Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “excel”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,531 records · Page 85
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

The effect of silica oxide support on the catalytic activity of nickel-molybdenum bimetallic catalyst toward ethanol steam reforming for hydrogen production

This work investigates the effects of molybdenum promoter and silica oxide (SiO 2 ) support morphology on the ethanol steam reforming (ESR) performance of Nickel-Molybdenum (NiMo) bimetallic catalysts. Ordered mesoporous SiO 2 (SBA-15) and commercial SiO 2 supports were used as the oxide support materials. The synthesized catalysts were prepared via the wet impregnation method and characterized via XRD, H 2 -TPR, BET, FTIR, and Raman techniques. This study shows that NiMo bimetallic catalyst supported on SBA-15 has superior catalytic activity and better coking resistance at an intermediate temperature of 600 ⁰C than commercial SiO 2 supported catalysts. The presence of a uniform mesoporous structure of SBA-15 with an average pore diameter of ~ 2 nm can obstruct the carbon formation, leading to improved coking resistance. The catalytic enhancement of NiMo bimetallic catalysts toward ESR can also be linked to the ability of Mo promoter in enhancing the interaction between NiMo nanoparticles and SiO 2 support materials and restraining agglomeration of Ni nanoparticles, which results in further improvement of NiMo nanoparticle dispersion and inhibit its sintering. The NiMo bimetallic catalysts supported on SBA-15 illustrated the high H 2 yield of ~ 54% and carbon conversion of ~ 89% with the excellent stability for ESR performed at 600 ⁰C and the steam-to-carbon ratio of 2 over 65 hours.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Na + -gated nanochannel membrane for highly selective ammonia (NH 3 ) separation in the Haber-Bosch process

Currently, cryogenic condensation is the predominant process for recovering ammonia (NH 3 ) in the Haber-Bosch (HB) process, which is highly energy intensive. To be more compatible with the reaction conditions in the HB process and thus minimize the pressure and temperature swing during reactant recycling, energy-efficient technologies for NH 3 extraction at elevated temperature and pressure are greatly needed. In this work, the Na + -gated nanochannel membrane, shown exclusively for water conduction in our previous work, also exhibited highly NH 3 -selective performance, with NH 3 /H 2 selectivity as high as 4,280 and NH 3 /N 2 selectivity > 10,000 at temperature up to 250 °C and pressure up to 35 bar. Excellent stability of the Na + -gated nanochannel membrane was demonstrated during a 100-h run in ternary NH 3 /H 2 /N 2 gas mixture at 200 °C and 35 bar, consistent with structural characterization by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A techno-economic analysis (TEA) was conducted for the HB process using the Na + -gated nanochannel membrane and the traditional HB process with condenser. Finally, under the optimized separation conditions, > 80% energy savings and approximately 20% reduction of the net NH 3 production cost can be achieved, demonstrating the great potential of the Na + -gated nanochannel membrane for NH 3 separation in the HB process.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

On the surface passivating principle of functional thiol towards efficient and stable perovskite nanocrystal solar cells

Inorganic halide perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) have demonstrated promising potential for solar cell applications. However, the lability of photoactive CsPbI3 phase under ambient conditions, coupled with considerable amounts of surface defects induced during solidification process, have impeded achieving high performances and longevities of the PNC-based solar cells. Post-treatment of the PNCs with organic ligands has been proposed as an efficient strategy for surface passivation, which, however, still relies on the binding actions of typical functional groups towards surface defects (especially, carboxylates onto iodine vacancies). Herein, we uncover that thiolate, a deprotonated form of thiol, renders distinctive binding feasibility towards iodine vacancies at the CsPbI3 PNC surface, compared with those of typical functional groups. By treating the PNC solid with deprotonated cysteine as a ligand, the surface defects are comprehensively passivated. The solar cells with the modified PNC films demonstrate an excellent PCE of 15.5 % and improved device longevity (77 % of initial PCE over 2 months) under ambient conditions. Our work not only elucidates the chemical principles of thiol on the binding with PNC surface, but also corroborates the power of thiolate as a promising strategy to develop high performances and improved longevity of solar cells.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Layered oxide cathode-inspired secondary hard carbon microsphere anode material for high-power and long-life rechargeable batteries

