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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,531 records · Page 85
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2017

Creative Analytics of Mission Ops Event Messages

Historically, tremendous effort has been put into processing and displaying mission health and safety telemetry data; and relatively little attention has been paid to extracting information from missions time-tagged event log messages. Todays missions may log tens of thousands of messages per day and the numbers are expected to dramatically increase as satellite fleets and constellations are launched, as security monitoring continues to evolve, and as the overall complexity of ground system operations increases. The logs may contain information about orbital events, scheduled and actual observations, device status and anomalies, when operators were logged on, when commands were resent, when there were data drop outs or system failures, and much much more. When dealing with distributed space missions or operational fleets, it becomes even more important to systematically analyze this data. Several advanced information systems technologies make it appropriate to now develop analytic capabilities which can increase mission situational awareness, reduce mission risk, enable better event-driven automation and cross-mission collaborations, and lead to improved operations strategies: Industry Standard for Log Messages. The Object Management Group (OMG) Space Domain Task Force (SDTF) standards organization is in the process of creating a formal standard for industry for event log messages. The format is based on work at NASA GSFC. Open System Architectures. The DoD, NASA, and others are moving towards common open system architectures for mission ground data systems based on work at NASA GSFC with the full support of the commercial product industry and major integration contractors. Text Analytics. A specific area of data analytics which applies statistical, linguistic, and structural techniques to extract and classify information from textual sources. This presentation describes work now underway at NASA to increase situational awareness through the collection of non-telemetry mission operations information into a common log format and then providing display and analytics tools to provide in-depth assessment of the log contents. The work includes: Common interface formats for acquiring time-tagged text messages Conversion of common files for schedules, orbital events, and stored commands to the common log format Innovative displays to depict thousands of messages on a single display Structured English text queries against the log message data store, extensible to a more mature natural language query capability Goal of speech-to-text and text-to-speech additions to create a personal mission operations assistant to aid on-console operations. A wide variety of planned uses identified by the mission operations teams will be discussed.

events↗
DOE OSTI2023

Design and Prototyping of a Novel Toroidal Magnet System for MOLLER Experiment at Jefferson Lab

The Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab) has designed a unique spectrometer system to measure the weak interaction between electrons. The experiment— Measurement of Lepton-Lepton Electroweak Reaction (MOLLER)—requires leveraging the recent 12 GeV electron beam upgrade and will run in JLab for three years. Focusing the signal for the MOLLER experiment requires five water-cooled toroidal magnets, each with unique geometry and with 7-fold symmetry. The five magnets operate in a vacuum and provide the magnetic field required to separate the incident beam electrons scattered from the target electrons (Møller scattering) and protons (elastic e-p scattering) in a liquid hydrogen target. The conceptual design was developed by the MOLLER Collaboration and was given to JLab in the form of amp turns and physical location, with additional physics requirements. This article presents prototyping of the coils and magnet support system and discusses the lessons learned during the process along with the plans for full magnet testing and installation. The JLab Magnet Group along with the MOLLER Collaboration developed the specification document that includes keep out zones to design the set of magnets. JLab contracted the design of the first toroid magnet (TM0) of the magnet system to Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The other four toroid magnets (TM1 through TM4) have been designed by JLab and are in the process of fabrication and assembly. Prototype coils of TM1-TM4 were fabricated by Everson-Tesla Incorporated, PA (USA). Finally, this article presents the unique challenges of the design, alignment, high current density, operating range, high radiation dose, and vacuum environment.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2013

