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DOE OSTI2026

AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-EKH Elkhorn Slough Hester Marsh

This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-EKH Elkhorn Slough Hester Marsh. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-EKH Elkhorn Slough Hester Marsh produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - Salt marsh restored in 2018 by adding soil to raise 61 acres of former salt marsh to an elevation that allows marsh plants to return and keep pace with projected sea level rise. Marsh is mostly bare soil and tidal channels. Marsh is flooded and drained diurnally.

Paytan, Adina [University of California, Santa Cru↗

DOE OSTI2026

AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-MZA Hidden Marsh, Montezuma NWR

This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-MZA Hidden Marsh, Montezuma NWR. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-MZA Hidden Marsh, Montezuma NWR produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - This is a restored (from Ag) emergent marsh system located in the Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge. It is dominated by cattail most of the time, but experiences periodic, managed drying that produces other drier wetland vegetation types. In 2024, it was inundated and had abundant Typha and Phragmites.

Morin, Tim [SUNY ESF]↗

DOE OSTI2026

AmeriFlux CA-BCW Big Creek Watershed

This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site CA-BCW Big Creek Watershed. Site Description - This flux tower is located in the Lower Big Creek Watershed on agricultural land restored by the Nature Conservancy of Canada. The tower is monitoring a 0.88 ha marsh dominated by rushes and open shallow water. This wetland was created in 2012.

Barreto, Carlos [Ontario Ministry of Natural Resou↗

DOE OSTI2023

Fabrication and Testing of a Prototype RF-Dipole Crabbing Cavity

Crabbing cavities are essential in particle colliders to compensate the luminosity degradation due to beam collision at a crossing angle. The 952.6 MHz 2-cell rf-dipole crabbing cavity system was proposed for the Jef-ferson Lab Electron-Ion Collider to restore the head-on collisions of electron and proton bunches at the interac-tion point. A prototype cavity was designed and devel-oped to demonstrate the performance of multi-cell rf-dipole structures. This paper presents the fabrication pro-cess and cold test results of the first 2-cell rf-dipole proto-type cavity.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Prevention of Dual-Mode Excitation in 9-Cell Cavities for LCLSII-HE

Dual-Mode Excitation, also referred to as mode-mixing, is a superposition of two fundamental pi modes in an SRF cavity. In 9-cell TESLA cavities used for the LCLSII-HE project, the two modes that are commonly excited are the pi mode (1300.2 MHz), and the 7/9 pi mode (1297.8 MHz). During vertical cavity qualification testing, only the pi mode is driven by the RF system. However, at high gradients, emitted power at the frequency of the 7/9 pi mode grows despite the RF system only powering the pi mode. When this happens, the RF power measurement system is unable to differentiate between the superimposed modes, and any data taken is invalid. The previous method of dealing with mode-mixing was to turn off power to the cavity, let both modes decay fully, then restore power. Because of the time-sensitive nature of this testing, this leads to underestimates of Q0 or any radiant field emission present in the cavity. The novel RF control solution prevents the 7/9 pi mode from being excited while not interfering with measurements of the fundamental pi mode. A second RF control system is connected to the cavity which drives the 7/9 pi mode. The loop phase for driving the 7/9 pi mode in self excited loop mode is determined then shifted by 180 degrees, thus providing a negative feedback to the undesired mode. Because this off-resonance power can be very small, on the order of milliwatts, it does not interfere with the high-power measurements of the fundamental pi mode. At Jefferson Lab, we are now able to test a cavity for the LCLSII-HE project with no problems from mode-mixing, which allows for CW processing of high-gradient multipacting and field emission.

Owen, Peter↗

DOE OSTI2022

Oil Recovery Prediction for Polymer Flood Field Test of Heavy Oil on Alaska North Slope Via Machine Assisted Reservoir Simulation

