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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,495 records · Page 83
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Eco-driving Profile Optimization by Dynamic Programming for Battery Electric Vehicles

Although full automation has not yet been achieved, automated vehicles are a valid research area. Not only would automated vehicles provide ultimate driver convenience, but they would maximize energy efficiency by eliminating undesired human driving behaviors and optimally controlling the powertrain. From the perspective of control related to energy saving, speed profile optimization is important for improving system efficiency and satisfying passenger demands. This study employs Dynamic Programming (DP) to solve the constrained optimal problem for travel time, distance, and speed limit by exploring all possible control options. The solutions obtained by DP demonstrate consistent control patterns combining four control modes-acceleration, cruising, coasting, and braking, with cruising or coasting being selective depending on the boundary conditions. Further, this study introduces DP-based simulation results and attempts to provide comprehensive interpretations of the optimal policy by analyzing the essential factors that affect the control problem, including boundary conditions, road load, and powertrain characteristics. Based on these interpretations, the control concepts can be explained as the optimal policy selecting the best control option based on system efficiency and boundary conditions. The results of DP are compared with a human-like driver model to show that the optimal speed profiles can effectively reduce energy consumption.

Autonomous vehicles↗
DOE OSTI2015

Argon Cluster Sputtering Source for ToF-SIMS Depth Profiling of Insulating Materials: High Sputter Rate and Accurate Interfacial Information

For the first time, the use of an argon cluster ion sputtering source has been demonstrated to perform superiorly relative to traditional oxygen and cesium ion sputtering sources for ToF-SIMS depth profiling of insulating materials. The superior performance has been attributed to effective alleviation of surface charging. A simulated nuclear waste glass, SON68, and layered hole-perovskite oxide thin films were selected as model systems due to their fundamental and practical significance. Our study shows that if the size of analysis areas is same, the highest sputter rate of argon cluster sputtering can be 2-3 times faster than the highest sputter rates of oxygen or cesium sputtering. More importantly, high quality data and high sputter rates can be achieved simultaneously for argon cluster sputtering while this is not the case for cesium and oxygen sputtering. Therefore, for deep depth profiling of insulating samples, the measurement efficiency of argon cluster sputtering can be about 6-15 times better than traditional cesium and oxygen sputtering. Moreover, for a SrTiO3/SrCrO3 bi-layer thin film on a SrTiO3 substrate, the true 18O/16O isotopic distribution at the interface is better revealed when using the argon cluster sputtering source. Therefore, the implementation of an argon cluster sputtering source can significantly improve the measurement efficiency of insulating materials, and thus can expand the application of ToF-SIMS to the study of glass corrosion, perovskite oxide thin films, and many other potential systems.

Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory↗
DOE OSTI2023

High fidelity model of directed energy deposition: Laser-powder-melt pool interaction and effect of laser beam profile on solidification microstructure

Metal additive manufacturing technologies keep receiving a great deal of interest as well as strong requests to develop methods to link the process science to printed parts performance and understand how to overcome inherent limitations. Here, a high-fidelity model based on the multiphysics ALE3D code was developed to reproduce the directed energy deposition process down to the powder scale. This includes resolving the laser-powder-melt pool interactions (powder impingement and incorporation into melt pool, hydrodynamics flow condition and laser absorption inefficiencies) as well as the resulting solidification microstructure. This micrometer scale digital twin captured the effect of powder incorporation process and powder flow rate on porosity. Furthermore, it was used to explore how a ring laser beam profile instead of the standard Gaussian laser profile could decrease the thermal gradient along the solidification front in the melt pool, which in turn can increase propensity for more desirable equiaxed grains.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Alterations of urinary metabolite profile in model diabetic nephropathy

Highlights: • {sup 1}H NMR spectroscopy was employed to study urinary metabolite profile in diabetic mouse models. • Mouse urinary metabolome showed major changes that are also found in human diabetic nephropathy. • These models can be new tools to study urinary biomarkers that are relevant to human disease. - Abstract: Countering the diabetes pandemic and consequent complications, such as nephropathy, will require better understanding of disease mechanisms and development of new diagnostic methods. Animal models can be versatile tools in studies of diabetic renal disease when model pathology is relevant to human diabetic nephropathy (DN). Diabetic models using endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) knock-out mice develop major renal lesions characteristic of human disease. However, it is unknown whether they can also reproduce changes in urinary metabolites found in human DN. We employed Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic mouse models of DN, i.e. STZ-eNOS{sup −/−} C57BLKS and eNOS{sup −/−} C57BLKS db/db, with the goal of determining changes in urinary metabolite profile using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Six urinary metabolites with significantly lower levels in diabetic compared to control mice have been identified. Specifically, major changes were found in metabolites from tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and aromatic amino acid catabolism including 3-indoxyl sulfate, cis-aconitate, 2-oxoisocaproate, N-phenyl-acetylglycine, 4-hydroxyphenyl acetate, and hippurate. Levels of 4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid and hippuric acid showed the strongest reverse correlation to albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), which is an indicator of renal damage. Importantly, similar changes in urinary hydroxyphenyl acetate and hippurate were previously reported in human renal disease. We demonstrated that STZ-eNOS{sup −/−} C57BLKS and eNOS{sup −/−} C57BLKS db/db mouse models can recapitulate changes in urinary metabolome found in human DN and therefore can be useful new tools in metabolomic studies relevant to human pathology.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