Metallic surfaces decontamination by using laser light

Metal surface cleaning appears to be one of the major priorities for industries especially for nuclear industries. The research and the development of a new technology that is able to meet the actual requirements (i.e. waste volume minimization, liquid effluents and chemicals free process...) seems to be the main commitment. Currently, a wide panel of technologies already exists (e.g. blasting, disk sander, electro-decontamination...) but for some of them, the efficiency is limited (e.g, Dry Ice blasting) and for others, the wastes production (liquid and/or solid) remains an important issue. One answer could be the use of a LASER light process. Since a couple of years, the Clean- Up Business Unit of the AREVA group investigates this decontamination technology. Many tests have been already performed in inactive (i.e. on simulants such as paints, inks, resins, metallic oxides) or active conditions (i.e. pieces covered with a thick metallic oxide layer and metallic pieces covered with grease). The paper will describe the results obtained in term of decontamination efficiency during all our validation process. Metallographic characterizations (i.e. SEM, X-ray scattering) and radiological analysis will be provided. We will also focus our paper on the future deployment of the LASER technology and its commercial use at La Hague reprocessing facility in 2013. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2024

Manufacturing Cathodes via Dry-Processing for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Conventional lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrodes are prepared through a wet slurry process with n-methyl pyrrolidone solvent, especially for cathodes. The wet slurry process encounters several disadvantages such as binder migration, electrode cracking in thick electrodes, energy intense heat-dry NMP solvent removal, and costly NMP recovery. The cost and energy consumption of coating and drying of electrode are about 11.5 % and > 46 % in LIB manufacturing, respectively. Thereby, it is essential to develop a facile roll-to-roll solvent-free LIB electrode processing for reducing the cost and energy consumption. Recently, the Maxwell-type dry processing (DP) shines new lights on LIB manufacturing, which mainly bases on dry mixing (DM) of electrode component powder followed by calendering into electrode films and laminating onto current collectors, realizing the rapid manufacturing of LIB electrodes in a powder-to-film manner for industries. This report shares some recent progress on the DP from our group. We aim to further advance the manufacturing science of DP by correlating the processing conditions with electrode properties and performance. Particularly, we investigate the effect of DM, and compression on the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) binder fiberization, porosity, mechanical properties, electrical conductivity and electrochemical behaviors of electrodes. The DM study suggests that PTFE fiberization heavily relies on the degree of DM. Insufficient DM results in poor PTFE fiberization while outrageous DM damages the formed PTFE fibers. Both negatively affect the mechanical behaviors of the electrodes and their rate capability. However, moderate DM is highly beneficial. In addition, our study of the porosity impact reveals that LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC) secondary particles can be broken into primary particles due to compression, especially at low porosity. Those fractured NMC secondary particles exhibit lower modulus. We propose that a moderate porosity of around 32% favors the electronic conductivity, charge transfer impedance and rate capability. The study of the cathodic electrolyte interphase layer of PTFE-based DPed electrode confirms that side reactions of PTFE binder due to the formation of LiF in LiClO4-based electrolyte.

Tao, Runming↗
DOE OSTI2019

Time-resolved study of nonlinear three-magnon processes in yttrium iron garnet films

In this work, the temporal aspects of two nonlinear spin-wave processes, i.e., three-magnon splitting and confluence, were investigated in a yttrium iron garnet film. Three-magnon splitting involves the conversion of a magnon at the microwave pumping frequency f p into two magnons, each with a frequency near f p /2, while confluence refers to the subsequent combination of two of the split magnons into one with frequency f c < f p . Time-resolved Brillouin scattering measurements confirm that these processes occur close to the driving antenna (<1.7mm away), which is expected. Here, the data indicate, however, that magnons with larger group velocities are more likely to undergo confluence, which is not predicted by existing theory. Understanding the details of the splitting and confluence processes may have important implications for the use of short-wavelength spin waves for spintronic devices.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

Conversion of lignin into a water-soluble polyacid using a MOF catalyst

A process for valorization of lignin includes the steps of mixing lignin; a MOF catalyst metalated with a metal atom selected from the group consisting of Fe, Mn, Co, Cu, or Ni, and combinations thereof; an oxidizing agent; and an aqueous solvent. The product of this process, a charged polyacid-containing species derived from lignin, may be included in a dispersion with a dispersible particulate material, and an aqueous dispersing medium.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Deposition of silver nanoparticles on multiwalled carbon nanotubes by chemical reduction process and their antimicrobial effects

