Falling sphere-radar mathematical simulation techniques Final report, 15 Dec. - 15 Aug. 1965
Computer program for describing falling sphere trajectory and conversion of sphere trajectory into simulated radar tracking data
PARTICLE TRAJECTORY↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Activities of the Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering (ICASE)
This report summarizes research conducted at the Institute for Computer Applications Science and Engineering in applied mathematics, numerical analysis, and computer science during the period October 2, 1987 through March 31, 1988.
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Numerical analysis of a thermal contact problem with adhesion
In this paper, we study a class of dynamic thermal problems involving a frictional normal compliance adhesive contact model and a non-clamped condition for visco-elastic materials. The variational formulation of the problem leads to a general system defined by a second-order quasi-variational evolution inequality on the displacement field coupled with the two first-order evolution equations describing the evolution of the temperature and adhesion. We establish an existence and uniqueness result of the solution on displacement, temperature and adhesion. Then we provide a fully discrete numerical scheme of approximation and derive an error estimate. Finally, various numerical computations are included.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
Exploring adverse drug events at the class level
Background: While the association between a drug and an adverse event (ADE) is generally detected at the level of individual drugs, ADEs are often discussed at the class level, i.e., at the level of pharmacologic classes (e.g., in drug labels). We propose two approaches, one visual and one computational, to exploring the contribution of individual drugs to the class signal. Methods: Having established a dataset of ADEs from MEDLINE, we aggregate drugs into ATC classes and ADEs into high-level MeSH terms. We compute statistical associations between drugs and ADEs at the drug level and at the class level. Finally, we visualize the signals at increasing levels of resolution using heat maps. We also automate the exploration of drug-ADE associations at the class level using clustering techniques. Results: Using our visual approach, we were able to uncover known associations, e.g., between fluoroquinolones and tendon injuries, and between statins and rhabdomyolysis. Using our computational approach, we systematically analyzed 488 associations between a drug class and an ADE. Conclusions: The findings gained from our exploratory techniques should be of interest to the curators of ADE repositories and drug safety professionals. Our approach can be applied to different drug-ADE datasets, using different drug classification systems and different signal detection algorithms.
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
Correction, improvement and model verification of CARE 3, version 3
An independent verification of the CARE 3 mathematical model and computer code was conducted and reported in NASA Contractor Report 166096, Review and Verification of CARE 3 Mathematical Model and Code: Interim Report. The study uncovered some implementation errors that were corrected and are reported in this document. The corrected CARE 3 program is called version 4. Thus the document, correction. improvement, and model verification of CARE 3, version 3 was written in April 1984. It is being published now as it has been determined to contain a more accurate representation of CARE 3 than the preceding document of April 1983. This edition supercedes NASA-CR-166122 entitled, 'Correction and Improvement of CARE 3,' version 3, April 1983.
Rose, D. M.↗
The 'Biologically-Inspired Computing' Column
The field of Biology changed dramatically in 1953, with the determination by Francis Crick and James Dewey Watson of the double helix structure of DNA. This discovery changed Biology for ever, allowing the sequencing of the human genome, and the emergence of a "new Biology" focused on DNA, genes, proteins, data, and search. Computational Biology and Bioinformatics heavily rely on computing to facilitate research into life and development. Simultaneously, an understanding of the biology of living organisms indicates a parallel with computing systems: molecules in living cells interact, grow, and transform according to the "program" dictated by DNA. Moreover, paradigms of Computing are emerging based on modelling and developing computer-based systems exploiting ideas that are observed in nature. This includes building into computer systems self-management and self-governance mechanisms that are inspired by the human body's autonomic nervous system, modelling evolutionary systems analogous to colonies of ants or other insects, and developing highly-efficient and highly-complex distributed systems from large numbers of (often quite simple) largely homogeneous components to reflect the behaviour of flocks of birds, swarms of bees, herds of animals, or schools of fish. This new field of "Biologically-Inspired Computing", often known in other incarnations by other names, such as: Autonomic Computing, Pervasive Computing, Organic Computing, Biomimetics, and Artificial Life, amongst others, is poised at the intersection of Computer Science, Engineering, Mathematics, and the Life Sciences. Successes have been reported in the fields of drug discovery, data communications, computer animation, control and command, exploration systems for space, undersea, and harsh environments, to name but a few, and augur much promise for future progress.