The first ever polymer flood field pilot to enhance the recovery of heavy oils on the Alaska North Slope is ongoing. This study constructs and calibrates a reservoir simulation model to predict the oil recovery performance of the pilot through machine-assisted reservoir simulation techniques. To replicate the early water breakthrough observed during waterflooding, transmissibility contrasts are introduced into the simulation model, forcing viscous fingering effects. In the ensuing polymer flood, these transmissibility contrasts are reduced to replicate the restoration of injection conformance during polymer flooding, as indicated by a significant decrease in water cut. Later, transmissibility contrasts are reinstated to replicate a water surge event observed in one of the producing wells during polymer flooding. This event may represent decreased injection conformance from fracture overextension; its anticipated occurrence in the other production well is included in the final forecast. The definition of polymer retention in the simulator incorporates the tailing effect reported in laboratory studies; this tailing effect is useful to the simultaneous history match of producing water cut and produced polymer concentration. The top 24 best-matched simulation models produced at each stage of the history matching process are used to forecast oil recovery. The final forecast clearly demonstrates that polymer flooding significantly increases the heavy oil production for this field pilot compared to waterflooding alone. This exercise displays that a simulation model is only valid for prediction if flow behavior in the reservoir remains consistent with that observed during the history matched period. Critically, this means that a simulation model calibrated for waterflooding may not fully capture the benefits of an enhanced oil recovery process such as polymer flooding. Therefore, caution is recommended in using basic waterflood simulation models to scope potential enhanced oil recovery projects.

Keith, Cody Douglas↗

DOE OSTI2024

Rejection of malathion by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes exposed to foulant and two clean-in-place procedures

This research tested the treatment efficacy of an Energy Savings Nanofiltration 1 Low Fouling (ESNA 1-LF) nanofiltration (NF) and an Energy Saving Polyamide 2 (ESPA2) reverse osmosis (RO) membrane for removing malathion from water. Both membranes are of composite polyamide construction. The study included measuring malathion rejection using both pristine membranes and membranes exposed to a simulated secondary wastewater effluent foulant before and after two types of clean-in-place procedures. Across all conditions studied, malathion rejection ranged from 84 to 95% for the ESNA1-LF NF membrane and 77 to 94% for the ESPA2 RO membrane. Contact angle measurements were also collected for each membrane exposure condition. While the contact angle measurements indicated changes to the hydrophobicity of the selective layer of the membranes, they did not correlate to changes in the performance of malathion rejection. As expected, it was observed that malathion rejection improved with the introduction of foulant. Also, the clean-in-place procedures helped restore flux while maintaining malathion rejection.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2020

Q and A with the grandson of the Little Boy’s pilot: Brigadier General (retired) Paul Tibbets IV reflects on his family’s legacy military service

Paul Tibbets Jr., the pilot of the Enola Gay who released the Little Boy atomic bomb above Hiroshima, is part of a family with a legacy of military service. He was father to Paul Tibbets III, who served in the military as an Army reservist pharmacist and hospital administrator and eventually retired as a colonel. His son— grandson of Tibbets Jr.—is also Paul Tibbets. Paul Tibbets IV is a retired Air Force brigadier general and decorated bomber pilot. This legacy is not lost on his fellow airmen. They gave Tibbets IV the callsign “Nuke” early in his flying career. Tibbets IV flew the B-1 bomber and then the B-2 stealth bomber, a nuclear-capable, longrange strike aircraft. His 29 years of military service include combat missions in the Middle East, Afghanistan, and the Balkans—and a flight in a restored B-29 with his grandfather. In commemoration of the 75th anniversary of the atomic bombs and his grandfather’s historic role, Tibbets IV spoke with Los Alamos National Laboratory.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗

DOE OSTI2020

Financing Microgrids in the Federal Sector

Recent high-impact events such as hurricanes and wildfires highlight the need for energy system resilience. One potential impact of these events is the loss of utility grid power to federal sites, negatively affecting the ability to carry out their missions. Depending on the need to sustain critical functions, it may be important to continue operations during an outage of the electric grid, or at least have power restored quickly after the event. One approach to addressing this need is through a microgrid. Microgrids can provide a more reliable solution than the traditional approach of using a backup generator at individual buildings. A microgrid can enhance a site’s electrical power system during normal operations, as well as provide reliable backup power to critical loads when electric utility power is interrupted. Many times, certain components of a microgrid (and potentially the entire system) can be justified economically and paid for out of energy savings or avoided costs. In cases where savings can cover the project costs, one of several privately financed procurement mechanisms may be used to implement the project. Procurement options available to all federal agencies include utility energy services contracts (UESC), energy savings performance contracts (ESPC), and utility services contracts (USC); other mechanisms such as a power purchase agreement (PPA), enhanced use lease (EUL), and utility privatization (UP) may also be useful to agencies that have the authority to use them. Implementing a microgrid in a comprehensive effort that also includes energy efficiency can provide an important savings component, while reducing power requirements for critical loads, thus reducing the cost of the microgrid and associated distributed energy resources (DER). However, it can be difficult to achieve enough savings and avoided costs to cover the entire microgrid system, so leveraging these avoided costs in combination with appropriated funds may be necessary to implement the full project. When a site is deciding if a microgrid is the best solution, activities early in the process include identifying critical loads and existing DERs, conversations with the local electric utility, and implementation options that work best for the agency and site. This paper explores procurement options and agreements that may be useful to federal agencies interested in implementing microgrids at their sites. Microgrid complexities, implementation considerations, and suggestions to get started are also discussed. This information will be most useful to agencies when they are exploring electric energy system resilience options and/or considering different procurement options to meet their needs.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2020

