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At least 1,495 records · Page 83

Observations of plasmas associated with the magnetic signature of a plasmoid in the distant magnetotail

The three-dimensional electron and positive ion velocity distributions were examined for four events for which the magnetic signature of plasmoids occurred at the Geotail spacecraft position in Earth's distant magnetotail. The proton bulk parameters and the electron velocity distributions for one of the events are presented in order to characterize the qualitative character of the set of events. The north-to-south turnings of the magnetic field that were taken for evidence of the passage of a plasmoid were often accompanied by a significant strong core of B(sub y) that was centered on the transition of B(sub z) from north to south. The magnetic signatures thus appeared to be more indicative of flux ropes than of classical plasmoids with weak core fields. The proton and electron bulk velocities in these magnetic structures are not equal, a situation that provides an earthward current. The plasma beta was typically one or greater. Counterstreaming of low-energy electrons was often found on the magnetic field lines around the central magnetic core and suggested the existence of a closed field line topology in these regions. These events appeared to be the tailward flowing debris from acceleration processes occuring in the vicinity of a separator positioned nearer to Earth.

Frank, L. A.↗

An Assessment of Our Ability to Model the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere in Interactive Climate Models

The physics of the upper troposphere is dominated by the different phases of water, while the lower stratosphere is governed by the presence of ozone. The tropopause may be regarded as the layer which separates the regions where stratospheric and tropospheric processes dominate the physics, but it is clearly not a smooth transition level. Modelling this region in comprehensive climate models is complicated, partly because of the constraints inherent in numerical methods (such as the finite resolution used in models) and partly because of our incomplete knowledge of the physical and chemical interactions which occur (such as the phase transitions of water and the composition of aerosols). However, studies of stratospheric impacts on climate change clearly require the tropopause region to be modelled with a high degree of accuracy. This paper will examine how well we can currently model the structure and dynamics of the tropopause region; this includes some comparisons of the simulated atmospheric composition with observational estimates of these species, some studies of discrepancies between forecasts and observations in the Data Assimilation System of the Data Assimilation office, and inferences for sparsely observed quantities. The analysis will focus on meteorological quantities, physical forcing mechanisms, and the transport and interactions of trace species.

Pawson, Steven↗

Modeling of Convective-Stratiform Precipitation Processes: Sensitivity to Partitioning Methods

Six different convective-stratiform separation techniques, including a new technique that utilizes the ratio of vertical and terminal velocities, are compared and evaluated using two-dimensional numerical simulations of a tropical [Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE)] and midlatitude continental [Preliminary Regional Experiment for STORM-Central (PRESTORM)] squall line. Comparisons are made in terms of rainfall, cloud coverage, mass fluxes, apparent heating and moistening, mean hydrometeor profiles, CFADs (Contoured Frequency with Altitude Diagrams), microphysics, and latent heating retrieval. Overall, it was found that the different separation techniques produced results that qualitatively agreed. However, the quantitative differences were significant. Observational comparisons were unable to conclusively evaluate the performance of the techniques. Latent heating retrieval was shown to be sensitive to the use of separation technique mainly due to the stratiform region for methods that found very little stratiform rain.

Lang, S. E.↗

Novel High Efficient Organic Photovoltaic Materials: Final Summary of Research

The objectives and goals of this project were to investigate and develop high efficient, lightweight, and cost effective materials for potential photovoltaic applications, such as solar energy conversion or photo detector devices. Specifically, as described in the original project proposal, the target material to be developed was a block copolymer system containing an electron donating (or p-type) conjugated polymer block coupled to an electron withdrawing (or n-type) conjugated polymer block through a non-conjugated bridge unit. Due to several special requirements of the targeted block copolymer systems, such as electron donating and withdrawing substituents, conjugated block structures, processing requirement, stability requirement, size controllability, phase separation and self ordering requirement, etc., many traditional or commonly used block copolymer synthetic schemes are not suitable for this system. Therefore, the investigation and development of applicable and effective synthetic protocols became the most critical and challenging part of this project. During the entire project period, and despite the lack of a proposed synthetic polymer postdoctoral research associate due to severe shortage of qualified personnel in the field, several important accomplishments were achieved in this project and are briefly listed and elaborated. A more detailed research and experimental data is listed in the Appendix.

