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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,495 records · Page 83
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2012

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for liver metastasis: therapeutic efficacy in an experimental model

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) was proposed for untreatable colorectal liver metastases. The present study evaluates tumor control and potential radiotoxicity of BNCT in an experimental model of liver metastasis. BDIX rats were inoculated with syngeneic colon cancer cells DHD/K12/TRb. Tumor-bearing animals were divided into three groups: BPA–BNCT, boronophenylalanine (BPA) ? neutron irradiation; Beam only, neutron irradiation; Sham, matched manipulation. The total absorbed dose administered with BPA–BNCT was 13 ± 3 Gy in tumor and 9 ± 2 Gy in healthy liver. Three weeks posttreatment, the tumor surface area post-treatment/pre-treatment ratio was 0.46 ± 0.20 for BPA–BNCT, 2.7 ± 1.8 for Beam only and 4.5 ± 3.1 for Sham. The pre-treatment tumor nodule mass of 48 ± 19 mgfell significantly to 19 ± 16 mg for BPA–BNCT, but rose significantly to 140 ± 106 mg for Beam only and to 346 ± 302 mg for Sham. For both end points, the differences between the BPA–BNCT group and each of the other groups were statistically significant (ANOVA). No clinical, macroscopic or histological normal liver radiotoxicity was observed. It is concluded that BPA– BNCT induced a significant remission of experimental colorectal tumor nodules in liver with no contributory liver toxicity.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Numerical and Experimental Thermal Responses of Single-cell and Differential Calorimeters: from Out-of-Pile Calibration to Irradiation Campaigns

The nuclear radiation energy deposition rate (usually expressed in W.g{sup -1}) is a key parameter for the thermal design of experiments, on materials and nuclear fuel, carried out in experimental channels of irradiation reactors such as the French OSIRIS reactor in Saclay or inside the Polish MARIA reactor. In particular the quantification of the nuclear heating allows to predicting the heat and thermal conditions induced in the irradiation devices or/and structural materials. Various sensors are used to quantify this parameter, in particular radiometric calorimeters also called in-pile calorimeters. Two main kinds of in-pile calorimeter exist with in particular specific designs: single-cell calorimeter and differential calorimeter. The present work focuses on these two calorimeter kinds from their out-of-pile calibration step (transient and steady experiments respectively) to comparison between numerical and experimental results obtained from two irradiation campaigns (MARIA reactor and OSIRIS reactor respectively). The main aim of this paper is to propose a steady numerical approach to estimate the single-cell calorimeter response under irradiation conditions. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Providing Experimental Infrastructure for Accelerating Advanced Reactor Demonstrations through the National Reactor Innovation Center

A suite of experimental infrastructure projects has been developed by the National Reactor Innovation Center to accelerate advanced reactor demonstrations and facilitate their development, addressing crucial gaps in data, materials characterization, and modeling. First, the Molten Salt Thermophysical Examination Capability (MSTEC) provides a specialized platform for post-irradiation characterization of molten salt reactor fuel, coolant salts, and structural materials, essential for supporting the design and operation of advanced reactors and future commercial molten salt reactor development and licensing. The Virtual Test Bed (VTB) complements these efforts by leveraging advanced modeling and simulation tools to evaluate reactor performance and safety. Serving as a library of reference models, the VTB offers a database of multiphysics reactor models, facilitating rapid safety evaluations and includes continuous software quality assurance, crucial for accelerating deployment while maintaining reliability. Additionally, the Helium Component Test Facility (HeCTF) addresses the need for high-temperature helium-cooled reactor component testing. As the first-of-its-kind facility in the United States, HeCTF emulates high-temperature gas reactor conditions, reducing time and cost associated with component validation, thereby accelerating reactor development. Finally, In-cell Thermal Creep Frames provide a unique solution for obtaining thermal creep data from irradiated materials, critical for materials qualification and licensing. Developed by the National Reactor Innovation Center, these compact frames enable the examination of previously irradiated materials, overcoming traditional limitations and enhancing the understanding of mechanical properties crucial for reactor development. Collectively, these experimental infrastructure projects form a comprehensive framework aimed at expediting advanced reactor demonstrations, fostering innovation, and ensuring the viability of next-generation nuclear energy solutions.