Comparative analysis of methicillin-sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus exposed to emodin based on proteomic profiling

Highlights: • Emodin is effective against methicillin-sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. • Global proteomic profiling revealed 145 and 122 significant changes in MSSA and MRSA after emodin treatment, respectively. • Profiling interaction network analysis demonstrated emodin potentially targeted MRSA via multiple mechanisms. Emodin has a strong antibacterial activity, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, the mechanism by which emodin induces growth inhibition against MRSA remains unclear. In this study, the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteomics approach was used to investigate the modes of action of emodin on a MRSA isolate and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus ATCC29213(MSSA). Proteomic analysis showed that expression levels of 145 and 122 proteins were changed significantly in MRSA and MSSA, respectively, after emodin treatment. Comparative analysis of the functions of differentially expressed proteins between the two strains was performed via bioinformatics tools blast2go and STRING database. Proteins related to pyruvate pathway imbalance induction, protein synthesis inhibition, and DNA synthesis suppression were found in both methicillin-sensitive and resistant strains. Moreover, Interference proteins related to membrane damage mechanism were also observed in MRSA. Our findings indicate that emodin is a potential antibacterial agent targeting MRSA via multiple mechanisms.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Circular RNA expression profiles in placental villi from women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Highlights: • More than 40,000 circRNAs are sequenced in the placental villi. • The expression profile of circRNAs in GDM is different from that in controls. • The potential effects of many differential circRNAs are involve in the development of GDM. • Some differential circRNAs have binding sites of GDM-related miRNAs. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have recently been shown to exert their effects on multiple pathological processes by acting as microRNA (miRNA) sponges. However, the roles of circRNAs in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are largely unknown. This study aimed to identify the circRNAs involved in GDM and predict their potential biological functions. We first performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) to generate unbiased placental villi circRNA expression profiles of GDM and normal controls. In total, 48,270 circRNAs from the placental villi of the two groups were sequenced. Of these, 227 circRNAs were significantly up-regulated and 255 circRNAs were significantly down-regulated. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) biological pathway analyses demonstrated that glycometabolism and lipometabolism processes, which are important in GDM development, were significantly enriched. Further analysis showed that most of the circRNAs harbored miRNA binding sites, and some were associated with GDM. These results showed that circRNAs are aberrantly expressed in the placental villi of GDM patients and play potential roles in the development of GDM.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Genome-wide profiles of metastasis-associated mRNAs and microRNAs in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma

Highlights: • Different expressed miRNAs and mRNAs were profiled in lowly and highly metastatic SACC cell lines. • Multiple regulatory interactions between miRNAs and mRNAs may contribute to SACC metastasis. • miR-338–5p/3p and their target LAMC2 function on metastasis of multiple types of cancer. Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) is often accompanied with poor prognosis due to local recurrence, distant metastasis, and perineural invasion. The mechanism involved in SACC metastasis is not yet fully understood. In this study, we profiled the expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) in a SACC cell line, ACC-2, and a highly metastatic SACC cell line, ACC-M, using high-throughput sequencing. We discovered that: (1) differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs and DE miRNAs are potentially involved in SACC metastasis; (2) multiple regulatory interactions between DE miRNAs and DE mRNAs exist; and (3) miR-338–5p/3p target LAMC2 to impair motility and invasion of ACC-M and MDA-MB-231 cells. In conclusion, our study integrated the regulatory effects of miRNAs and mRNAs on SACC metastasis and provided a potential application for miRNAs in future therapeutic intervention.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Modulation of lipid mediator profile may contribute to amelioration of chronic inflammation in adipose tissue of obese mice by pioglitazone