Hinchey, Mike↗
FY12 Quarter 3 Computing Utilization Report – LANL
DSW continues to dominate the capacity workload, with a focus in Q3 on common model baselining runs in preparation for the Annual Assessment Review (AAR) of the weapon systems. There remains unmet demand for higher fidelity simulations, and for increased throughput of simulations. Common model baselining activities would benefit from doubling the resolution of the models and running twice as many simulations. Capacity systems were also utilized during the quarter to prepare for upcoming Level 2 milestones. Other notable DSW activities include validation of new physics models and safety studies. The safety team used the capacity resources extensively for projects involving 3D computer simulations for the Furrow series of experiments at DARHT (a Level 2 milestone), fragment impact, surety theme, PANTEX assessments, and the 120-day study. With the more than tripling of classified capacity computing resources with the addition of the Luna system and the safety team's imminent access to the Cielo system, demand has been met for current needs. The safety team has performed successful scaling studies on Luna up to 16K PE size-jobs with linear scaling, running the large 3D simulations required for the analysis of Furrow. They will be investigating scaling studies on the Cielo system with the Lustre file system in Q4. Overall average capacity utilization was impacted by negative effects of the LANL Voluntary Separation Program (VSP) at the beginning of Q3, in which programmatic staffing was reduced by 6%, with further losses due to management backfills and attrition, resulting in about 10% fewer users. All classified systems were impacted in April by a planned 2 day red network outage. ASC capacity workload continues to focus on code development, regression testing, and verification and validation (V&V) studies. Significant capacity cycles were used in preparation for a JOWOG in May and several upcoming L2 milestones due in Q4. A network transition has been underway on the unclassified networks to increase access of all ASC users to the unclassified systems through the Yellow Turquoise Integration (YeTI) project. This will help to alleviate the longstanding shortage of resources for ASC unclassified code development and regression testing, and also make a broader palette of machines available to unclassified ASC users, including PSAAP Alliance users. The Moonlight system will be the first capacity resource to be made available through the YETI project, and will make available a significant increase in cycles, as well as GPGPU accelerator technology. The Turing and Lobo machines will be decommissioned in the next quarter. ASC projects running on Cielo as part of the CCC-3 include turbulence, hydrodynamics, burn, asteroids, polycrystals, capability and runtime performance improvements, and materials including carbon and silicone.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Wavelet-Smoothed Interpolation of Masked Scientific Data for JPEG 2000 Compression [Slides]
How should we manage scientific data with 'holes'? Some applications, like JPEG 2000, expect logically rectangular data, but some sources, like the Parallel Ocean Program (POP), generate data that isn't defined on certain subsets. We refer to grid points that lack well-defined, scientifically meaningful sample values as 'masked' samples. Wavelet-smoothing is a highly scalable interpolation scheme for regions with complex boundaries on logically rectangular grids. Computation is based on forward/inverse discrete wavelet transforms, so runtime complexity and memory scale linearly with respect to sample count. Efficient state-of-the-art minimal realizations yield small constants (O(10)) for arithmetic complexity scaling, and in-situ implementation techniques make optimal use of memory. Implementation in two dimensions using tensor product filter banks is straighsorward and should generalize routinely to higher dimensions. No hand-tuning required when the interpolation mask changes, making the method aeractive for problems with time-varying masks. Well-suited for interpolating undefined samples prior to JPEG 2000 encoding. The method outperforms global mean interpolation, as judged by both SNR rate-distortion performance and low-rate artifact mitigation, for data distributions whose histograms do not take the form of sharply peaked, symmetric, unimodal probability density functions. These performance advantages can hold even for data whose distribution differs only moderately from the peaked unimodal case, as demonstrated by POP salinity data. The interpolation method is very general and is not tied to any particular class of applications, could be used for more generic smooth interpolation.