22 - GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Helium release during shale deformation: Experimental validation

This paper describes initial experimental results of helium tracer release monitoring during deformation of shale. Naturally occurring radiogenic 4 He is present in high concentration in most shales. During rock deformation, accumulated helium could be released as fractures are created and new transport pathways are created. We present the results of an experimental study in which confined reservoir shale samples, cored parallel and perpendicular to bedding, which were initially saturated with helium to simulate reservoir conditions, are subjected to triaxial compressive deformation. During the deformation experiment, differential stress, axial, and radial strains are systematically tracked. Release of helium is dynamically measured using a helium mass spectrometer leak detector. Helium released during deformation is observable at the laboratory scale and the release is tightly coupled to the shale deformation. These first measurements of dynamic helium release from rocks undergoing deformation show that helium provides information on the evolution of microstructure as a function of changes in stress and strain.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Experimental evidence for melt partitioning between olivine and orthopyroxene in partially molten harzburgite

Abstract Observations of dunite channels in ophiolites and uranium series disequilibria in mid‐ocean ridge basalt suggest that melt transport in the upper mantle beneath mid‐ocean ridges is strongly channelized. We present experimental evidence that spatial variations in mineralogy can also focus melt on the grain scale. This lithologic melt partitioning, which results from differences in the interfacial energies associated with olivine‐melt and orthopyroxene‐melt boundaries, may complement other melt focusing mechanisms in the upper mantle such as mechanical shear and pyroxene dissolution. We document here lithologic melt partitioning in olivine‐/orthopyroxene‐basaltic melt samples containing nominal olivine to orthopyroxene ratio of 3 to 2 and melt fractions of 0.02 to 0.20. Experimental samples were imaged using synchrotron‐based X‐ray microcomputed tomography at a resolution of 700 nm per voxel. By analyzing the local melt fraction distributions associated with olivine and orthopyroxene grains in each sample, we found that the melt partitioning coefficient, i.e., the ratio of melt fraction around olivine to that around orthopyroxene grains, varies between 1.1 and 1.6. The permeability and electrical conductivity of our digital samples were estimated using numerical models and compared to those of samples containing only olivine and basaltic melt. Our results suggest that lithologic melt partitioning and preferential localization of melt around olivine grains might play a role in melt focusing, potentially enhancing average melt ascent velocities.

Miller, Kevin J.↗
DOE OSTI2016

Chapter 10: Experimental Methods for the Determination of Parameters. In the book Multiphase Catalytic Reactors: Theory, Design, Manufacturing, and Applications.

The determination of kinetic parameters is a key element in catalyst research and multiphase catalytic process development. In this chapter, the experimental methods used to determine kinetic parameters, the nature of the parameters, and the areas of application and advantages of the different experimental approaches are discussed. Emphasis is placed on transient techniques and methods that provide intrinsic kinetic parameters, i.e., parameters that can be directly linked to the surface composition/structure of a heterogeneous catalyst.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2024

Tailoring the Electronic Structures and Spectral Properties of ZnO with Irradiation Defects Generated Under Intense Electronic Excitation: A Combined Experimental and DFT Approach

Here, the relationship between the composition of the internal defect states, spectral properties, and correlated electronic structures of wurtzite zinc oxide (ZnO) crystals under 645 MeV Xe 35+ irradiation is systematically investigated, employing experimental characterizations combined with first-principle calculations. Based on the ion irradiation-induced thermal expansion and relaxation processes, the high concentration of vacancy/interstitial defects produced from the transient disordered phase in molten track states trigger photoelectric changes, as follows: i) the generation of internal defect states effectively reduces the intrinsic bandgap (3.25 eV → 2.66 eV); ii) a large number of defective active sites inhibits the recombination between electron–hole pairs, causing dark conductance and photoconductance to increase with increasing damage levels until optimal fluence is achieved. Based on the density functional theory (DFT) with the GGA + U (GGA = generalized gradient approximation) method, the defective models associated with the different electronic structures, density of states, formation energy, and the nature of the chemical bonding are established. The narrowing of the bandgap observed experimentally and the enhancement of carrier concentration originating from the internal electron defect states are qualitatively verified, therefore laying the foundation for designing future nanoscale photoelectronic devices and microelectronics applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Experimental and Theoretical Confirmation of Covalent Bonding in α‐Pu