Highlights: • Pioglitazone alters the lipid mediator profile of adipose tissue in KKAy mice. • Pioglitazone increases the production of lipoxin B{sub 4} (LXB{sub 4}) in adipocytes. • LXB{sub 4} increases interleukin-10 gene expression in adipose tissue explants. • LXB{sub 4} may mediate the anti-inflammatory action of pioglitazone in adipose tissue. Thiazolidinediones exert their antidiabetic effect in part by ameliorating chronic inflammation in adipose tissue. However, the precise mechanism of this anti-inflammatory action has remained unclear. We here investigated the effects of the TZD pioglitazone on the lipid mediator profile of adipose tissue in obese diabetic KKAy mice by metabololipidomics analysis based on liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Pioglitazone treatment increased the amounts of pro-resolving lipid mediators including lipoxin B{sub 4} (LXB{sub 4}), resolvin E2, and eicosapentaenoic acid as well as reduced those of prostaglandin E{sub 2} and 4-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid in epididymal adipose tissue of KKAy mice. These effects were accompanied by increased expression of genes for the anti-inflammatory proteins arginase 1, interleukin (IL)–13, and IL-10 in this tissue. Pioglitazone also increased LXB{sub 4} production in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Finally, LXB{sub 4} increased IL-10 gene expression in adipose tissue explants from KKAy mice. Together, our results suggest that up-regulation of LXB{sub 4} may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effect of pioglitazone in obese adipose tissue.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Higher-order interaction effects among operating conditions and feedstocks shape reactor microbiomes and fatty acid production profiles

Arrested anaerobic digestion (AAD) offers a promising route for producing fatty acids (FAs) from organic residues, yet optimal conditions for selectively generating medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) remain poorly defined. Here, we systematically evaluated the main and interaction effects of pH (5, 7, 9), feedstock (food waste, manure), temperature (35 and 45 °C), and inoculum source on microbiome composition and FA production. Anaerobic digester sludge and a novel bison rumen inoculum were compared. Significant higher-order interactions among operating parameters governed FA profiles and microbiome structure. Butyric acid production was driven by a three-way interaction among pH, feedstock, and temperature (p < 0.001), with maximum concentrations achieved in food waste reactors at pH 5.0 and 35 °C (1.2 ± 0.1 g L −1 with sludge and 1.1 ± 0.3 g L −1 with rumen). MCFA production exhibited significant four-way interactions (p < 0.1 to p < 0.001). At 45 °C and pH 5.0, inoculum source tuned MCFA selectivity: sludge favored pentanoic acid (0.4 ± 0.1 g L −1 ), whereas rumen favored hexanoic and heptanoic acids (up to 0.4 ± 0.2 g L −1 ). Manure reactors produced < 0.2 g L −1 MCFAs under all conditions. Genera, including Megasphaera, Prevotella, and Lactobacillus, were associated with production of specific MCFAs. PICRUSt2-based pathway predictions were consistent with MCFA production patterns and suggested a potential role for lactic acid–driven chain elongation pathways. This study provides insights into how interacting operating conditions shape AAD microbiomes, their FA profiles, and advances the trajectory of research aimed at engineering robust and controllable microbiomes for waste valorization.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2017

A quantitative method for analyzing glycome profiles of plant cell walls

Glycome profiling allows for the characterization of plant cell wall ultrastructure via sequential extractions and subsequent detection of specific epitopes with a suite of glycan-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The data are often viewed as the amount of materials recovered and coinciding colored heatmaps of mAb binding are generated. Interpretation of these data can be considered qualitative in nature as it depends on detecting subtle visual differences in antibody binding strength. In this paper we report a mixed model-based quantitative approach for glycome profile analyses, which accounts for the amount of materials recovered and displays the normalized values in revised heatmaps and statistical heatmaps depicting significant differences. The utility of this methodology was demonstrated on a previously published dataset investigating the effects of moisture stress on the roots and needles of Pinus taeda. An annotated R script for the quantitative methodology is included to allow future studies to utilize the same approach.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Transient moisture profiles in cover-zone concrete during water absorption

A number of sophisticated techniques, such as NMR imaging and γ-ray attenuation, have now been used to study moisture transport in porous construction materials. This paper presents initial developments in the application of discretized, electrical conductivity measurements as a relatively simple technique to monitor water movement within cover-zone concrete. Using a 3-phase model and the Archie relationship for porous rock formations, conductivity measurements are used to evaluate moisture-content profiles during water ingress and, through the use of Boltzmann's transformation, it is shown that these profiles collapse onto a master-curve. Having obtained the master-curve during absorption, the capillary transport coefficient (D{sub θ}) can then be obtained; however, the current work focuses on presenting the methodology as an alternative testing technique.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Investigation of countercurrent flow profile and liquid holdup in random packed column with local CFD data