Financing Microgrids in the Federal Sector

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2024

FIU Project 2: Environmental Remediation Science & Technology [Slides]

FIU’s research under this project involves conducting basic and applied science to fill knowledge gaps and validate potential remediation technologies for contaminated soil and groundwater and the assessment of the fate and transport of contaminants in the environment. The aim of FIU’s research is to reduce the potential for contaminant mobility or toxicity in the surface and subsurface through the development and application of state-of-the-art scientific and environmental remediation technologies at the Hanford Site, Savannah River Site (SRS), and the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), which is the Nation’s only mined geologic repository for permanent disposal of transuranic waste. FIU collaborates with scientists from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL), Savannah River Ecology Laboratory (SREL), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and the DOE Carlsbad Field Office (CBFO) in order to plan and execute research that is synergistic with the work being conducted at the sites, and that supports the resolution of critical science and engineering needs which leads to a better understanding of the long-term behavior of subsurface contaminants. The knowledge gained through this research will be used to transform experimental and modeling innovations into practical applications deployed at the sites to support EM’s primary goal of expediting the closure of major contaminated soil and groundwater sites and waste units. Collaborative relationships between FIU and the national laboratories have provided large benefits over the years to FIU, the national laboratories, the DOE complex, and the DOE EM mission. By working closely with the national laboratories, FIU’s research is not only closely aligned with the cleanup mission priorities at the DOE sites, but complements and supports ongoing work at the national laboratories for screening of new remedial technologies. This coordination and leveraging of research efforts results in time- and cost-savings, and will accelerate progress of the DOE EM environmental restoration mission.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2020

Argonne National Laboratory Site Environmental Report (CY2019)

This report discusses the status and the accomplishments of the environmental protection program at Argonne National Laboratory for calendar year 2019. The status of Argonne environmental protection activities with respect to compliance with the various laws and regulations is discussed, along with environmental management, sustainability efforts, environmental corrective actions, and habitat restoration. To evaluate the effects of Argonne operations on the environment, samples of environmental media collected on the site, at the site boundary, and off the Argonne site were analyzed and compared with applicable guidelines and standards. A variety of radionuclides were measured in air, surface water, groundwater, and bottom sediment samples. In addition, chemical constituents in surface water, groundwater, and wastewater were analyzed. External penetrating radiation doses were measured, and the potential for radiation exposure to off-site population groups was estimated. Results are interpreted with respect to the origin of the radioactive and chemical substances (i.e., natural, Argonne, and other) and are compared with applicable standards intended to protect human health and the environment. A U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) dose calculation methodology, based on International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommendations and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) CAP-88 Version 4 computer code, was used in preparing this report.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2020

Nevada National Security Site Environmental Report 2019

This report presents the National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office environmental protection and monitoring programs data and the compliance status for calendar year 2019 at the Nevada National Security Site and at its two support facilities, the North Las Vegas Facility and the Remote Sensing Laboratory-Nellis. This report also addresses environmental restoration projects conducted by the Environmental Management Nevada Program Office at the Tonopah Test Range.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2020