In this paper, the functionalization of raw-MWCNTs involves oxidation reaction using concentrated acid mixture of HNO{sub 3}:H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} (1:3), via ultrasonic bath (170 W, 50 kHz) to obtain functional groups. Then Ag nanoparticles are decorated the outside over the surface of functionalized MWCNTs using a chemical reduction process resulting in the formation of(Ag/ MWCNTs) hybrid material. The results showed that outer diameter functionalized F-MWCNTs andAg nanoparticles size was about (11-80) nm and (10 to 25) nm, respectively using TEM and HRTEM. The crystallographic structure of MWCNTs using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis proved diffraction peaks at 38.1°, 44.3°, 64.7° and 77.4° degrees namely, Ag (111), Ag (200), Ag (220), and Ag (311) of the face-centered cubic lattice of Ag, respectively, excepting the peak at 2θ =25.6°, which correspond to the (0 0 2) reflection of the MWNTs are corresponding to Ag/MWNTs. The antimicrobial activities of Ag/MWCNTs hybrid using plate count method showed that decreasing a large number of bacteria colonies of E. coli and S. aureu with increasing the hybrid concentrations after incubation for 24 h in shaker incubator with percentage of inhibition approaching 100%.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS2011

Handling Heavenly Jewels - 35 Years of Antarctic Meteorite Processing at Johnson Space Center

The ANSMET program began in 1976, and since that time more than 18,000 meteorites have been processed in the Meteorite Processing Lab at Johnson Space Center in Houston, TX[1]. The meteorites are collected and returned to JSC on a freezer truck and remain frozen until they are initially processed. Initial Processing of Meteorites: Initial processing involves drying the meteorites in a nitrogen glove box for 24 to 48 hours, photographing, measuring, weighing and writing a description of the interior and exterior. The meteorite is broken and a representative sample is sent to the Smithsonian Institution for classification. Newsletter & Requests: Once initial processing has been complete and the meteorites have been classified, the information is published in the Antarctic Meteorite Newsletter[2,3]. The newsletter is published twice yearly and is sent electronically to researchers around the world and is also available on line. Researchers are asked to fill out a request form and submit it to the Meteorite Working Group secretary. All sample requests will be reviewed by either the meteorite curator or the Meteorite Working Group de-pending on the type of meteorite and the research being conducted. Processing for Sample Requests: In the meteorite processing lab, meteorite samples are prepared several different ways. Most samples are prepared as chips obtained by use of stainless steel chisels in a chipping bowl or rock splitter. In special situations where a researcher needs a slab the meteorite samples can be bandsawed in a dry nitrogen glove box with a diamond blade, no liquids are ever introduced into the cabinet. The last type of sample preparation is thin/thick sections. The meteorite thin section lab at JSC can prepare standard 30-micron thin sections, thick sections of variable thickness (100 to 200 microns), or demountable sections using superglue. Information for researchers: It is important that re-searchers fill the sample request form completely, in order to make sure the meteorite is processed correctly[4]. Re-searchers should list any special requirements on the form, i.e. packaging of samples (poly vs. stainless), thick sections and thickness needed, superglue needed, interior chips, exterior chips, fusion crust, contamination issues, all concerns should be listed so processing can be done accurately and any concerns the researcher has can be addressed be-fore the meteorites are broken.

Satterwhite, C. E.↗
DOE OSTI2014

Methods for improved growth of group III nitride buffer layers

Methods are disclosed for growing high crystal quality group III-nitride epitaxial layers with advanced multiple buffer layer techniques. In an embodiment, a method includes forming group III-nitride buffer layers that contain aluminum on suitable substrate in a processing chamber of a hydride vapor phase epitaxy processing system. A hydrogen halide or halogen gas is flowing into the growth zone during deposition of buffer layers to suppress homogeneous particle formation. Some combinations of low temperature buffers that contain aluminum (e.g., AlN, AlGaN) and high temperature buffers that contain aluminum (e.g., AlN, AlGaN) may be used to improve crystal quality and morphology of subsequently grown group III-nitride epitaxial layers. The buffer may be deposited on the substrate, or on the surface of another buffer. The additional buffer layers may be added as interlayers in group III-nitride layers (e.g., GaN, AlGaN, AlN).