Plutonium's radioactivity provides functionality for nuclear batteries, nuclear reactors, etc., but its complex electronic properties harbor strongly correlated behavior giving rise to a host of interesting phenomena including the presence of a ca. 25% volume collapse between δ-Pu and α-Pu. The complex bonding environments of the ground state allotrope, α-Pu, serve as a unique testing ground for new computational and experimental approaches within the Pu science community. For the first time, a combination of novel ansatzes is used in all-electron density functional theory (DFT) and pair distribution functions (PDF) obtained from high-Q X-ray diffraction to study the bonding behavior in α-Pu. This first experimental and theoretical co-informed description of local bonding behavior for α-Pu reveals covalent bonds, which is a topic that remains of interest in this allotrope. The covalent bonding present at the atomistic level accounts for several of α-Pu's macropscopic properties (e.g., Poisson's ratio) that in turn explains its physical functionalities relative to other allotropic phases like δ-Pu.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Gas Separations using Nanoporous Atomically Thin Membranes: Recent Theoretical, Simulation, and Experimental Advances

Abstract Porous graphene and other atomically thin 2D materials are regarded as highly promising membrane materials for high‐performance gas separations due to their atomic thickness, large‐scale synthesizability, excellent mechanical strength, and chemical stability. When these atomically thin materials contain a high areal density of gas‐sieving nanoscale pores, they can exhibit both high gas permeances and high selectivities, which is beneficial for reducing the cost of gas‐separation processes. Here, recent modeling and experimental advances in nanoporous atomically thin membranes for gas separations is discussed. The major challenges involved, including controlling pore size distributions, scaling up the membrane area, and matching theory with experimental results, are also highlighted. Finally, important future directions are proposed for real gas‐separation applications of nanoporous atomically thin membranes.

2D materials↗
DOE OSTI2022

Experimental Demonstration of Dark‐State Metasurface Laser with Controllable Radiative Coupling

Abstract Lasing at the nanoscale using plasmonic nanoparticles offers the prospect of strong field concentration, hence strong light−matter interactions, low lasing thresholds, and ultrafast operation. However plasmonic nanoparticles suffer from high dissipative and radiative losses, the latter being rigidly tied to the shape of the nanoparticles and symmetry of their localized plasmon resonant modes. To overcome this limitation, recent theoretical work proposes using direct lasing into dark surface states to construct lasers that conceptually allow for independent implementation of the lasing state and its coherent radiation output. Here, lasing in dark resonant states of a metasurface laser and controllable coherent outcoupling of radiation with the aid of a tightly coupled, weakly radiative metasurface are demonstrated experimentally. The laser is implemented using a thin, low‐loss dielectric film supporting surface mode‐like dark dielectric bound states and the coupling metasurface is composed of small non‐resonant scatterers that controllably but weakly perturb the dark mode and turn it partially bright. Distinct far‐field signatures that can be observed experimentally for both dark and bright lasing are identified and demonstrated. The scalability of this design, here implemented for lasing in the near‐infrared, enables large‐aperture ultra‐thin coherent light sources with controllable emission from the infrared to the visible.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Comprehensive experimental investigation on biomass-glass beads binary fluidization: A data set for CFD model validation

Fluidization behavior of biomass and glass beads binary mixtures in a bubbling fluidized bed was experimentally investigated. Mixtures containing different mass fraction of Loblolly Pine white wood and glass beads were fluidized at different fluidization velocities. The particle properties were characterized in a QICPIC that uses a dynamic image processing method to measure both particle size and sphericity. The minimum fluidization velocity was determined using the pressure drop method. An image processing method was developed to capture the dynamic expanded bed height at a very high frequency. The effect of biomass mass fraction and inlet gas velocity on mixing and segregation behavior was studied and analyzed through pressure drop measurements. Pressure drop fluctuations and expanded bed height fluctuations via fast Fourier transform were analyzed and compared. Here, the complete and accurate experimental data reported in this study could provide a benchmark data set for various computational fluid dynamics models validation, calibration, and identification.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Experimental validation of multiphysics model simulations of the thermal response of a cement clinker rotary kiln at laboratory scale