A new anode material that will provide lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries with high energy and power density is urgently needed. In this work, a layered oxide cathode-inspired secondary hard carbon microsphere (CMS) anode material was designed, and exhibited excellent rate performance and long cyclability. Polyacrylonitrile/poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (PAN/SAN) compositions displaying the meatball-like shape of the PAN precursor were carbonized into CMSs having turbostratic microstructures. The CMS carbonized at 1,000°C (CMS1000) displayed high specific capacity at the highest current density of 1,000mAg -1 , i.e., 77.6 % of its average charge capacity at 100 mA g -1 , and considerable cycling retention after 500 cycles, i.e., 83.8 % of the specific capacity at cycle 25. In conclusion, our work demonstrates that the design of new anode materials is a fruitful route to improve commercial Li-ion batteries.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Mechanistic understanding of aging behaviors of critical-material-free Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 //LiNi 0.9 Mn 0.1 O 2 cells with fluorinated carbonate-based electrolytes for safe energy storage with ultra-long life span

Behind-the-meter storage (BTMS) systems - a viable method to minimize potential risk of blackout events and stabilize the grid - require a different type of cost-effective energy storage with excellent safety, ultra-long (>20 years) cycle life and reasonable energy density compared that of electric vehicles. To increase the energy density and reduce the cost of a long-term cyclable lithium-titanate-based cell, it is required to employ a critical-material-free high voltage cathode and an electrolyte with good electrochemical and transport properties. In this report the long-term electrochemical performance and behaviors of selected critical-material-free Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (LTO)//LiNi 0.9 Mn 0.1 O 2 (LNMO) full cells for BTMS applications are evaluated and analyzed in the optimized voltage range of 1.4-2.7 V at 45 degrees C with different fluorinated carbonate-based electrolytes. The fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC)-based electrolyte cell shows the highest capacity retention of 57.9% and Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.96% after 1000 cycles, potentially attributed to a dense, homogenous and less resistive LiF-rich solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer formed on the surface of LTO that may mitigate electrolyte decomposition and maintain relatively low cell impedance during cycling. The 3,3,3-fluoroethylmethyl carbonate (F-EMC)-based electrolyte cell, however, presents the worst performance with lower capacity and a sharp decrease of CE, due to unstable and non-uniform SEI formation and continuous oxidative electrolyte decomposition. This mechanistic understanding of cell aging behaviors and failure mechanisms with detailed analysis of surface chemistry and electrode morphology can guide design of new electrode chemistries and electrolyte formulations for the development of BTMS batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Bona fide upcycling strategy of anhydride cured epoxy and reutilization of decomposed dual monomers into multipurpose applications

Waste epoxy materials become an enormous problem to society and the environment. The advantages of epoxy resins derive from their rigid and chemically stable networks, but these qualities also make them difficult to dispose of or recycle. In this work, we demonstrated an efficient degradation of anhydride cured epoxy resin by aminolysis in aminoethanol without using any catalysts. The epoxy resin was fully decomposed at 160 °C in 4 h, resulting in two distinct high purity monomers (HHPA-OH and BPA-OH). To fully realize this upcycling approach, The BPA-OH was used to synthesize a polyurethane coating with an excellent glass transition temperature (88.9 °C), scratch hardness (8H), gouge hardness (6H), adhesive strength (5B), and strong solvent resistance. The HHPA-OH with two hydroxyl groups was reacted with methacrylic anhydride to form a dimethacrylate monomer which was then used as a viable crosslinker for photo-curable 3D printing thermosetting polymer with tensile strength as high as 64 MPa and impact strength of 4.86 kJ/m 2 . This work demonstrates a feasible pathway to convert anhydride cured epoxy waste to new monomeric recyclates for superior polymer products.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Fe-single-atom catalyst nanocages linked by bacterial cellulose-derived carbon nanofiber aerogel for Li-S batteries