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Proton-coupled electron transfer across benzimidazole bridges in bioinspired proton wires

Designing molecular platforms for controlling proton and electron movement in artificial photosynthetic systems is crucial to efficient catalysis and solar energy conversion. The transfer of both protons and electrons during a reaction is known as proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) and is used by nature in myriad ways to provide low overpotential pathways for redox reactions and redox leveling, as well as to generate bioenergetic proton currents. Herein, we describe theoretical and electrochemical studies of a series of bioinspired benzimidazole-phenol (BIP) derivatives and a series of dibenzimidazole-phenol (BI 2 P) analogs with each series bearing the same set of terminal proton-accepting (TPA) groups. The set of TPAs spans more than 6 pK a units. These compounds have been designed to explore the role of the bridging benzimidazole(s) in a one-electron oxidation process coupled to intramolecular proton translocation across either two (the BIP series) or three (the BI 2 P series) acid/base sites. These molecular constructs feature an electrochemically active phenol connected to the TPA group through a benzimidazole-based bridge, which together with the phenol and TPA group form a covalent framework supporting a Grotthuss-type hydrogen-bonded network. Infrared spectroelectrochemistry demonstrates that upon oxidation of the phenol, protons translocate across this well-defined hydrogen-bonded network to a TPA group. The experimental data show the benzimidazole bridges are non-innocent participants in the PCET process in that the addition of each benzimidazole unit lowers the redox potential of the phenoxyl radical/phenol couple by 60 mV, regardless of the nature of the TPA group. Using a series of hypothetical thermodynamic steps, density functional theory calculations correctly predicted the dependence of the redox potential of the phenoxyl radical/phenol couple on the nature of the final protonated species and provided insight into the thermodynamic role of dibenzimidazole units in the PCET process. This information is crucial for developing molecular “dry proton wires” with these moieties, which can transfer protons via a Grotthuss-type mechanism over long distances without the intervention of water molecules.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

A Review and Perspective of Recent Bio-Oil Hydrotreating Research

The pathway for catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of biomass derived fast pyrolysis oil represents a compelling route for production of liquid transportation fuels. There has been continued progress and advancements in both the public and private research areas towards driving this technology to completion. Published research and patent literature have demonstrated that continued development of HDO as a part of a processes for production liquid transportation using biomass is being advanced for both fuel blend stocks and for refinery intermediates for co-processing. Much of the research has still focused on “quality” metrics around single or groups of unit operations generating partially treated bio-oil streams without assessing upstream and downstream implications. However, there is an encouraging amount of research that is now being targeted and assessed with attempts to understand the impact on the final fuel product, regardless of the route. Much of the most important research is moving towards continuous, industrially relevant processes where data can be generated to adequately inform process and economic modeling. As the technology for producing liquid transportation fuels from pyrolysis/HDO/coprocessing is driving towards commercialization, further research should be prioritized on the basis of impact to a techno-economic analyses.

bio-oil↗
DOE OSTI2023

Analytical Radiochemical Method Development for Mark 18A Program

The Savannah River National Laboratory Nuclear Measurements Group was tasked by the Mark 18A Program team with developing three analytical characterization methods. These methods will support process and waste characterization of the Mark 18A program material. While methods already existed for most analytes of interest to the Mark 18A program team, the Nuclear Measurements Group developed and refined methods to quantify the Cf isotopes, 107 Pd, and 121m Sn. The results of that effort are presented in this work. Methods were successfully developed to characterize the Mark 18A samples for the needed isotopes and the NMG is ready to receive Mark 18A program samples.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
NASA NTRS2023