Liquid holdup and mass transfer area are critical parameters used in packed column design and CO 2 capture efficiency prediction. Compared to experimental methods, 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can provide high-resolution data for studying countercurrent flow hydrodynamics in a packed column. In this paper, a framework was established for modeling the liquid–gas countercurrent flow in a random packed column with pall rings. Besides the column-averaged information, the radial pall ring distribution, velocity, and liquid holdup profiles are obtained in the simulations. The radial two-phase velocity and liquid holdup profiles show significant fluctuations caused by the non-uniform pall ring distribution. The entrance effect and wall influence are also observed in the packed column. By using local countercurrent flow information, the packing specific area $a_p$ and liquid velocity $u_L$ range are significantly expanded for liquid holdup hL prediction. This enables us to develop the liquid holdup correlation with one packing size and six CFD runs only. The proposed power law of the liquid holdup correlation $h_L~u_L^{0.44}$ indicates the random packed column falls in a viscous to turbulent transition regime with a Reynolds Number range of [6.7–40.2]. The derived liquid holdup correlation is in good agreement with existing correlations that are developed using the column-averaged experimental data.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Dataset of simulated vibrational density of states and X-ray diffraction profiles of mechanically deformed and disordered atomic structures in Gold, Iron, Magnesium, and Silicon

This dataset is comprised of a library of atomistic structure files and corresponding X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles and vibrational density of states (VDoS) profiles for bulk single crystal silicon (Si), gold (Au), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe) with and without disorder introduced into the atomic structure and with and without mechanical loading. Included with the atomistic structure files are descriptor files that measure the stress state, phase fractions, and dislocation content of the microstructures. All data was generated via molecular dynamics or molecular statics simulations using the Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) code. This dataset can inform the understanding of how local or global changes to a materials microstructure can alter their spectroscopic and diffraction behavior across a variety of initial structure types (cubic diamond, face-centered cubic (FCC), hexagonal close-packed (HCP), and body-centered cubic (BCC) for Si, Au, Mg, and Fe, respectively) and overlapping changes to the microstructure (i.e., both disorder insertion and mechanical loading).

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Leveraging hyperspectral phenotyping for accurate, non-destructive prediction of metabolite profiles in poplar under drought stress

Accurately predicting drought tolerance in woody perennial bioenergy crops is critical for sustainable biomass production under fluctuating precipitation. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) in the visible-near-infrared (VNIR) and shortwave-infrared (SWIR) ranges offers a promising approach for predicting plant biochemical traits, yet its application in metabolite profiling remains underexplored. We integrated VNIR+SWIR HSI with untargeted metabolomics to investigate drought-induced metabolic shifts in Populus leaves from eight Populus genotypes. Metabolite profiling identified 127 compounds, with 73 showing significant drought responses spanning amino acids (AA), carbohydrates (CHO), phenolic glycosides (PG), organic acids (OA), fatty acids and alcohols (FA), terpenes (T), phenolic metabolites (P), and unclassified metabolites. Spectral analysis revealed consistently higher reflectance across VNIR and SWIR wavelengths in drought-stressed plants, corresponding with increased accumulation of AA and reduced CHO and PG levels. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression modeling identified robust spectral predictors of metabolite concentrations, associating VNIR wavelengths (500–700 nm) predominantly with AA and P, whereas SWIR wavelengths (1680–1700 nm) reliably predicted CHO, OA, and T. Several stable spectral-metabolite associations persisted across the two watering regimes (drought vs. well-watered), highlighting their potential as spectral biomarkers for non-destructive stress monitoring. Minimal genotype-specific variation suggests that observed spectral and metabolic responses were driven primarily by environmental factors, likely reflecting limited genetic diversity among the commercial Populus genotypes examined. This work establishes VNIR+SWIR hyperspectral imaging as a powerful, non-destructive phenotyping tool for precision monitoring and targeted improvement of drought resilience in bioenergy crops.

Biochemical trait prediction↗
DOE OSTI2017

Entropy in self-similar shock profiles

In this paper, we study the structure of a gaseous shock, and in particular the distribution of entropy within, in both a thermodynamics and a statistical mechanics context. The problem of shock structure has a long and distinguished history that we review. We employ the Navier–Stokes equations to construct a self–similar version of Becker’s solution for a shock assuming a particular (physically plausible) Prandtl number; that solution reproduces the well–known result of Morduchow & Libby that features a maximum of the equilibrium entropy inside the shock profile. We then construct an entropy profile, based on gas kinetic theory, that is smooth and monotonically increasing. The extension of equilibrium thermodynamics to irreversible processes is based in part on the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium. We show that this assumption is not valid except for the weakest shocks. Finally, we conclude by hypothesizing a thermodynamic nonequilibrium entropy and demonstrating that it closely estimates the gas kinetic nonequilibrium entropy within a shock.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Urinary and Rectal Toxicity Profiles After Permanent Iodine-125 Implant Brachytherapy in Japanese Men: Nationwide J-POPS Multi-institutional Prospective Cohort Study