Li-S battery (LSB) is promising for achieving high capacity. Still, its development is hindered by the complex redox process with sluggish kinetics and particularly the resulting lithium polysulfides (LiPS) shuttle effects. Single-atom catalysts (SACs), with their maximized atom utilization, could effectively chemisorb soluble LiPSs and expedite the sulfide conversion reaction kinetics. Here we report incorporating Fe single metal atom catalyst (Fe-SAC) in the sulfur cathode design and its electrocatalytic effects. Fe-doped ZIF-8 nanocages were introduced into a cheap biomass bacteria cellulose. A pyrolysis process converted them into an aerogel structure with Fe-SAC-functionalized N-doped carbon nanocages linked by a carbon nanofiber network (FeSA-NC@CBC), which was applied as a scaffold to fabricate freestanding and binder-free sulfur cathodes. He we conducted electrochemical measurements to reveal Fe-SAC functions including lowering energy barriers for S 8 reduction to liquid-phase LiPSs and further to solid-phase Li 2 S 2 /Li 2 S and accelerating Li 2 S 2 /Li 2 S nucleation and deposition, as corroborated by our theoretical calculation results. Benefiting from the synergistic effects of highly active Fe-SAC and three-dimensional conductive network, the sulfide reaction kinetics is improved, which can diminish LiPS shuttle effects and therefore improve LBS rate performance and cycling stability. Accordingly, the fabricated FeSA-NC@CBC composite cathode delivers an excellent rate capability at 2C with a reversible capacity of 840 mAh/g and a long-term cyclic stability of 800 mAh/g at 1C after 500 cycles.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Promoting reversibility of layered potassium cathode through interstitial doping

With the increasing needs for large-scale and low-cost energy storage devices, Mn-based layered oxide cathodes have achieved considerable researching interests for potassium-ion batteries owing to their high energy density, abundant resource and low toxicity. However, their developments are challenged by the absence of suitable cathode materials to tolerate large-sized K-ion insertion/extraction and the presence of Jahn-Teller distortion of Mn 3+ . To address this issue, here we present a strategy of embedding boron into interstitial tetrahedral sites to obtain a P3-K 0.5 Mn 0.8 Co 0.2 B 0.1 O 2 cathode. Strong B-O covalent bonds facilitate the construction of robust orthorhombic framework and alleviate the undesired elongation of Mn-O bonds, contributing to excellent electrochemical performance. In addition, boron ions are verified to promote the formation of a homogeneous cathode electrolyte interphase layer, improving interfacial stability and realizing highly reversible cycling in a wide voltage range (1.4-4.3 V). This strategy provides a new pathway towards the development of high-performance cathode materials for potassium-ion batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Few-cycle atomic layer deposition to nanoengineer polybenzimidazole for H 2 /CO 2 separation

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) creates uniform sub-nanometer films on a variety of surfaces and nanopore walls and has been used to modify polymers to improve surface affinity towards specific molecules, solvent resistance, and barrier properties to gases and vapors. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate that few-cycle ALD can be used to engineer functional polymers at a sub-nanometer scale to improve both molecular size-sieving ability and counterintuitively, gas permeability. Particularly, 1-cycle ALD treatment of polybenzimidazole (PBI) by sequential exposure to trimethylaluminum (TMA) and water vapor remarkably increases H 2 permeability by 120% - 270% and H 2 /CO 2 selectivity by 30% at 35–200 °C. The ALD not only deposits an AlOx layer on the surface but also enables the TMA to infiltrate and react with the bulk PBI to form an AlO x network, disrupting polymer chain packing and increasing chain rigidity. The membrane exhibits excellent stability when challenged with simulated syngas, overcoming the permeability/selectivity tradeoff for H 2 /CO 2 separation. In conclusion, this study showcases a facile and scalable way of engineering polymeric membranes at a sub-nanometer level to improve molecular separation performance.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Microsphere LiMn 0.6 Fe 0.4 PO 4 /C cathode with unique rod-like secondary architecture for high energy lithium ion batteries