Sun, Sam↗

Collaborative Resource Allocation

Collaborative Resource Allocation Networking Environment (CRANE) Version 0.5 is a prototype created to prove the newest concept of using a distributed environment to schedule Deep Space Network (DSN) antenna times in a collaborative fashion. This program is for all space-flight and terrestrial science project users and DSN schedulers to perform scheduling activities and conflict resolution, both synchronously and asynchronously. Project schedulers can, for the first time, participate directly in scheduling their tracking times into the official DSN schedule, and negotiate directly with other projects in an integrated scheduling system. A master schedule covers long-range, mid-range, near-real-time, and real-time scheduling time frames all in one, rather than the current method of separate functions that are supported by different processes and tools. CRANE also provides private workspaces (both dynamic and static), data sharing, scenario management, user control, rapid messaging (based on Java Message Service), data/time synchronization, workflow management, notification (including emails), conflict checking, and a linkage to a schedule generation engine. The data structure with corresponding database design combines object trees with multiple associated mortal instances and relational database to provide unprecedented traceability and simplify the existing DSN XML schedule representation. These technologies are used to provide traceability, schedule negotiation, conflict resolution, and load forecasting from real-time operations to long-range loading analysis up to 20 years in the future. CRANE includes a database, a stored procedure layer, an agent-based middle tier, a Web service wrapper, a Windows Integrated Analysis Environment (IAE), a Java application, and a Web page interface.

Wang, Yeou-Fang↗

Notes on Lithology, Mineralogy, and Production for Lunar Simulants

The creation of lunar simulants requires a very broad range of specialized knowledge and information. This document covers several topic areas relevant to lithology, mineralogy, and processing of feedstock materials that are necessary components of the NASA lunar simulant effort. The naming schemes used for both terrestrial and lunar igneous rocks are discussed. The conflict between the International Union of Geological Sciences standard and lunar geology is noted. The rock types known as impactites are introduced. The discussion of lithology is followed by a brief synopsis of pyroxene, plagioclase, and olivine, which are the major mineral constituents of the lunar crust. The remainder of the text addresses processing of materials, particularly the need for separation of feedstock minerals. To illustrate this need, the text includes descriptions of two norite feedstocks for lunar simulants: the Stillwater Complex in Montana, United States, and the Bushveld Complex in South Africa. Magnetic mineral separations, completed by Hazen Research, Inc. and Eriez Manufacturing Co. for the simulant task, are discussed.

Rickman, D. L.↗

Controlling Second Harmonic Efficiency of Laser Beam Interactions

A method is provided for controlling second harmonic efficiency of laser beam interactions. A laser system generates two laser beams (e.g., a laser beam with two polarizations) for incidence on a nonlinear crystal having a preferred direction of propagation. Prior to incidence on the crystal, the beams are optically processed based on the crystal's beam separation characteristics to thereby control a position in the crystal along the preferred direction of propagation at which the beams interact.

Barnes, Norman P.↗

Performance Evaluation of Staged Bosch Process for CO2 Reduction to Produce Life Support Consumables