Abstract An increasing demand for buildings, transportation systems and civil infrastructure development has driven expansion of cement consumption world‐wide, producing a significant increase in related global energy demand. With approximately 7% of the world‐wide industrial energy consumption (10.7 exajoules [EJ]), the cement industry is the third most energy intensive industrial processes and a key component for concrete, the most consumed composite material in the global construction industry. In cement manufacturing, the cement kiln accounts for most of the energy consumption in the production process. As the heart of a cement plant, the cement kiln is where the kiln feed primarily containing calcium oxide (CaO), silica (SiO 2 ), alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), and iron (Fe 2 O 3 ) are thermally and chemically transformed into clinker minerals. The presented work developed a multiphysics model, designed and built a laboratory‐scale rotary cement clinker kiln, and produced cement clinker at laboratory‐scale. The model was developed to study the interaction between the various thermal, fluid dynamic and chemical interactions involved in the sintering process used to form Portland cement clinker in an effort to reduce energy use. The analytical model was validated through experimental testing using a unique laboratory‐scale rotary cement kiln developed during the investigation. Also demonstrated was the feasibility of producing clinker at laboratory scale. This modeling and lab scale tests were designed to better understand the clinker sintering process so that operational and quality decisions can be made to optimize energy consumption without compromising cement clinker quality. The computational fluid dynamics modeling was developed in COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0. The characteristics of the combustion fluid flow, concentration of species, temperature and heat transfer were studied for a turbulent flow of methane (CH 4 ) gas and oxygen (O 2 ). Theory suggests that heat transfer impacts the cement production process but the multiphysics model more accurately describes the convection, conduction, and radiant heat transfer in the kilning process and thus allows for a better understanding of the energy exchange driving the chemical reactions that produce Portland cement. Clinker minerals were formed because of appropriate burning conditions implemented during experimental model validation.

Tabares, Juan David↗
DOE OSTI2020

A comparative experimental study of the hygroscopic and mechanical behaviors of electrospun nanofiber membranes and solution–cast films of polybenzimidazole

This article reports a comparative experimental study of the hygroscopic and mechanical behaviors of electrospun polybenzimidazole (PBI) nanofiber membranes and solution-cast PBI films. As-electrospun nonwoven PBI nanofiber mats (with the nanofiber diameter of ~250 nm) were heat-pressed under controlled temperature, pressure and duration for the study; lab-made solution-cast PBI films and commercially available PBI films (the PBI Performance Product Inc., Charlotte, NC) were used as the control samples. Thermogravimetric and microtensile tests were utilized to characterize the hygroscopic (moisture absorption) and mechanical properties of the PBI nanofiber membranes at varying heat-pressing conditions, which were further compared to those of solution-cast PBI films. Experimental results indicated that the PBI nanofiber membranes carried slightly higher thermal stability and less hygroscopic properties than those of solution-cast PBI films. In addition, heat-pressing conditions significantly influenced the mechanical properties of the resulting PBI nanofiber membranes. The stiffness and tensile strength increase with increasing either the heat-pressing pressure or duration, and relevant mechanisms were explored. Here, the present study provides a rational understanding of the hygroscopic and mechanical behaviors of electrospun PBI nanofiber membranes and solution-cast PBI films that are beneficial to their reliable cutting-edge applications in high-temperature filtration, polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs), etc.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Foraging by forest ants under experimental climatic warming: a test at two sites

Climatic warming is altering the behavior of individuals and the composition of communities. However, recent studies have shown that the impact of warming on ectotherms varies geographically: species at warmer sites where environmental temperatures are closer to their upper critical thermal limits are more likely to be negatively impacted by warming than are species inhabiting relatively cooler sites. We used a large-scale experimental temperature manipulation to warm intact forest ant assemblages in the field and examine the impacts of chronic warming on foraging at a southern (North Carolina) and northern (Massachusetts) site in eastern North America. We examined the influence of temperature on the abundance and recruitment of foragers as well as the number of different species observed foraging. Finally, we examined the relationship between the mean temperature at which a species was found foraging and the critical thermal maximum temperature of that species, relating functional traits to behavior. We found that forager abundance and richness were related to the experimental increase in temperature at the southern site, but not the northern site. Additionally, individual species responded differently to temperature: some species foraged more under warmer conditions, whereas others foraged less. Importantly, these species-specific responses were related to functional traits of species (at least at the Duke Forest site). Species with higher critical thermal maxima had greater forager densities at higher temperatures than did species with lower critical thermal maxima. Our results indicate that while climatic warming may alter patterns of foraging activity in predictable ways, these shifts vary among species and between sites. More southerly sites and species with lower critical thermal maxima are likely to be at greater risk to ongoing climatic warming.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

Polyethylenimine Applications in Carbon Dioxide Capture and Separation: From Theoretical Study to Experimental Work