LiMn x Fe 1-x PO 4 /C is considered a promising next-generation cathode material with significant commercial potential, inheriting the safety of LiFePO 4 while offering higher energy densities. However, the extremely low conductivity and the Jahn-Teller effect induced by Mn 3+ limit its practical capacity and rate performance. Effective modifications can be achieved through particle nanonization and uniform carbon coating. Here, in this work, we synthesized microspherical LiMn 0.6 Fe 0.4 PO 4 /C cathode materials using a hydrothermal method combined with spray drying carbon coating. The cathode material exhibits a microsphere structure composed of aggregated nanorods with a uniform 3 nm carbon coating, showing good dispersibility, small specific surface area and high tap density. In-situ diffraction analysis showed that expanding the single-phase solid solution region during (de)lithiation can reduce the energy barrier for electron transport, improve the kinetics of the (dis)charge process, and enhance both cycling and rate performance. The initial capacity at 0.1C can reach 155 mAh/g, and the capacity remains at 133.5 mAh/g with a retention rate of 97.1 % after 300 cycles. The synergistic effect of particle nanonization and uniform carbon coating endows the LiMn x Fe 1-x PO 4 /C material with excellent electrochemical performance.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Machine learning-assisted design of metal–organic frameworks for hydrogen storage: A high-throughput screening and experimental approach

Various theoretical approaches, including big data and high-throughput screening techniques, have been explored in developing new materials due to their significant potential time-saving advantages. However, it remains a significant challenge to experimentally realize new materials that are predicted. In this study, we propose a novel materials design strategy that utilizes machine-learning (ML) techniques to predict new porous materials that show promise for hydrogen storage and are likely to be feasible to synthesize. By leveraging ML techniques and metal–organic framework (MOF) databases, we are able to predict the synthesizability of MOF structures. This is evidenced by the successful synthesis of a new vanadium-based MOF that exhibits excellent performance for cryogenic H 2 storage. Notably, the total gravimetric and volumetric H 2 uptakes are as high as 9.0 wt% and 50.0 g/L at 77 K and 150 bar. This ML-assisted materials design offers an efficient and promising approach for developing hydrogen storage materials.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2025

Cooperative and bifunctional Ga-Ca-Cr 2 O 3 @CaO structured monoliths as versatile platform for reactive capture of CO 2 and its subsequent conversion to ethylene

Cooperative and bifunctional materials (BFMs) that integrate adsorbents and catalysts offer a promising strategy for the reactive capture of CO 2 to produce valuable fuels and chemicals. In this study, we developed structured BFMs via 3D printing that combine CaO as an adsorbent with Ga–Ca–Cr 2 O 3 metal oxides as the catalyst for the reactive capture of CO 2 and its subsequent conversion to C 2 H 4 via the oxidative dehydrogenation of C 2 H 6 (CO 2 -ODHE). Three different Ga–Ca compositions were used to modify the catalyst surface characteristics and enhance C 2 H 4 selectivity. In these formulations, Ga ions stabilize the oxygen lattice of the BFM, while Ca ions interact strongly with Cr to form CaCrO 4 , thereby altering the oxygen species and enhancing the material’s basic properties. Under adsorption–reaction conditions at 600–650 °C, the optimal BFM achieved an excellent C 2 H 4 selectivity of 96.4 %, attributed to a balanced redox process and improved basicity that facilitate efficient C 2 H 6 conversion and rapid desorption of C 2 H 4 without excessive oxidation. Overall, this work provides new insights into the formulation of BFMs monoliths and highlights the critical role of catalytic surface modification in enhancing C 2 H 4 selectivity in the CO 2 -ODHE reactive capture process.

