Electronic transport and conduction mechanism transition in La[subscript 1/3]Sr[subscript 2/3]FeO[subscript 3] thin films
Abstract not provided
Devlin, R. C.↗
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Improved Plate and Beam Models for Thermoviscoelastic Constitutive Modeling of Composites
The effective properties of composites are influenced by the time-dependent behavior of polymer matrices very sensitive to changes in temperature. Improved plate and beam models are required to efficiently design, and simulate composite structures when the long-term performance of large anisotropic composite structures is the matter of interest. In this work, mechanics of structure genome (MSG) is used to con-struct linear thermoviscoelastic plate and beam models that can homogenize three-dimensional heterogeneous materials made of constituents with time- and temperature-dependent behavior. The formulation derives the transient strain energy based on integral formulation for thermorheologically simple materials subject to finite temperature changes with the restriction that the strain is small. The reduced time parameter is introduced to relate the time-temperature dependency of the anisotropic material by means of master curves at reference conditions. The new formulation has been implemented in SwiftCompTM, a general-purpose multiscale constitutive modeling code based on MSG. Experimental data and three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of thin-ply high-strain composites (TP-HSC) using a commercial finite element analysis (FEA) package are conducted to verify the accuracy of SwiftCompTM results. The paper also analyzes the relationship between the shift factor of the polymer matrix and the temperature dependencies of the effective beam properties.
Finite element analysis↗
Current-conducting properties of paper consisting of multiwall carbon nanotubes
Electrical conductivity {sigma}(T) of the paper consisting of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is studied in the temperature range 4.2-295 K, and its magnetoresistivity {rho}(B) at various temperatures in magnetic fields up to 9 T is analyzed. The temperature dependence of the paper electrical conductivity {sigma}(T) exhibits two-dimensional quantum corrections to the conductivity below 10 K. The dependences of negative magnetoresistivity {rho}(B) measured at various temperatures are used to estimate the wavefunction phase breakdown length L{sub {phi}} of conduction electrons and to obtain the temperature dependence L{sub {phi}} = constT{sup -p/2}, where p Almost-Equal-To 1/3. Similar dependences of electrical conductivity {sigma}(T), magnetoresistivity {rho}(B), and phase breakdown length L{sub {phi}}(T) are detected for the initial MWCNTs used to prepare the paper.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
The thermal decomposition of the benzyl radical in a heated micro-reactor. II. Pyrolysis of the tropyl radical
Cycloheptatrienyl (tropyl) radical, C{sub 7}H{sub 7}, was cleanly produced in the gas-phase, entrained in He or Ne carrier gas, and subjected to a set of flash-pyrolysis micro-reactors. The pyrolysis products resulting from C{sub 7}H{sub 7} were detected and identified by vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry. Complementary product identification was provided by infrared absorption spectroscopy. Pyrolysis pressures in the micro-reactor were roughly 200 Torr and residence times were approximately 100 μs. Thermal cracking of tropyl radical begins at 1100 K and the products from pyrolysis of C{sub 7}H{sub 7} are only acetylene and cyclopentadienyl radicals. Tropyl radicals do not isomerize to benzyl radicals at reactor temperatures up to 1600 K. Heating samples of either cycloheptatriene or norbornadiene never produced tropyl (C{sub 7}H{sub 7}) radicals but rather only benzyl (C{sub 6}H{sub 5}CH{sub 2}). The thermal decomposition of benzyl radicals has been reconsidered without participation of tropyl radicals. There are at least three distinct pathways for pyrolysis of benzyl radical: the Benson fragmentation, the methyl-phenyl radical, and the bridgehead norbornadienyl radical. These three pathways account for the majority of the products detected following pyrolysis of all of the isotopomers: C{sub 6}H{sub 5}CH{sub 2}, C{sub 6}H{sub 5}CD{sub 2}, C{sub 6}D{sub 5}CH{sub 2}, and C{sub 6}H{sub 5}{sup 13}CH{sub 2}. Analysis of the temperature dependence for the pyrolysis of the isotopic species (C{sub 6}H{sub 5}CD{sub 2}, C{sub 6}D{sub 5}CH{sub 2}, and C{sub 6}H{sub 5}{sup 13}CH{sub 2}) suggests the Benson fragmentation and the norbornadienyl pathways open at reactor temperatures of 1300 K while the methyl-phenyl radical channel becomes active at slightly higher temperatures (1500 K).