Purpose: To assess, in a nationwide multi-institutional cohort study begun in 2005 and in which 6927 subjects were enrolled by 2010, the urinary and rectal toxicity profiles of subjects who enrolled during the first 2 years, and evaluate the toxicity profiles for permanent seed implantation (PI) and a combination therapy with PI and external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). Methods and Materials: Baseline data for 2339 subjects out of 2354 patients were available for the analyses. Toxicities were evaluated using the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, and the International Prostate Symptom Scores were recorded prospectively until 36 months after radiation therapy. Results: Grade 2+ acute urinary toxicities developed in 7.36% (172 of 2337) and grade 2+ acute rectal toxicities developed in 1.03% (24 of 2336) of the patients. Grade 2+ late urinary and rectal toxicities developed in 5.75% (133 of 2312) and 1.86% (43 of 2312) of the patients, respectively. A higher incidence of grade 2+ acute urinary toxicity occurred in the PI group than in the EBRT group (8.49% vs 3.66%; P<.01). Acute rectal toxicity outcomes were similar between the treatment groups. The 3-year cumulative incidence rates for grade 2+ late urinary toxicities were 6.04% versus 4.82% for the PI and the EBRT groups, respectively, with no significant differences between the treatment groups. The 3-year cumulative incidence rates for grade 2+ late rectal toxicities were 0.90% versus 5.01% (P<.01) for the PI and the EBRT groups, respectively. The mean of the postimplant International Prostate Symptom Score peaked at 3 months, but it decreased to a range that was within 2 points of the baseline score, which was observed in 1625 subjects (69.47%) at the 1-year follow-up assessment. Conclusions: The acute urinary toxicities observed were acceptable given the frequency and retention, and the late rectal toxicities were more favorable than those of other studies.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Reconstruction of NSTX midplane neutral density profiles from visible imaging data

In this report the experimental determination of neutral densities in tokamak plasmas from line radiation is only accurate in the narrow region in which both the excitation rate and neutral density are significant. We describe an alternative procedure using the DEGAS 2 Monte Carlo neutral transport code to invert light emission data obtained from a tangentially viewing camera, yielding absolute radial profiles of deuterium atoms and molecules at midplane. That the neutral source in these simulations can be adequately characterized as a uniform flux at the vacuum vessel wall is demonstrated by the similarity of the shapes of the simulated and observed brightness profiles. A second test is obtained by comparing the resulting neutral pressures at the vessel walls with data from midplane micro-ion gauges. We also show that the simulated camera image is insensitive to variations in the spatial distribution of the neutral source.

(PSI-21) NSTX DEGAS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Parametric Evaluation of SiC/SiC Composite Cladding with UO 2 Fuel for LWR Applications: Fuel Rod Interactions and Impact of Nonuniform Power Profile in Fuel Rod

SiC/SiC composites are candidates for accident tolerant fuel cladding in light water reactors. In the extreme nuclear reactor environment, SiC-based fuel cladding will be exposed to neutron damage, significant heat flux, and a corrosive environment. Here, to ensure reliable and safe operation of accident tolerant fuel cladding concepts such as SiC-based materials, it is important to assess thermo-mechanical performance under in-reactor conditions including irradiation and realistic temperature distributions. The effect of non-uniform dimensional changes caused by neutron irradiation with spatially varying temperatures, along with the closing of the fuel–cladding gap, on the stress development in the cladding over the course of irradiation were evaluated. The effect of non-uniform circumferential power profile in the fuel rod on the mechanical performance of the cladding is also evaluated. These analyses have been performed using the BISON fuel performance modeling code and the commercial finite element analysis code Abaqus. A constitutive model is constructed and solved numerically to predict the stress distribution in the cladding under normal operating conditions. The dependence of dimensions and thermophysical properties on irradiation dose and temperature has been incorporated into the models. Initial scoping results from parametric analyses provide time varying stress distributions in the cladding as well as the interaction of fuel rod with the cladding under different conditions of initial fuel rod-cladding gap and linear heat rate. It is found that a non-uniform circumferential power profile in the fuel rod may cause significant lateral bowing in the cladding, and motivates further analysis and evaluation.

Accident tolerant fuel↗