C2H4 production↗
DOE OSTI2025

Vacuum-assisted carbon molecular sieve membrane reactor for non-oxidative ethane dehydrogenation

Non-oxidative ethane dehydrogenation (EDH) is equilibrium-limited and endothermic. Selective hydrogen removal using a gas-permeable membrane within the EDH reaction zone can overcome the thermodynamic equilibrium, enabling higher ethane conversions. Employing vacuum as the permeation driving force, rather than a sweep gas, enhances the industrial viability of membrane reactors by eliminating additional post-reaction separation units. This study presents a membrane reactor that integrates H 2 -permeable carbon molecular sieve (CMS) hollow fiber membranes embedded in a fixed bed of cobalt in a dealuminated beta zeolite (Co@DeAl-BEA) catalyst, utilizing a vacuum to remove hydrogen efficiently. The CMS membrane exhibits high hydrogen permeance and an excellent H 2 /C 2 H 6 separation factor. The membrane reactor significantly enhanced the ethane conversion under reaction conditions comparable to those reported in the literature. A Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic rate expression was developed and incorporated into a one-dimensional steady-state reactor model. The experimentally validated model indicates that increasing the number of hollow fibers improves ethane conversion, although ethane loss to the permeate limits the benefit. The contact area between the catalyst and the membrane limits the reactor performance more than the catalytic throughput. Furthermore, we find that the location of the catalyst packing relative to the hollow fiber membranes influences ethane loss and conversion. Higher reactor pressures and inlet ethane flow rates improve space-time yield at the expense of lower ethane conversion. Increasing reactor temperature or packing length promotes both performance metrics. The EDH membrane reactor demonstrated durability over 200 h of continuous operation, maintaining record-low deactivation rates and high ethylene selectivity. Protocols for catalyst regeneration were developed.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2025

Sr 2 MnO 4 as a reactive CO 2 sorbent for sorption-enhanced steam reforming of biogas to green hydrogen

Sorption-enhanced steam biogas reforming is an attractive approach for hydrogen production from renewable resources, with the performance of the CO 2 sorbents being a critical factor. In this study, Sr 2 MnO 4 was investigated as a redox-activated CO 2 sorbent for sustainable hydrogen production from biogas. The Sr 2 MnO 4 sorbents exhibited a CO 2 sorption capacity of over 26 g per 100 g of sorbents, along with excellent cyclic stability in thermogravimetric analysis. Complete regeneration of the sorbent was achieved with a relatively small temperature swing (100 °C). Fixed-bed reactor experiments further demonstrated the application of Sr 2 MnO 4 sorbents in sorption-enhanced steam biogas reforming. Biogas simulants with varying CO 2 contents were converted to ~94 vol% H 2 before CO 2 breakthrough. Stable CO 2 capacity and hydrogen production were maintained over 20 cycles. In addition, optimization of the regeneration duration enabled the generation of highly pure CO 2 and more efficient use of O 2 . These results support the feasibility of biogas-to‑hydrogen conversion with net-negative carbon emissions through integration with CO 2 capture and sequestration.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Interface-engineered (CrMnTiZnCo) 3 O 4 @polypyrrole nano-hybrids for superior lithium storage

High-entropy oxides (HEO) have emerged as promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high theoretical specific capacity. However, their practical application is hindered by several challenges, including significant volume expansion, electrode pulverization, and substantial irreversible capacity loss during initial cycles. To address these limitations, this study designed a novel core-shell composite material, denoted as HEO@PPy, which consists of a (CrMnTiZnCo) 3 O 4 -based HEO core and a polypyrrole (PPy) shell. This composite demonstrates remarkable electrochemical performance: it maintains a specific capacity of 1090.1 mAh/g after 100 cycles at 100 mA/g and retains 521.8 mAh/g after 1000 cycles at 1 A/g, highlighting its superior cycling stability. Furthermore, it exhibits excellent rate capability, delivering a capacity of 372.1 mAh/g even at a high current density of 5 A/g. These findings confirm that the strategic compositional and structural design of HEOs, combined with hybridization with conductive polymers like PPy, provides a viable pathway for developing advanced anode materials for next-generation, high-performance lithium-ion batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2026

An integrated in-situ coordination strategy enabling high-performance layered cathodes for sodium-ion batteries