Creating a Fully-Electronic GFE Work Authorization Document Process for JSC

JSC’s Electronic Document System (EDS) was published in 2013 by SMA to store and process Task Performance Sheets (TPS), Discrepancy Reports (DR), Hardware Movement Documents (EZT), etc. The 2013 transition turned a fully paper process into an electronic routing one with document level electronic approvals but maintained an in-line paper process . - Today, all work and buy-offs continue to be captured on paper, walked between buildings, and is susceptible to approval errors, a rapidly slowing processing time, and led to projects requesting waivers to use alternate WAD systems, damaging JSC’s QMS. - NT Data Systems team collaborated with multiple platform providers, test user groups, and stakeholders, to find a solution for this growing need in a way that exceeds JSC’s current process, is adaptable to future innovation, and within our limited resource constraints

Nicholas Holaday↗
NASA NTRS2003

Effect of Molding and Machining on Neoflon CTFE M400H Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Rod Stock and Valve Seat Properties

Since 1997 numerous fires have been reported to the Food and Drug Administration involving cylinder valves installed on medical use oxygen cylinders sold and operated within the United States. All of the cylinder valves in question had polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) valve seats. Subsequent failure analysis showed that the main seat was the primary source of ignition. A review of the incidents involving cylinder valve fires indicated three possible ignition mechanisms: contaminant promotion, flow friction, and resonance. However, gas purity analysis showed that uncombusted, residual oxygen was within specification. Infrared and energy dispersive spectroscopy further showed that no contaminants or organic compounds were present in the remaining, uncombusted valve seat material or on seat plug surfaces. Therefore, contaminant-promoted ignition did not appear to be responsible for the failures. Observations of extruded material along the outer edge of the coined or loaded seat area produced by cylinder overuse or poppet overload led to concerns that accelerated gas flow across a deformed seat surface could generate enough localized heating to ignite the polymeric seat. Low molecular weight or highly amorphous quick-quenched PCTFE grades might be expected to be especially prone to this type of deformation. Such a failure mechanism has been described as flow friction; however, the corresponding mechanistic parameters are poorly understood. Subsequent revelation of low-temperature dimensional instability by thermomechanical analysis (TMA) in a variety of PCTFE sheet and rod stock samples led to new concerns that PCTFE valve seats could undergo excessive expansion or contraction during service. During expansion, additional extrusion and accompanying flow friction could occur. During contraction, a gap between the seal and adjacent metal surfaces could form. Gas flowing past the gap could, in turn, lead to resonance heating and subsequent ignition as described in ASTM Guide for Evaluation Nonmetallic Materials for Oxygen Service (G 63). Attempts to uncover the origins of the observed dimensional instability were hindered by uncertainties about resin grade, process history, and post-process heat history introduced by machining, annealing, and sample preparation. An approach was therefore taken to monitor property changes before and after processing and machining using a single, well-characterized lot of Neoflon CTFE.1 M400H resin. A task group consisting of the current PCTFE resin supplier, two molders, and four valve seat manufacturers was formed, and phased testing on raw resin, intermediate rod stock, and finished valve seats initiated. The effect of processing and machining on the properties of PCTFE rod stock and oxygen gas cylinder valve seats was then determined. Testing focused on two types of extruded rod stock and one type of compression-molded rod stock. To accommodate valve seat manufacturer preferences for certain rod stock diameters, two representative diameters were used (4.8 mm (0.1875 in.) and 19.1 mm (0.75 in.)). To encompass a variety of possible sealing configurations, seven different valve seat types with unique geometries or machining histories were tested. The properties investigated were dimensional stability as determined by TMA, specific gravity, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), compressive strength, zero strength time, and intrinsic viscosity. Findings are discussed in the context of polymer structure-process-property relationships whenever possible.

Waller, Jess M.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Phenylethynyl End-Capping Reagents And Reactive Diluents

Compounds containing phenylethynyl group serve as thermally reactive polymer end caps and reactive diluents. Useful in preparation of adhesives, composite matrices, and molding compounds. These reagents transform arylene ether oligomers and polymers into readily processable reactive materials that convert thermally to thermosets. Compounds synthesized for subsequent use in making thermoset polymers. Phenylethynyl group found to offer several unexpected advantages over ethynyl-based analog.