Vadose Zone Model for B-3A/B Pond for Composite Analysis

The objectives of the vadose modeling for the updated Hanford Site composite analysis (CA) are to simulate the flow and transport of water and radionuclide releases from the surface to the water table and to provide radionuclide transfer rates for the plateau to river (P2R) model, version 8.3 (CP-57037, Model Package Report: Plateau to River Groundwater Model, Version 8.3). Water additions include natural recharge and water discharged to the ground as a result of industrial processes associated with Hanford Site operations. Contaminant sources include radionuclides in water discharged to the ground during operations and radionuclides disposed “dry” in solid waste burial grounds or other means. The following 16 radionuclides were selected for this modeling effort; carbon-14 (C-14), chlorine-36 (Cl-36), tritium (H-3), iodine-129 (I-129), neptunium-237 (Np-237), rhenium-187 (Re-187), strontium-90 (Sr-90), technetium-99 (Tc-99), uranium-232 (U-232), uranium-233 (U-233), uranium-234 (U-234), uranium-235 (U-235), uranium-236 (U-236), uranium-238 (U-238), radium-226 (Ra-226), and thorium-230 (Th-230). The simulation time starts in 1943 and ends at 12070, which is 10,000 years after assumed Hanford Site closure in 2070. The parallel version of the Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases (STOMP) simulator officially named the exascale Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases (eSTOMP), is used to simulate flow and transport for the vadose models. The documentation for the STOMP code is comprehensive. The theoretical and numerical approaches applied in the STOMP code are documented in a published theory guide (PNNL-12030, STOMP Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases Version 2.0 Theory Guide). The code has undergone a rigorous verification procedure against analytical solutions, laboratory-scale experiments, and field-scale demonstrations. The application guide (PNNL-11216, STOMP Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases Application Guide) provides instructive examples in the application of the code to classical groundwater problems. The user’s guide (PNNL-15782, STOMP: Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases Version 4.0: User’s Guide) describes the general use, input file formatting, compilation, and execution of the code. The primary output of the vadose zone modeling is radionuclide transfer rates to the groundwater for input into the P2R model. The rates will be summed over the 100 by 100 m P2R grid cells that fall within the vadose zone model source domain. The Hanford Site Central Plateau was subdivided into 26 individual vadose zone models, with 13 in the 200 East Area and 13 in the 200 West Area. Waste sites that have a completed performance assessment (PA) or past-leak analysis were not included as sources of radionuclides. Instead the vadose zone to groundwater transfer rates of the Environmental Restoration Disposal Facility, Integrated Disposal Facility, US Ecology, and Waste Management Area C (WMA C) PAs and the past-leak analysis for WMA C were used as direct input to the P2R model. Each of the vadose zone models is documented in separate environmental calculation files (ECFs). This ECF describes the B-3A/B Ponds model. The scope of this ECF is to document the development and results of the B-3 A/B Ponds vadose zone model. CP-63515, Model Package Report: Central Plateau Vadose Zone Models, describes the approach, assumptions, process of determining the number of models required and domain of each model, input data, and processing common to all the models.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2020

Ecological Monitoring and Compliance Program 2019 Report

The Ecological Monitoring and Compliance Program (EMAC), funded through the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office (NNSA/NFO), monitors the ecosystem of the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) and ensures compliance with laws and regulations pertaining to NNSS biota. This report summarizes the program’s activities conducted by Mission Support and Test Services, LLC (MSTS), during calendar year 2019. Program activities included (a) biological surveys at proposed activity sites, (b) desert tortoise compliance, (c) ecosystem monitoring, (d) sensitive and protected/regulated plant monitoring, (e) sensitive and protected/regulated animal monitoring, and (f) habitat restoration monitoring. During 2019, all applicable laws, regulations, and permit requirements were met, enabling EMAC to achieve its intended goals and objectives.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2020

Sandia National Laboratories Annual Site Environmental Report, 2019: New Mexico

Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the United States Department of Energy (DOE) National Nuclear Security Administration. The National Nuclear Security Administration’s Sandia Field Office administers the contract and oversees contractor operations at Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico. Activities at the site support research and development programs with a wide variety of national security missions, resulting in technologies for nonproliferation, homeland security, energy and infrastructure, and defense systems and assessments. DOE and its management and operating contractor are committed to safeguarding the environment, assessing sustainability practices, and ensuring the validity and accuracy of the monitoring data presented in this Annual Site Environmental Report. This report summarizes the environmental protection and monitoring programs in place at Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico, during calendar year 2019. Environmental topics include air quality, ecology, environmental restoration, oil storage, site sustainability, terrestrial surveillance, waste management, water quality, and implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act. This report is prepared in accordance with and as required by DOE O 231.1B, Admin Change 1, Environment, Safety, and Health Reporting, and has been approved for public distribution.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2020