42 ENGINEERING↗
A survey of numerical linear algebra methods utilizing mixed-precision arithmetic
The efficient utilization of mixed-precision numerical linear algebra algorithms can offer attractive acceleration to scientific computing applications. Especially with the hardware integration of low-precision special-function units designed for machine learning applications, the traditional numerical algorithms community urgently needs to reconsider the floating point formats used in the distinct operations to efficiently leverage the available compute power. In this study, we provide a comprehensive survey of mixed-precision numerical linear algebra routines, including the underlying concepts, theoretical background, and experimental results for both dense and sparse linear algebra problems.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
Los Alamos National Laboratory Computational Physics Summer Student Workshop (Final Report)
The numerical solution of highly compressible, multi-material flows is an ongoing research area. These types of flows can be solved with a Lagrangian type mesh which moves with the material in a simulation to allow precise material interface tracking. Currently, researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory and elsewhere are investigating cell-centered Lagrangian algorithms with the aim of producing methods that have second-order accuracy, preserve symmetry, and do not generate spurious vorticity. The new cell-centered algorithms solve a Riemann-like problem at the vertex of a cell. Professor Phil Roe at the University of Michigan has proposed a new structure for Lagrangian hydrodynamic algorithms that does not rely on the solution of the Riemann problem. The new approach utilizes Flux Corrected Transport (FCT) and it implements a form of vorticity control. The first step in the development of this method has been to construct an algorithm that solves the acoustic equations on an Eulerian mesh. The algorithm, which builds on the work of Morton and Roe, calculates fluxes at cell vertices, attains second-order accuracy using FCT, and has the special property of preserving vorticity. Results are presented that confirm the second order accuracy of the scheme and the vorticity preserving properties. The results are compared to the output produced by a MUSCL-Hancock algorithm. Some discussion of limiting methods for the FCT algorithm is also given.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Computation of condition-dependent proteome allocation reveals variability in the macro and micro nutrient requirements for growth
Sustaining a robust metabolic network requires a balanced and fully functioning proteome. In addition to amino acids, many enzymes require cofactors (coenzymes and engrafted prosthetic groups) to function properly. Extensively validated resource allocation models, such as genome-scale models of metabolism and gene expression (ME-models), have the ability to compute an optimal proteome composition underlying a metabolic phenotype, including the provision of all required cofactors. Here we apply the ME-model for Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 to computationally examine how environmental conditions change the proteome and its accompanying cofactor usage. We found that: (1) The cofactor requirements computed by the ME-model mostly agree with the standard biomass objective function used in models of metabolism alone (M-models); (2) ME-model computations reveal non-intuitive variability in cofactor use under different growth conditions; (3) An analysis of ME-model predicted protein use in aerobic and anaerobic conditions suggests an enrichment in the use of peroxyl scavenging acids in the proteins used to sustain aerobic growth; (4) The ME-model could describe how limitation in key protein components affect the metabolic state of E . coli . Genome-scale models have thus reached a level of sophistication where they reveal intricate properties of functional proteomes and how they support different E . coli lifestyles.
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
Verification of 2-D Detonation Shock Dynamics in conjunction with Los Alamos Lagrangian hydrocode
As the latest version of the fast-tube Detonation Shock Dynamics (DSD) solver is linked with the Los Alamos Lagrangian hydrocode, verification problems from a 2006 DSD report (LA-14277) have been duplicated with some of the verification criteria changed to more quantitative ones. The observed error convergence is as good as or better than reported in, quite possibly due to the careful treatment of floating point numbers to ensure that their precision level is maintained throughout the code. This report duplicates the three sample verification problems in LA-14277 using the Los Alamos ASC Lagrangian hydrocode (FLAG), official release of 3.2 Alpha6 with a few modifications. This version of FLAG is linked with the latest fast-tube Detonation Shock Dynamics (DSD) version beta 2 solver released in 2011 as part of the LanlDSD software product. New verification criteria are used for the arcwave problem where two specific locations are chosen for burn arrival time comparison. For this report FLAG's internal driver code prepares the distance function ({Psi}) and material ID fields from its hydro setup, instead of the stand-alone driver that is being utilized by the other LANL hydrocodes currently interfaced to LanlDSD. As it is implemented in version 3.2 Alpha6, the {Psi} and material ID fields and other parameters are passed from FLAG to the DSD solver directly, and the burn table is directly passed back to FLAG as part of the calling arguments. The burn-front arrival time 'exact' solutions, mentioned in the sequel for the rate-stick and 'arc-wave' problems, are computed using a pair of special-purpose Fortran codes provided by Aslam. In each case an ansatz for the form of the solution is made in which the radius from the detonator center point is used as the independent space coordinate. This leads to a simplified, problem-specific, 1D form of the governing equation. This equation is solved using 2nd-order spatial differencing and the forward Euler method on a very fine temporal and geometric mesh. The boundary conditions are handled exactly at the correct location, with second order accuracy. Care has been taken to ensure that this solution is fully converged.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Information Geometry of Quantum Resources