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Vanadium doped Sb{sub 2}Te{sub 3} material with modified crystallization mechanism for phase-change memory application
In this paper, V{sub 0.21}Sb{sub 2}Te{sub 3} (VST) has been proposed for phase-change memory applications. With vanadium incorporating, VST has better thermal stability than Sb{sub 2}Te{sub 3} and can maintain in amorphous phase at room temperature. Two resistance steps were observed in temperature dependent resistance measurements. By real-time observing the temperature dependent lattice structure evolution, VST presents as a homogenous phase throughout the whole thermal process. Combining Hall measurement and transmission electron microscopy results, we can ascribe the two resistance steps to the unique crystallization mechanism of VST material. Then, the amorphous thermal stability enhancement can also be rooted in the suppression of the fast growth crystallization mechanism. Furthermore, the applicability of VST is demonstrated by resistance-voltage measurement, and the phase transition of VST can be triggered by a 15 ns electric pulse. In addition, endurance up to 2.7×10{sup 4} cycles makes VST a promising candidate for phase-change memory applications.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Acceleration of Biexciton Radiative Recombination at Low Temperature in CdSe Nanoplatelets
Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals offer bandgap tunability, high photoluminescence quantum yield, and colloidal processing of benefit to optoelectronics, however rapid nonradiative Auger recombination (AR) deleteriously affects device efficiencies at elevated excitation intensities. AR is understood to transition from temperature-dependent behavior in bulk semiconductors to temperature-independent behavior in zero-dimensional quantum dots (QDs) as a result of discretized band structure that facilitates satisfaction of linear momentum conservation. For nanoplatelets (NPLs), two-dimensional morphology renders prediction of photophysical behaviors challenging. Here, in this study, we investigate and compare the temperature dependence of excited-stated lifetime and fluence-dependent emission of CdSe NPLs and QDs. For NPLs, upon temperature reduction, biexciton lifetime surprisingly decreases (even becoming shorter lived than trion emission) and emission intensity increases nearly linearly with fluence rather than saturating, consistent with dominance of radiative recombination rather than AR. CdSe NPLs thus differ fundamentally from core-only QDs and foster increased utility of photogenerated excitons and multiexcitons at low temperatures.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Prospects of nanostructures Bi{sub 1-x}Sb{sub x} for thermoelectricity
It has been predicted that surface states of topological insulators have large a thermopower and also ultrahigh mobilities. The authors report results of a magneto-thermoelectric investigation of single crystal Bi{sub 1-x}Sb{sub x} nanowires in a glass cover with diameters ranging from 90 nm to 5 {mu}m. The wide-ranging antimony concentration enabled us to study the effect of nanowire dimensionality in the semimetal, semi-conductor and gapless regimes. Quantum size effects in Bi-2 at%Sb nanowires, which are shown in temperature dependences of resistance R(T) and thermopower {alpha}(T) for the diameters significantly higher than the critical diameter for pure Bi-wires, are observed. The thermopower in weak magnetic fields, reaches values +400 {mu}V/K at T=20-40 K. Power factor {alpha}{sup 2}{sigma} depending on diameter of wires, structure, temperature and magnetic field is calculated. In connection with topological insulators, we will discuss the surface effect in the thermoelectric properties that we observe. - Graphical abstract: Temperature dependences of resistance R{sub T}/R{sub 300}(T) (a) for Bi-2 at%Sb wires various diameters d: 1-d=300 nm, 2-d=400 nm, 3-d=600 nm, 4-d=1600 nm. Inset (a) SEM cross sectional image of the 650 nm Bi-2 at%Sb wire (clear) in glass envelope (gray). The magnetic field dependences thermopower (H Double-Vertical-Line {Delta}T) (b) Bi-2 at%Sb wires, with different diameters: (1). d=300 nm, (2). d=400 nm, (3). d=600 nm, T=26 K. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer SMSC transition in semimetal Bi-Sb wires due to the quantum size effect is observed. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer In Bi-6 at%Sb wires alloys has been realized the gapless (GL) state. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer In the area GS state abnormal growth thermopower in magnetic fields is found out. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Semiconductor Bi{sub 1-x} Sb{sub x} nanowires manifest properties of the topological insulators.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Magnetic and low temperature phonon studies of CoCr{sub 2}O{sub 4} powders doped with Fe(III) and Ni(II) ions