Utilizing carbon dioxide to produce water and hence oxygen is critical for sustained manned missions in space, and to support both NASA's cabin Atmosphere Revitalization System (ARS) and In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) concepts. For long term missions beyond low Earth orbit, where resupply is significantly more difficult and costly, open loop ARS, like Sabatier, consume inputs such as hydrogen. The Bosch process, on the other hand, has the potential to achieve complete loop closure and is hence a preferred choice. However, current single stage Bosch reactor designs suffer from a large recycle penalty due to slow reaction rates and the inherent limitation in approaching thermodynamic equilibrium. Developmental efforts are seeking to improve upon the efficiency (hence reducing the recycle penalty) of current single stage Bosch reactors which employ traditional steel wool catalysts. Precision Combustion, Inc. (PCI), with support from NASA, has investigated the potential for utilizing catalysts supported over short-contact time Microlith substrates for the Bosch reaction to achieve faster reaction rates, higher conversions, and a reduced recycle flows. Proof-of-concept testing was accomplished for a staged Bosch process by splitting the chemistry in two separate reactors, first being the reverse water-gas-shift (RWGS) and the second being the carbon formation reactor (CFR) via hydrogenation and/or Boudouard. This paper presents the results from this feasibility study at various operating conditions. Additionally, results from two 70 hour durability tests for the RWGS reactor are discussed.

Vilekar, Saurabh A.↗

Development of a Premixed Combustion Capability for Scramjet Combustion Experiments

Hypersonic air-breathing engines rely on scramjet combustion processes, which involve high speed, compressible, and highly turbulent flows. The combustion environment and the turbulent flames at the heart of these engines are difficult to simulate and study in the laboratory under well controlled conditions. Typically, wind-tunnel testing is performed that more closely approximates engine testing rather than a careful investigation of the underlying physics that drives the combustion process. The experiments described in this paper, along with companion data sets being developed separately, aim to isolate the chemical kinetic effects from the fuel-air mixing process in a dual-mode scramjet combustion environment. A unique fuel injection approach is taken that produces a nearly uniform fuel-air mixture at the entrance to the combustor. This approach relies on the precombustion shock train upstream of the dual-mode scramjet combustor. A stable ethylene flame anchored on a cavity flameholder with a uniformly mixed combustor inflow has been achieved in these experiments allowing numerous companion studies involving coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), particle image velocimetry (PIV), and planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) to be performed.

Rockwell, Robert D.↗

Comparative Analysis of Two Cryogenic Force Balance Calibration Systems

Cryogenic wind-tunnel facilities face unique challenges in the calibration and operation of various measurement systems and instrumentation. Instruments that are subjected to the cryogenic conditions of the test plenum require careful design and calibration procedures to maintain instrument performance. NASA’s National Transonic Facility (NTF) and the European Transonic Windtunnel (ETW) are two cryogenic wind-tunnel facilities, each with the ability to calibrate force measurement systems (FMS) at cryogenic conditions. These facilities have different methodologies and processes for calibrating these systems. This paper discusses differences in the methodologies and processes and compares the results of two separate cryogenic calibrations of the NTF-118A force balance that were completed at both wind-tunnel facilities.

Toro, Kenneth G.↗

Water Quality Contamination Sources and Controls for the Exploration Extra-vehicular Mobility Unit (xEMU)

NASA has been developing a new spacesuit, called the Exploration Extravehicular Mobility Unit (xEMU) for over a decade. This spacesuit is underdevelopment to support missions to the International Space Station (ISS) and also to the Moon. The xEMU uses controlled evaporative cooling through a membrane to reject waste heat from the crewmember, avionics, and environmental in-leak during autonomous operation. Given the unique mass and volume constraints imposed by the spacesuit application and the opportunities presented by the selection of a given membrane, the xEMU does not possess a separate feedwater loop to feed the evaporation process, rather the feedwater for the evaporation process is fed directly from the transport loop which collects heat from the sources within the suit. This has many benefits including mass/volume reductions from a lower component count within the system but does pose some additional potential constraints on water quality within the system in order to provide a working fluid that can be pumped, filtered, and used in contact with the remainder of the system while both avoiding fouling of the membrane as well as other deleterious effects such as creating conditions for corrosion of wetted surfaces within the transport loop. The discussion will seek to address the main sources of contamination and the applied controls. Sources considered will include: self-generated via materials selection and processes applied, influent working fluid, contamination of the influent working fluid via Ground Support Equipment (GSE) or processing equipment, microbial activity, and environmental influences such as elevated ambient CO2.