I review recent works showing that information geometry is a useful framework to characterize quantum coherence and entanglement. Quantum systems exhibit peculiar properties which cannot be justified by classical physics, e.g. quantum coherence and quantum correlations. Once confined to thought experiments, they are nowadays created and manipulated by exerting an exquisite experimental control of atoms, molecules and photons. It is important to identify and quantify such quantum features, as they are deemed to be key resources to achieve supraclassical performances in computation and communication protocols. The information geometry viewpoint elucidates the advantage provided by quantum superpositions in phase estimation. Furthermore, it enables to link measures of coherence and entanglement to observables, which can be evaluated in a laboratory by a limited number of measurements.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
Low-dissipation centred schemes for hyperbolic equations in conservative and non-conservative form
We propose a one-parameter family of low-dissipation centred numerical schemes for solving hyperbolic equations in conservative or non-conservative form, using finite volume or discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods. The new schemes spring out from the multi-dimensional FORCE method and are determined by a single parameter α ≥ 1. Given an increasing sequence of real numbers 1 ≤ α 1 < α 2 < . . . < α K , there corresponds a sequence of numerical schemes with stability restriction associated to a decreasing sequence of Courant numbers 1 > c 1 > c 2 > . . . > c K > 0 and a decreasing sequence of corresponding numerical viscosity functions d 1 > d 2 > . . . > d K . For a given Courant number c k ≤ 1 there is a real number α k > 0 and a corresponding stable scheme with minimal numerical viscosity d k . The proposed schemes suit very well the family of high-order discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods and the recently proposed class of ADER-TR schemes, whose orders of accuracy define decreasing sequences of Courant numbers, as the order of accuracy increases. The centred methods of this paper are stable in 2D and 3D in the frame of simultaneous updating formulae, unlike other centred methods, such as 1D FORCE, which are not. Furthermore, the schemes are highly accurate for slowly-moving waves, which is precisely the kind of waves that traditional centred methods smear disastrously. Additional features of the proposed schemes include ease of implementation and applicability to any hyperbolic system either in conservative or non-conservative form. Here, the proposed schemes are analysed and computationally assessed through a suite of test problems for a linear model system, for the Euler equations in one and two space dimensions, and for the Baer-Nunziato equations for compressible two-phase flow.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
Chance-Constrained AC Optimal Power Flow: Reformulations and Efficient Algorithms
Higher levels of renewable electricity generation increase uncertainty in power system operation. To ensure secure system operation, new tools that account for this uncertainty are required. Here, in this paper, we adopt a chance-constrained AC optimal power flow formulation, which guarantees that generation, power flows and voltages remain within their bounds with a pre-defined probability. We then discuss different chance-constraint reformulations and solution approaches for the problem. Additionally, we first discuss an analytical reformulation based on partial linearization, which enables us to obtain a tractable representation of the optimization problem. We then provide an efficient algorithm based on an iterative solution scheme which alternates between solving a deterministic AC OPF problem and assessing the impact of uncertainty. This more flexible computational framework enables not only scalable implementations, but also alternative chance-constraint reformulations. In particular, we suggest two sample based reformulations that do not require any approximation or relaxation of the AC power flow equations.
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Perfectly Matched Layers and Characteristic Boundaries in Lattice Boltzmann: Accuracy vs Cost
Artificial boundary conditions (BCs) play a ubiquitous role in numerical simulations of transport phenomena in several diverse fields, such as fluid dynamics, electromagnetism, acoustics, geophysics, and many more. They are essential for accurately capturing the behavior of physical systems whenever the simulation domain is truncated for computational efficiency purposes. Ideally, an artificial BC would allow relevant information to enter or leave the computational domain without introducing artifacts or unphysical effects. Boundary conditions designed to control spurious wave reflections are referred to as nonreflective boundary conditions (NRBCs). Another approach is given by the perfectly matched layers (PMLs), in which the computational domain is extended with multiple dampening layers, where outgoing waves are absorbed exponentially in time. Here, in this work, the definition of PML is revised in the context of the lattice Boltzmann method. The impact of adopting different types of BCs at the edge of the dampening zone is evaluated and compared, in terms of both accuracy and computational costs. It is shown that for sufficiently large buffer zones, PMLs allow stable and accurate simulations even when using a simple zeroth-order extrapolation BC. Moreover, employing PMLs in combination with NRBCs potentially offers significant gains in accuracy at a modest computational overhead, provided the parameters of the BC are properly tuned to match the properties of the underlying fluid flow.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
Two new SciDAC institutes promote mathematical tools and software technology for high-performance computing
Bigger is often said to be better, and the newest extreme-scale computers certainly are bigger, with millions of processing units. Moreover, the breadth of science performed on the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) computing facilities is expanding, with new technology such as artificial intelligence emerging. These advances are exciting, creating new opportunities for scientific discovery; however, they also raise new questions for scientists who want to exploit these advances for tackling more complex problems. Will my simulation code be able to utilize the accelerators in extreme-scale computing systems? Can I take advantage of the deepening memory hierarchy in heterogeneous processors? Is there a way around bottlenecks caused by the widening ratio of peak floating-point operations per second to I/0 bandwidth? How can I manage my huge amounts of data effectively? Can I analyze data in situ, or must I transfer it to offline storage for later analysis? To address such questions, DOE announced that it is providing $57.5 million over the next five years for two multidisciplinary teams — FASTMath and RAPIDS2 — to develop new tools and techniques to harness supercomputers for scientific discovery. The teams, called SciDAC Institutes, are part of the Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing program.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