Solid absorbents made with polyethylenimine (PEI), which is loaded on different porous substrates, are promising for postcombustion carbon dioxide capture. Herein, theoretical studies of polyamine applications, including PEI for carbon dioxide capture, are reviewed and the development of experimental work on carbon dioxide capture by using PEI summarized. The mechanisms of carbon dioxide capture are discussed at different reaction sites of the polyamines, such as primary, secondary, and tertiary amine groups. Experimental achievements in carbon dioxide capture are investigated by the incorporation of PEI with different support materials, such as mesoporous silica; nanotubes; membranes; and other materials, such as alumina, zeolite, resin, metal–organic frameworks, and glass fibers, through impregnation, grafting, and synthesis. The excellent carbon dioxide capture capacity and great stability of PEI-impregnated nanomaterials highlight PEI as one of the greatest candidates for carbon dioxide capture from flue gas or air.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

The stable isotopes of natural waters at the Marcell Experimental Forest

Here, we present a new data set from the Marcell Experimental Forest (MEF) that compiles water isotope measurements from multiple research catchments, some of which have been studied since the 1960s. The MEF is located in northern Minnesota, USA, and is home to heavily studied and monitored forests, streams, bogs, and fens. Peat-forming systems (bogs and fens) are an important component of the MEF landscape and have a profound impact on the water cycle in these catchments. Within the last decade, analysis of stable isotopes of water (expressed as δD and δ 18 O) has been implemented to characterize the different components of the water budget, and to allow researchers to look at catchment and peatland-specific hydrologic effects in the watershed. This δD and δ 18 O data set of natural waters from MEF catchments is primarily composed of measurements from three peatlands (S1, S2, S6) during an 11-year period. More recently collection and analysis were expanded to also include samples from the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments (SPRUCE) project in the S1 bog, peatlands S3, S4, S5, as well as nearby lakes. We establish a local meteoric water line by analyzing the isotopic composition of precipitation, which fills a void in regional meteoric water lines for Minnesota. Furthermore, we establish baseline isotopic composition for bog outlet streams, bog porewater, aquifer groundwater, overland flow, subsurface stormflow, and snowpack, as well as runoff from the SPRUCE experimental chambers. These data are publicly available and will be expanded upon in the future.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

A detailed chemical kinetic modeling and experimental investigation of the low- and high-temperature chemistry of n-butylcyclohexane

Chemical kinetic models of gasoline, jet, and diesel fuels and their mixtures with bioderived fuels are needed to assess fuel property effects on efficiency, emissions, and other performance metrics in internal combustion and gas turbine engines. As these real fuels have too many fuel components to be included in a chemical kinetic model, surrogate fuels containing fewer components are used to represent them. These surrogate fuels mimic the chemical classes or molecular structures contained in the real fuel. One of the important chemical classes in gasoline, jet, and diesel fuels comprises cyclohexanes. Cyclohexanes comprise about 30% or more by weight in diesel fuel. Also, Mueller et al proposed n-butylcyclohexane (nBCH) as a component in a nine-component surrogate palette to represent the ignition properties, distillation curve, density, and molecular structures of a diesel certification fuel. Herein, experimental measurements of the ignition delay times (IDTs) of nBCH in a shock tube and in a rapid compression machine are reported over a wide range of temperature, pressure, and equivalence ratio important for enabling the validation of a chemical kinetic model for nBCH for combustion in diesel engines. The range of conditions are temperatures of 630–1420 K, pressures of 10, 30, and 50 bar, and equivalence ratios of 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 in ‘air’. A detailed chemical model is developed for nBCH to simulate its ignition at both low and high-temperature conditions and at relevant elevated pressures. The experimentally measured IDTs are used to improve and validate the chemical kinetic model.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2017

A numerical and experimental study on weld lines formation and strength in extrusion

In this work, we present a study on numerical and experimental approaches aiming to improve our understanding about the relation between the flow conditions and the strength of weld lines in extruded profiles. For this purpose, a prototype extrusion die that comprises a movable spider leg is used to produce tapes under different flow conditions, by varying the location of the spider leg and the flow rate. The same case studies are numerically studied, considering a viscoelastic Giesekus constitutive model. The numerical results are then investigated to identify potential relationships between the flow conditions, in which the weld lines are formed, with the strength of the weld line experimentally characterized. The results obtained allow identifying a clear correlation between the flow conditions and the weld‐line strength. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:249–260, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

Ferrás, Luís L.↗