O3-type layered transition metal oxide cathodes hold tremendous potential in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their low cost and high energy density. However, the structure instability associated with detrimental phase transitions and severe interface parasitic reactions exacerbate the material's electrochemical performance degradation. Herein, we develop an integrated in-situ coordination strategy via heteroatomic modulation inducing coherent epitaxial layer to collaboratively enhance the overall framework robustness from surface to bulk. The theoretical calculation and multiple in/ex-situ characterizations demonstrate the charge density around oxygen is redistributed, which promotes the electron localization, thus widening the NaO 2 lattice space and accelerating the Na + transport dynamics. Furthermore, the formed strengthened oxygen bond energy effectively distributes the long-range coordination of Mn 3+ O 6 octahedron, thereby alleviating Jahn-Teller distortion and local stress. Importantly, the in-situ formed conformal buffer layer dramatically relieves the adverse interface side reactions, facilitating the construction of robust cathode-electrolyte interface, which ameliorate the whole structure stability of designed materials. Consequently, the optimized NFMZ@NZO-1.0 exhibits the excellent cycling stability with 80.2% capacity retention after 300 cycles at 1C, and delivers a high discharge capacity of 107.1 mAh g −1 at 10C. In conclusion, this distinctive coupling strategy provides valuable insights for developing high-performance layered cathode materials in SIBs.

Coherent epitaxial layer↗
DOE OSTI2021

Electromagnetic wave absorption of multifunctional cementitious composites incorporating polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers and fly ash: Effects of microstructure and hydration

Highlights: • The cementitious composite shows excellent wide-band electromagnetic wave absorption in a frequency range of 2–18 GHz. • The PVA fibers and the fly ash change the dielectric properties of the cementitious composite by Debye polarization. • The iron oxide of the cementitious binders contributes to the magnetic properties of the composites. • The impacts of the microstructure and the hydration of the cementitious composite on its microwave absorption are analyzed. This paper devises a novel method for the adjustment of the pore structure and the hydration of cement to improve the electromagnetic wave absorption of the cementitious composites incorporating polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers and fly ash in a frequency range of 2–18 GHz. The underlying mechanism of the absorption is investigated to explore the possibility of the structural and functional integration of these composites. The electromagnetic parameters of the prepared cementitious composites and those of the raw materials are analyzed in a frequency range of 0.5–18 GHz. Moreover, the pore structure and the chemical environment of the cementitious composites are examined by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), back-scattered electron detector (BSE), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicate that the PVA fibers and the high-volume fly ash have a positive effect on electromagnetic wave absorption of the cementitious composites through the adjustment of their pore structure and hydration.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

On the use of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) in high-strength strain-hardening cement-based composites (HS-SHCC)

Highlights: • Use of LC{sup 3} slightly reduces flowability and shortens the setting time of fresh matrices. • Highly polymerized C-A-S-H gel and abundant ettringite benefit flexural strength of LC{sup 3}-matrices. • Use of LC{sup 3} enhances the bond strength between fiber and high-strength matrix. • LC{sup 3}-based HS-SHCC yields similar flexural performance as the composite with Portland cement. High-strength strain-hardening cement-based composites (HS-SHCC) demonstrate excellent mechanical and durability properties. However, high cement content typical to HS-SHCC results not only in high carbon footprint, but also in excessive hydration heat and severe autogenous shrinkage. In this investigation, Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC{sup 3}) was used to produce sustainable HS-SHCC. The LC{sup 3} substitution resulted in higher energy consumption during mixing and in shorter setting times of the fresh, plain matrices. Although the LC{sup 3} substitution slightly reduced the compressive strength, the formation of highly polymerized C-A-S-H gel and abundant ettringite benefited the flexural strength of the plain matrices. Additionally, single-fiber pullout experiments showed that the use of LC{sup 3} led to increased fiber-matrix bond strength and pullout energy. Finally, the replacement of Portland cement by LC{sup 3} resulted in HS-SHCC with similar mechanical performance to the reference composite, indicating a high potential for using LC{sup 3} in high-performance cement-based composites.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