Extensive temperature-dependent phonon studies and low-temperature magnetic measurements of CoCr{sub 2−x}Fe{sub x}O{sub 4} (for x=0.5, 1 and 2) and Co{sub 0.9}Ni{sub 0.1}Cr{sub 2}O{sub 4} polycrystalline powders are presented. The main aim of these studies was to obtain information on phonon and structural properties of these compounds as well as strength of spin–phonon coupling in the magnetically ordered phases. IR and Raman spectra show that doping of CoCr{sub 2}O{sub 4} with Fe(III) ions leads to broadening of bands and appearance of new bands due to the formation of inverted spinel structure. In contrast to this behavior, doping with 10 mol% of Ni(II) ions leads to weak increase of band width only. Magnetization measured as a function of temperature and external magnetic field showed that magnetic properties of Co{sub 0.9}Ni{sub 0.1}Cr{sub 2}O{sub 4} sample are similar to those reported for pure CoCr{sub 2}O{sub 4}, i.e., partial substitution of Ni(II) for Co(II) leads to slight shift of the ferrimagnetic phase transition at T{sub C} and spiral spin order transition at T{sub S} towards lower values. The change of crystallization preference induced by incorporation of increasing concentration of Fe(III) ions in the spinel lattice causes significant increase of T{sub C} and decrease of T{sub S}. The latter transition disappears completely for higher concentrations of Fe(III). The performed temperature-dependent IR studies revealed interesting anomalous behavior of phonons below T{sub C} for CoCr{sub 1.5}Fe{sub 0.5}O{sub 4} and Co{sub 0.9}Ni{sub 0.1}Cr{sub 2}O{sub 4}, which was attributed to spin–phonon coupling. - Graphical abstract: Visualization of normal spinel-type AB{sub 2}O{sub 4} structure, where blue octahedrons denote BO{sub 6} and red tetrahedrons AO{sub 4} units as well as IR and Raman spectra of Co{sub 0.9}Ni{sub 0.1}Cr{sub 2}O{sub 4} powder. - Highlights: • T{sub C} (T{sub S}) increases (decreases) with increasing Fe(III) concentration. • Ni(II) ions doping up to 10 mol% does not change remarkably T{sub C} and T{sub S}. • Doping with Fe(III) ions causes increase of spinel inversion parameter. • Spin–phonon interactions in Co{sub 0.9}Ni{sub 0.1}Cr{sub 2}O{sub 4} and CoCr{sub 1.5}Fe{sub 0.5}O{sub 4} were evidenced.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
WE-AB-BRB-06: A Temperature Independent Plastic Scintillation Detector Capable of Simultaneous Dose and Temperature Measurement
Purpose: To evaluate a measurement method that renders plastic scintillation detectors temperature independent and capable of recovering dose and temperature information simultaneously. Methods: A novel approach was developed to account for the temperature dependence of plastic scintillation detectors (PSDs) without prior knowledge of the temperature. To enable this, the optical response of the scintillating element is separated into two sub-components, one being the response at a given temperature and the other accounting for the change in the optical emission spectrum with temperature. Using a previously demonstrated hyperspectral approach and following the proper calibration protocol, the contribution to scintillator emission and physical value of both dose and temperature can be obtained in real-time. To validate the method, dose and temperature were measured under cobalt irradiation in a temperature controlled water tank developed for this study. The temperature was varied from 22°C to 42°C. Depth-dose curves were also obtained during irradiations from a linear accelerator, first maintaining the water at room temperature and then warming it to 40°C and letting it cool down naturally over the course of the second measurement. Results: Dose measurements delivered with the Co-60 unit showed an average relative difference to the expected value of (1.0±0.8)%, with a maximum difference of 2.3% over the entire range of temperatures. The measured temperatures using the PSD were all within 1°C of the expected values. The difference between room temperature and warmer depth dose measurements differed by only (1.2±0.4)%. The dosimeter showed to be accurate for temporal resolution down to 0.1s. Conclusion: The proposed method was shown to reliably correct for the temperature dependence of a PSD. Additionally, it makes it possible to assess the temperature at the point of measurement. These are significant advances in PSD technology, particularly in relation to real-time in vivo dosimetry. Part of this research was supported by the Odyssey Program at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Magnetic pinning in a superconducting film by a ferromagnetic layer with stripe domains
A magnetic study of superconductor/ferromagnet bilayers was performed by hysteresis loops and temperature-dependent magnetization measurements. The superconductor/ferromagnet bilayers consist of a Nb film deposited on a Py film with weak perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. By comparing the temperature-dependent magnetization data obtained on samples with different ferromagnetic layer thickness, a decrease of the magnetic pinning with increasing thickness of the ferromagnetic layer has been found. This is confirmed by the reduction of the Nb film critical current density at low fields extracted by using the magnetic irreversibility of the hysteresis loops. Here, the reduction of the pinning can be related to the increase of the stripe width in the ferromagnetic layer observed by magnetic force microscopy (MFM) measurements.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Hafnium Disulfide Intercalated with Iron Atoms