Colin Campbell↗

Extraction and Capture of Water from Martian Regolith Experimental Proof-of-Concept

Mars Design Reference Architecture 5.0:Lists in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) as enabling for robust human Mars missionsLO2LCH4 ascent propulsion 25,000 kg oxygen from atmosphere for ascent and life support Atmospheric based ISRU processes less operationally complex than surface based limited concept evaluation to date and Mars surface water property and distribution uncertainty would not allow [Mars soil water processing] to be base lined at this time Limited Concept Evaluation to Date Lunar regolith O2 extraction processing experience Lunar regolith is fluidized and heated to high temperatures with H2 to produce H2O from iron-bearing minerals Mars similarity concept: Soil placed in fluidized bed reactor Heated to moderate temperatures Inert gas flow used to fluidize the bed and help with water desorption Challenges: High-temperature dusty seals Working gas requires downstream separation and recycling to reduce consumables loss Batch process heating thermally inefficient.

in situ resource utilization↗

A mathematical design framework for membrane pre-concentration in energy-efficient recovery of fermentation products

Due to the dilute nature of products manufactured via fermentation and cell-free bioprocessing, dewatering is a common unit operation in downstream processing (DSP) for bioproduct recovery, but it is typically energy intensive. To improve DSP energy efficiency for bio-based small molecules, integrating high-pressure membrane pre-concentration is a promising process option. However, this approach is typically constrained by a tradeoff between concentration factor (CF) and product recovery (PR), namely increasing the CF typically results in greater product loss, and vice versa. Here we developed a model that enables process design guidelines to: (i) identify scenarios in which the additional energy consumption and product loss from membrane pre-concentration are justified for use in DSP, and (ii) determine the optimal CF that minimizes process specific energy consumption. We compared the energy consumption of high-pressure membrane-integrated processes to evaporation-only processes and applied the model to an experimental case study for the separation and purification of butyric acid from Clostridium tyrobutyricum fermentation using an in situ product recovery (ISPR) process. The model estimated that integrating a tangential-flow reverse osmosis (RO) pre-concentration unit could reduce process energy consumption up to 45%. The use of advanced membrane pre-concentration technologies, such as negative rejection membranes and organic solvent reverse osmosis (OSRO), have the potential to further reduce the overall process specific energy consumption up to 96%, projected based on modeling. Overall, membrane pre-concentration, especially when strategically integrated prior to an evaporation step with optimized process conditions, holds significant potential for improving DSP energy efficiency, particularly in applications requiring substantial solvent removal for product recovery from dilute mixtures.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

Alkylamine Incorporation in Amidoxime Functionalized Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity for Gas Capture and Separation

Amidoxime functionalized polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) are synthesized from postsynthetic functionalization of PIM‐1 with hydroxylamine and processed into chemisorbents with alkylamine incorporation. Strong interaction between functionalized PIM‐1 and primary amines is characterized in detail by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) study. As‐prepared sorbents not only show the highest CO 2 uptake capacity (37.9 cm 3 g −1 at 0.15 bar and 298 K) recorded in reported PIMs, but they also demonstrate tunable, processable, and stable polymeric sorbent design, which can be nanoengineered for other gas capture and separation applications.

