. HEP Community

US LHCNet provides the transatlantic connectivity between the Tier1 computing facilities at the Fermilab and Brookhaven National Labs and the Tier0 and Tier1 facilities at CERN, as well as Tier1s elsewhere in Europe and Asia. Together with ESnet, Internet2, and other R&E Networks participating in the LHCONE initiative, US LHCNet also supports transatlantic connections between the Tier2 centers (where most of the data analysis is taking place) and the Tier1s as needed. Given the key roles of the US and European Tier1 centers as well as Tier2 centers on both continents, the largest data flows are across the Atlantic, where US LHCNet has the major role. US LHCNet manages and operates the transatlantic network infrastructure including four Points of Presence (PoPs) and currently six transatlantic OC-192 (10Gbps) leased links. Operating at the optical layer, the network provides a highly resilient fabric for data movement, with a target service availability level in excess of 99.95%. This level of resilience and seamless operation is achieved through careful design including path diversity on both submarine and terrestrial segments, use of carrier-grade equipment with built-in high-availability and redundancy features, deployment of robust failover mechanisms based on SONET protection schemes, as well as the design of facility-diverse paths between the LHC computing sites. The US LHCNet network provides services at Layer 1(optical), Layer 2 (Ethernet) and Layer 3 (IPv4 and IPv6). The flexible design of the network, including modular equipment, a talented and agile team, and flexible circuit lease management, allows US LHCNet to react quickly to changing requirements form the LHC community. Network capacity is provisioned just-in-time to meet the needs, as demonstrated in the past years during the changing LHC start-up plans.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2013

Final Report: High Energy Physics Program (HEP), Physics Department, Princeton University

The activities of the Princeton Elementary particles group funded through Department of Energy Grant# DEFG02-91 ER40671 during the period October 1, 1991 through January 31, 2013 are summarized. These activities include experiments performed at Brookhaven National Lab; the CERN Lab in Geneva, Switzerland; Fermilab; KEK in Tsukuba City, Japan; the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center; as well as extensive experimental and the- oretical studies conducted on the campus of Princeton University. Funded senior personnel include: Curtis Callan, Stephen Gubser, Valerie Halyo, Daniel Marlow, Kirk McDonald, Pe- ter Meyers, James Olsen, Pierre Pirou e, Eric Prebys, A.J. Stewart Smith, Frank Shoemaker (deceased), Paul Steinhardt, David Stickland, Christopher Tully, and Liantao Wang.

High Energy Physics↗
DOE OSTI2013

Experimental And Theoretical High Energy Physics Research At UCLA

This is the final report of the UCLA High Energy Physics DOE Grant No. DE-FG02-91ER40662. This report covers the last grant project period, namely the three years beginning January 15, 2010, plus extensions through April 30, 2013. The report describes the broad range of our experimental research spanning direct dark matter detection searches using both liquid xenon (XENON) and liquid argon (DARKSIDE); present (ICARUS) and R&D for future (LBNE) neutrino physics; ultra-high-energy neutrino and cosmic ray detection (ANITA); and the highest-energy accelerator-based physics with the CMS experiment and CERN’s Large Hadron Collider. For our theory group, the report describes frontier activities including particle astrophysics and cosmology; neutrino physics; LHC interaction cross section calculations now feasible due to breakthroughs in theoretical techniques; and advances in the formal theory of supergravity.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Investigations in Experimental and Theoretical High Energy Physics

We report on the work done under DOE grant DE-FG02-01ER41155. The experimental tasks have ongoing efforts at CERN (ATLAS), the Whipple observatory (VERITAS) and R&D work on dual readout calorimetry and neutrino-less double beta decay. The theoretical task emphasizes the weak interaction and in particular CP violation and neutrino physics. The detailed descriptions of the final report on each project are given under the appropriate task section of this report.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