Simultaneous study of the dependences of the structural parameters, electrical, and magnetic properties of hafnium disulfide intercalated iron atoms in the dependence on the intercalate concentration and temperature has been performed for the first time. The temperature dependences of the electrical resistance are shown to exhibit the activation character with the activation energies characteristic of impurity conduction. The effective magnetic moments of iron ions in Fe{sub x}HfS{sub 2} is found to be significantly lesser than the values of free iron ions and to decrease as the iron content increases. The character of the temperature dependences of the effective magnetic moments and negative values of the paramagnetic Curie temperatures indicate possible interactions of the antiferromagnetic type between intercalated atoms. However, the dependences of the magnetization on field for Fe{sub 0.33}HfS{sub 2} and Fe{sub 0.5}HfS{sub 2} obtained at T = 2 K demonstrate the hysteresis phenomenon characteristic of the ferromagnetic state. The results are discussed assuming the existence of hybridization 3d electron states of intercalated iron atoms with the electronic states of HfS{sub 2} matrices and the competition of various exchange interaction.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Predicted Melt Curve and Liquid Shear Viscosity of RDX up to 30 GPa
Recent grain-scale simulations of HMX and TATB have shown that predictions for hot spot formation in high explosives are particularly sensitive to accurate determinations of the pressure-dependent melt curve and the shear viscosity of the liquid phase. These physics terms are poorly constrained beyond ambient pressure for the explosive RDX. Here we adopt an all-atom modeling approach using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to predict the melt curve of RDX near to detonation conditions (30 GPa) and determine the shear viscosity of the liquid as a function of temperature and pressure above the melt curve. Phase-coexistence simulations were used to determine the melt curve, which is predicted to vary by almost 1100 K as the pressure increases from 0 GPa to 30 GPa. Equilibrium MD simulations and the Green-Kubo formalism were used to obtain the pressure-temperature-dependent shear viscosity. The shear viscosity of RDX is predicted to be of similar magnitude to the viscosity of TATB at low GPa-range pressures, and to be roughly an order of magnitude lower than the viscosity of HMX. The temperature dependence of the shear viscosity is Arrhenius at a given pressure, and the exponential pre-factor and activation term exhibit a strong, yet complicated, pressure dependence. An empirical pressure-temperature dependent function for RDX shear viscosity is developed that simultaneously captures a wide range of MD predictions while taking an analytic form that extrapolates smoothly beyond the fitted regime. The relative strength of the pressure and temperature dependencies of these two physics terms is found to be of similar magnitude for RDX, HMX, and TATB, which motivates incorporating these results in future RDX grain-scale modeling.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Rheology and dynamics of a solvent segregation driven gel (SeedGel)
Bicontinuous structures promise applications in a broad range of research fields, such as energy storage, membrane science, and biomaterials. Kinetically arrested spinodal decomposition is found responsible for stabilizing such structures in different types of materials. A recently developed solvent segregation driven gel (SeedGel) is demonstrated to realize bicontinuous channels thermoreversibly with tunable domain sizes by trapping nanoparticles in a particle domain. As the mechanical properties of SeedGel are very important for its future applications, a model system is characterized by temperature-dependent rheology. The storage modulus shows excellent thermo-reproducibility and interesting temperature dependence with the maximum storage modulus observed at an intermediate temperature range (around 28 °C). SANS measurements are conducted at different temperatures to identify the macroscopic solvent phase separation during the gelation transition, and solvent exchange between solvent and particle domains that is responsible for this behavior. Further, the long-time dynamics of the gel is further studied by X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS). The results indicate that particles in the particle domain are in a glassy state and their long-time dynamics are strongly correlated with the temperature dependence of the storage modulus.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Effect of Boron Impurity on the Light-Emitting Properties of Dislocation Structures Formed in Silicon by Si{sup +} Ion Implantation