Miles, Ashley↗

Search for non-resonant Higgs boson pair production in the $2b+2\ell +{E}_{\textrm{T}}^{\textrm{miss}}$ final state in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A search for non-resonant Higgs boson pair (HH) production is presented, in which one of the Higgs bosons decays to a b-quark pair ($b\bar{b}$) and the other decays to WW * , ZZ * , or τ + τ – , with in each case a final state with ℓ + ℓ – + neutrinos (ℓ = e, μ). The analysis targets separately the gluon-gluon fusion and vector boson fusion production modes. Data recorded by the ATLAS detector in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 140 fb –1 , are used in this analysis. Events are selected to have exactly two b-tagged jets and two leptons with opposite electric charge and missing transverse momentum in the final state. These events are classified using multivariate analysis algorithms to separate the HH events from other Standard Model processes. No evidence of the signal is found. The observed (expected) upper limit on the cross-section for non-resonant Higgs boson pair production is determined to be 9.7 (16.2) times the Standard Model prediction at 95% confidence level. The Higgs boson self-interaction coupling parameter κ λ and the quadrilinear coupling parameter κ 2V are each separately constrained by this analysis to be within the ranges [–6.2, 13.3] and [–0.17, 2.4], respectively, at 95% confidence level, when all other parameters are fixed.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Simulated null-gravity environments as applied to electrophoretic separations of biological species

The scale-up of electrophoretic separations to provide preparative quantities of materials has been hampered by gravity induced convection and sedimentation. The separation of biologically important species may be significantly enhanced by electrophoretic space processing. Simple demonstrations on past space flights have proven some principles. Several techniques have been evolved to study electrophoretic separations where the effects of gravity have been nullified or significantly reduced. These techniques employ mechanical design, density gradients and computer modeling. Utilization of these techniques for ground based studies will yield clues as to which biological species can be considered prime candidates for electrophoretic processing in zero-G.

Giannovario, J. A.↗

Thermodynamic processes induced by coherent radiation

It is shown by quantum statistics that under certain stated conditions the entropy of coherent radiation is zero and it is still negligible for multimode laser operation. This makes possible gas kinetic processes which, to a small extent, have already been observed or even utilized, but which can be greatly enhanced by an optimized choice of molecular structures and radiation conditions. Radiative cooling of gases is discussed in detail. The conditions for maximum heat withdrawal are derived, and it is proposed that the processes of cooling and relaxation heating can be sufficiently separated in time to achieve certain effects and thermodynamic cycles. One of these is the complete conversion, possible in principle, of coherent radiation into work. This concept is based on a heat pump process followed by heat-to-work conversion, the heat rejected being just equal to that withdrawn by radiation. The conditions for complete conversion turn out to be the same as for maximum heat withdrawal. The feasibility of these processes depends on the degree to which practical conditions can be met, and on the validity of certain assumptions which have to await experimental verification.

Garbuny, M.↗

Combustion noise and combustion instabilities in propulsion systems

This paper is concerned with some aspects of non-linear behavior of unsteady motions in combustion chambers. The emphasis is on conditions under which organized oscillations having discrete frequencies may exist in the presence of random motions. In order to treat the two types of motions together, and particularly to investigate coupling between noise and combustion instabilities, the unsteady field is represented as a synthesis of acoustic modes having time-varying amplitudes. Each of the amplitudes are written as the sum of two parts, one associated with the random field and the remainder representing the organized oscillations. After spatial averaging, the general problem is reduced to solution of a set of second-order ordinary differential equations whose structure depends on the sorts of nonlinear processes accounted for. This formulation accommodates any physical process; in particular, terms are included to represent noise sources, although only limited modeling is discussed. Our results suggest that random sources of noise have only small effects on combustion instabilities and seem not to be a cause of unstable motions. However, the coupling between the two sorts of unsteady motions may be important as an essential process in a proposed scheme for noise control. It is now a familiar observation that many nonlinear deterministic systems are capable of exhibiting apparently random motions called 'chaos.' This is a particularly interesting possibility for systems which also executed non-deterministic random motions. In combustion chambers, a nonlinear deterministic system (acoustical motions) exists in the presence of noise produced by flow separation, turbulent motions, and energy released by combustion processes. The last part of the paper is directed to the matter of discovering whether or not chaotic motions exist in combustion systems. Analysis has not progressed sufficiently far to answer the question. We report here recent results of processing data taken in one combustor to determine the dimensions of any attractors in the motions. No evidence has been found for chaos in the strict sense, but the method seems to be an important means of investigating the nonlinear behavior of combustion systems.

F. E. C. Culick↗