Bryant, Robert G.↗
NASA NTRS1999

An Approach to Processable Polyimides

The use of polymer matrix composites (PMC's) in aircraft engines can lead to substantial weight savings over metals. This weight reduction correlates into better fuel economy, increased speed, and increased passenger load. Typically, high performance PMC's possess high thermal-oxidative stabilities (TOS) and high glass transition temperatures (Tg's) to withstand temperatures up to 316 C (600 F). One of the leading high temperature resins system available today is PMR-15 (Polymerization of Monomeric Reactants, MW=1500). This thermosetting polyimide utilizes addition curing through polymer endcaps which enables hand lay-up processing of carbon fiber composite parts with low void contents. However, the large amount of hand labor raises manufacturing costs and prohibits the use of PMR-15 in many aerospace applications. Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) provides an economical alternative, but it requires a melt Viscosity of less than 10(exp 3) centipoise (cP). This is much lower than the minimum melt viscosity of PMR-15 (about 10(exp 6) cP). To improve the processability of polyimides, the polymer backbone can be modified by incorporating flexible linkages, such as branching. bulky pendant groups, kinked structures, and twisted or non-coplanar moietes . The focus of this paper will be the introduction of non-coplanar biaryls into the PMR polyimide backbone to increase processability while maintaining high temperature performance.

Gariepy, Christopher A.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Competing effects of Kerr nonlinearity and K-photon absorptions on continuous-wave laser inscriptions

Material processing with laser offers a reliable tool in a large variety of micromachining technology, ranging from on-disc inscriptions to cell ablations through DNA combing and imprinting for fabrications of micro and nanofluidic devices. In these applications lasers are designed to operate in specific regimes characterized by their powers and wavelengths, so understanding characteristic properties of the distinct possible laser operation regimes turns out to be a relevant step toward optimization of their uses as well as improvement of the technology. In this work we examine the stability of a model of femtosecond laser intended for laser inscriptions in nonlinear transparent media, taking into consideration the laser-induced material damage and multiphoton ionization. The model approximates the laser dynamics by a complex Ginzburg–Landau equation with a Kerr plus a high-order nonlinear term accounting for K-photon ionization, coupled to a Drude equation for time evolution of the electron plasma density. Following the Benjamin–Feir instability theory it is shown that depending on characteristic parameters of the model, multiphoton ionization processes can stabilize continuous-wave or pulse regimes. These parameters include the group-delay dispersion, the linear and nonlinear gains, the phase shift per roundtrip and the plasma ionization rate.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2018

Chemical Transformations of Poplar Lignin during Cosolvent Enhanced Lignocellulosic Fractionation Process

Converting lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels and bioproducts is significantly hindered by the innate recalcitrance of biomass to chemical and biological breakdown, and it usually requires a pretreatment stage in order to improve conversion yields. A promising novel pretreatment named Cosolvent Enhanced Lignocellulosic Fractionation (CELF) involving dilute acid treatment of biomass in a THF–water mixture was recently developed to overcome biomass recalcitrance. Detailed elucidation of physicochemical structures of the fractionated lignin that is precipitated from CELF pretreatment of hardwood poplar, also called CELF lignin, reveals transformations in its molecular weights, monolignol composition, and hydroxyl group content. Isolated CELF lignin revealed dramatic reductions in its molecular weight by up to ~90% compared with untreated native lignin. Furthermore, CELF lignin’s β-O-4 interunit linkages were extensively cleaved after CELF pretreatment as indicated by a semiquantitative HSQC NMR analysis. This is further evidenced by a 31P NMR analysis showing a significant decrease in aliphatic OH groups due to the oxidation of lignin side chains, whereas the content of total phenolic OH groups in CELF lignin significantly increased due to cleavage of interunit linkages. In conclusion, the CELF process generated a uniquely tunable and highly pure lignin feedstock of low content aryl ether linkages, low molecular weight, and high amount of phenolic hydroxyl groups, suitable for its development into fuels, chemicals, and materials.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