The effect of boron implantation on the light-emitting properties of dislocation structures formed in silicon by Si{sup +} ion implantation with subsequent annealing is studied. It is shown that the implantation of B{sup +} ions has a significant effect on the dislocation-related luminescence intensity, spectrum and the temperature dependence of the D1-band intensity. It is found that the temperature dependence is nonmonotonous and involves two regions, in which the D1-band intensity increases with increasing temperature and has two well-pronounced maxima at 20 K and 60–70 K. The maximum at 20 K is associated with the morphological features of the dislocation structure under study, whereas the maximum at 60–70 K is associated with the additional implantation of the boron impurity into the dislocation region of the samples. It is established that the intensities of the experimentally observed maxima and the position of the high-temperature maximum depend on the implanted boron concentration.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Low-temperature heat capacity and localized vibrational modes in natural and synthetic tetrahedrites
The heat capacity of natural (Cu{sub 12−x} (Fe, Zn, Ag){sub x}(Sb, As){sub 4}S{sub 13}) and synthetic (Cu{sub 12−x}Zn{sub x}Sb{sub 4}S{sub 13} with x = 0, 1, 2) tetrahedrite compounds was measured between 2 K and 380 K. It was found that the temperature dependence of the heat capacity can be described using a Debye term and three Einstein oscillators with characteristic temperatures that correspond to energies of ∼1.0 meV, ∼2.8 meV, and ∼8.4 meV. The existence of localized vibrational modes, which are assigned to the displacements of the trigonally coordinated Cu atoms in the structure, is discussed in the context of anharmonicity and its effect on the low lattice thermal conductivity exhibited by these compounds.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Calculations Using Density Dependent Melt Temperature and Shear Modulus with the PTW Strength Model (U)
This presentation describes one effect of using density dependent melt temperature and shear modulus in calculations with the Preston, Tonks and Wallace (PTW) Strength Model to simulate lab experiments. Calculations are in error if density dependent melt and shear functions are inconsistent with a PTW parameter set for a material. In most laboratory experiments used to determine these strength parameters the density changes are small. So, the melt temperature (T m ) and the shear modulus (G 0 ) are assumed to be constant. However, in order to be consistent with the PTW mode l theory these values should be determined at the laboratory reference density. Two parameters (α and κ) in the model are affected by use of inconsistent values for T m and G 0 . Assuming a correct value of the shear modulus is used in the data fit code has been written to auto-correct inconsistent PTW parameters sets at run time. Furthermore this code will not alter values in consistent parameter set.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Seebeck coefficient and thermal conductivity of doped armchair graphene nanoribbon in the presence of magnetic field
Highlights: • Theoretical calculation of Seebeck coefficient and thermal conductivity of electrons on grapheme nanoribbon. • The investigation of the effect of magnetic field and ribbon width on temperature dependence of thermoelectric properties of nanoribbon. • The study of thermopower as a function of magnetic field and temperature. - Abstract: We address the thermal conductivity and Seebeck coefficient of armchair graphene nanoribbon within tight binding model Hamiltonian in the presence of magnetic field. The possible effects of ribbon width, magnetic field chemical potential on thermoelectric properties are investigated. Green's function approach has been employed in order to calculate transport coefficients of the system. We have also found the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity for various ribbon widths and chemical potentials. Our results show a peak appears in temperature dependence of thermal conductivity of insulator nanoribbon for low magnetic fields. Upon increasing magnetic field, thermal conductivity shows a monotonic decreasing behavior and peak disappears. Our results show the increase of chemical potential causes to decreasing behavior for thermal conductivity. Moreover we study the effects of magnetic field on temperature behavior of thermopower of insulator graphene nanoribbon in details.
77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
System and method for the direct calorimetric measurement of laser absorptivity of materials
A method and system for calorimetrically measuring the temperature-dependent absorptivity of a homogeneous material dimensioned to be thin and flat with a predetermined uniform thickness and a predetermined porosity. The system includes a material holder adapted to support and thermally isolate the material to be measured, an irradiation source adapted to uniformly irradiate the material with a beam of electromagnetic radiation, and an irradiation source controller adapted to control the irradiation source to uniformly heat the material during a heating period, followed by a cooling period when the material is not irradiated. A thermal sensor measures temperature of the material during the heating and cooling periods, and a computing system first calculates temperature-dependent convective and radiative thermal losses of the material based on the measured temperature of the material during the cooling period when beam intensity is zero, followed by calculation of the temperature-dependent absorptivity of the material based on the temperature-dependent convective and radiative thermal losses determined from the cooling period.
Rubenchik, Alexander↗