Fiscal Year 2020 Filtration of Hanford Tank Waste 241-AP-105

Bench-scale filtration testing of 15 liters of 241-AP-105 supernatant was conducted using a Mott inline filter Model 6610 (media grade 5) backpulsed dead-end filter (BDEF) in the hot cells of the Radiochemical Processing Laboratory at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The as-received samples were diluted with raw water from the Hanford Site to assess the propensity for solids to form upon dilution and to assess the impact those solids have on filtration performance. The feed was split into two batches. The first batch was settled and decanted as planned in Tank Side Cesium Removal operations. The BDEF was used to filter this AP-105 feed at a targeted flux of 0.065 gpm/ft 2 and exhibited no measurable pressure increase during filtration. The second batch was fed to the BDEF with solids resuspended. This was also operated at the targeted flux of 0.065 gpm/ft 2 . In this case, the target pressure differential of 2 psid (resistance of 6.24 × 10 10 m -1 ) was reached in slightly more than 12 h. A backpulse restored the filter flux; however, the time to the next backpulse was slightly shorter. These tests indicate that after the addition of raw water, settle and decant effectively removed solids from the feed. It is not possible to assess the time required for these solids to settle based on the result from these tests. However, if sufficient time is allowed for the solids to settle, no measurable filter fouling was observed in current testing. In contrast, if insufficient time is allowed for solids to settle, filter fouling will occur relatively quickly and will likely require backpulses more frequently than every 12 hours (1.91 m 3 /m 2 volume filtered). Solids concentrated from backpulse solutions displayed large variability in composition with Al-silicates and mixed chromium-aluminum oxide phases. Amounts of Mg, Fe, and Ca were also found in the presence of Na and O. These solids could be grouped in three categories: (1) soluble Na-salts that formed large block-like particles but were made up of fibrous materials, (2) amorphous Al-phases, and (3) colloidal iron oxides with an average particle diameter of 4.2 µm.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2020

Vadose Zone Model for SALDS for Composite Analysis

The objectives of the vadose modeling for the updated Hanford Site composite analysis (CA) are to simulate the flow and transport of water and radionuclide releases from the surface to the water table and to provide radionuclide transfer rates for the plateau to river (P2R) model, version 8.3 (CP-57037, Model Package Report: Plateau to River Groundwater Model, Version 8.3). Water additions include natural recharge and water discharged to the ground as a result of industrial processes associated with Hanford Site operations. Contaminant sources include radionuclides in water discharged to the ground during operations and radionuclides disposed “dry” in solid waste burial grounds or other means. The following 16 radionuclides were selected for this modeling effort: carbon-14 (C-14), chlorine-36 (Cl-36), tritium (H-3), iodine-129 (I-129), neptunium-237 (Np-237), rhenium-187 (Re-187), strontium-90 (Sr-90), technetium-99 (Tc-99), uranium-232 (U-232), uranium-233 (U-233), uranium-234 (U-234), uranium-235 (U-235), uranium-236 (U-236), uranium-238 (U-238), radium-226 (Ra-226), and thorium-230 (Th-230). The simulation time starts in 1943 and ends at 12070, which is 10,000 years after assumed Hanford Site closure in 2070. The parallel version of the Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases (STOMP1) simulator, officially named the exascale Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases (eSTOMP) is used to simulate flow and transport for the vadose models. The documentation for the STOMP code is comprehensive. The theoretical and numerical approaches applied in the STOMP code are documented in a published theory guide (PNNL-12030, STOMP Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases Version 2.0 Theory Guide). The code has undergone a rigorous verification procedure against analytical solutions, laboratory-scale experiments, and field-scale demonstrations. The application guide (PNNL-11216, STOMP Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases Application Guide) provides instructive examples in the application of the code to classical groundwater problems. The user’s guide (PNNL-15782, STOMP: Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases Version 4.0: User’s Guide) describes the general use, input file formatting, compilation, and execution of the code. The primary output of the vadose zone modeling is radionuclide transfer rates to the groundwater for input into the P2R model. The rates will be summed over the 100 by 100 m P2R grid cells that fall within the vadose zone model source domain. The Hanford Site Central Plateau was subdivided into 26 individual vadose zone models, with 13 in the 200 East Area and 13 in the 200 West Area. Waste sites that have a completed performance assessment (PA) or past-leak analysis were not included as sources of radionuclides. Instead the vadose zone to groundwater transfer rates of the Environmental Restoration Disposal Facility, Integrated Disposal Facility, US Ecology, and Waste Management Area C (WMA C) PAs and the past-leak analysis for WMA C were used as direct input to the P2R model. Each of the vadose zone models is documented in separate environmental calculation files (ECFs). This ECF describes the State-Approved Land Disposal Site (SALDS) model. The scope of this ECF is to document the development and results of the SALDS vadose zone model. CP-63515, Model Package Report: Central Plateau Vadose Zone Models, describes the approach, assumptions, process of determining the number of models required and domain of each model, input data, and processing common to all the models.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