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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,495 records · Page 83
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Magnetic moments of A = 3 nuclei obtained from chiral effective field theory operators

Chiral effective field theory (χEFT) provides a framework for obtaining internucleon interactions in a systematically improvable fashion from first principles, while also providing for the derivation of consistent electroweak current operators. In this study, we apply consistently derived interactions and currents towards calculating the magnetic dipole moments of the A = 3 systems 3 H and 3 He. We focus here on LENPIC interactions obtained using semilocal coordinate-space (SCS) regularization. Starting from the momentum-space representation of the LENPIC χEFT vector current, we derive the SCS-regularized magnetic dipole operator up through next-to-next-to-leading order (N 2 LO). We then carry out no-core shell-model calculations for 3 H and 3 He systems using the SCS LENPIC interaction at N 2 LO in χEFT and evaluate the magnetic dipole moments obtained using the consistently derived one-nucleon and two-nucleon electromagnetic currents. As anticipated by prior results with χEFT currents, the current corrections through N 2 LO provide improved, but not yet complete, agreement with experiment for the 3 H and 3 He magnetic dipole moments.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Electronic structure of the (Nd{sub 1−x}Dy{sub x}){sub 2}Fe{sub 14}B (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) system studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Systematic characterization of electronic structures in the (Nd{sub 1−x}Dy{sub x}){sub 2}Fe{sub 14}B system, especially the 4f behavior, provides an insight to the physical nature of the evolution of magnetic properties. A series of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) core-level and valence-band spectra were used to study the electronic structures. It was found that substitution of Dy for Nd in Nd{sub 2}Fe{sub 14}B results in a nonlinear variation in the evolution of electronic structures. Only the finite coupling between the Nd 4f states and the Fe 3d states is found at both the Nd-rich regime and the Dy-rich regime. When the Dy concentration and the Nd concentration approach to be equal, a strong coupling between the Nd 4f states and the Fe 3d states is found, which results in a bonding state between them. Additionally, the 4f components in the (Nd{sub 1−x}Dy{sub x}){sub 2}Fe{sub 14}B system are ascribed to three parts: 1) the individual contribution of the Dy 4f states, which emerges just after the Dy-substitution; 2) the contribution of the coupling between the Nd 4f states and the Dy 4f states, which arises only when 0.4 ≤ x ≤ 0.6; 3) the associated contributions of the Nd 4f states and the Dy 4f states, where the contribution of the Nd 4f states and that of the Dy 4f states are prominent in the Nd-rich regime and Dy-rich regime, respectively.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Self-Assembled TiN-Metal Nanocomposites Integrated on Flexible Mica Substrates towards Flexible Devices

The integration of nanocomposite thin films with combined multifunctionalities on flexible substrates is desired for flexible device design and applications. For example, combined plasmonic and magnetic properties could lead to unique optical switchable magnetic devices and sensors. In this work, a multiphase TiN-Au-Ni nanocomposite system with core–shell-like Au-Ni nanopillars embedded in a TiN matrix has been demonstrated on flexible mica substrates. The three-phase nanocomposite film has been compared with its single metal nanocomposite counterparts, i.e., TiN-Au and TiN-Ni. Magnetic measurement results suggest that both TiN-Au-Ni/mica and TiN-Ni/mica present room-temperature ferromagnetic property. Tunable plasmonic property has been achieved by varying the metallic component of the nanocomposite films. The cyclic bending test was performed to verify the property reliability of the flexible nanocomposite thin films upon bending. This work opens a new path for integrating complex nitride-based nanocomposite designs on mica towards multifunctional flexible nanodevice applications.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2014

Platinum dendritic nanoparticles with magnetic behavior

Magnetic nanoparticles have attracted increasing attention for biomedical applications in magnetic resonance imaging, high frequency magnetic field hyperthermia therapies, and magnetic-field-gradient-targeted drug delivery. In this study, three-dimensional (3D) platinum nanostructures with large surface area that features magnetic behavior have been demonstrated. The well-developed 3D nanodendrites consist of plentiful interconnected nano-arms ∼4 nm in size. The magnetic behavior of the 3D dendritic Pt nanoparticles is contributed by the localization of surface electrons due to strongly bonded oxygen/Pluronic F127 and the local magnetic moment induced by oxygen vacancies on the neighboring Pt and O atoms. The magnetization of the nanoparticles exhibits a mixed paramagnetic and ferromagnetic state, originating from the core and surface, respectively. The 3D nanodendrite structure is suitable for surface modification and high amounts of drug loading if the transition temperature was enhanced to room temperature properly.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

6.5% Silicon Steel Core Material (Non-Grain Oriented Electrical Steel) (Rev.01)

6.5% (Non-Grain-Oriented) Silicon Steel is a soft magnetic material that is best used in electrical rotating machinery, such as motors and generators. It has a high silicon content up to 6.5 mass %, which reduces the alloy magnetostriction to nearly zero, but causes brittleness and other associated manufacturing challenges. Due to its more random texture compared to 3% (grain-oriented) silicon steel, 6.5% (non-grain-oriented) silicon steel is used for primarily for rotating applications, i.e. motors and generators. Typical operating frequencies of 6.5% Silicon Steel is 400 Hz (hertz). A variety of forms can be manufactured, including lamination, toroidal and C-cores, as well as glued block cores of various shapes by cutting or pressing.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Electronic structure and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism in YbAgCu4 and YbInCu4

X-ray absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectra at the L-3 edge of Yb have been studied theoretically in the mixed-valent compounds YbAgCu4 and YbInCu4 using the fully relativistic Dirac linear muffin-tin orbital band structure method. The effect of the spin-orbit (SO) interaction and Coulomb repulsion U on the electronic structure of YbAgCu4 and YbInCu4 is examined in the frame of the local spin-density approximation (LSDA)+SO+U method. The core-hole effect in the final states as well as the effect of the electric quadrupole E-2 and magnetic dipole M-1 transitions have been investigated. The calculated results are compared with available experimental data.

Antonov, VN↗
DOE OSTI2023

Computed Tomography Scanning and Geophysical Measurements of Appalachian Basin Core from the Jones and Laughlin #1 Well, Beaver County, PA

The computed tomography (CT) facilities and the Multi-Sensor Core Logger (MSCL) at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) in Morgantown, West Virginia, were used to characterize Appalachian Basin core from Beaver County, Pennsylvania. The primary impetus of this work is a collaboration between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the Pennsylvania Geological Survey to characterize and make publicly available core information from the Onondaga-Huntersville formations of the Appalachian Basin. This stratigraphic well and the core data produced in this report will aid in understanding the structural complexities of the Onondaga-Huntersville formations. The resultant datasets are presented in this report and can be accessed from NETL's Energy Data eXchange (EDX) online system using the following link: https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/jonesandlaughlin1well. All equipment and techniques used were non-destructive, enabling future examinations and analyses to be performed on these cores. Fractures, discontinuities, and millimeter-scale features were readily detectable with imaging performed with the NETL medical CT scanner over the entire core. Qualitative analysis of the medical CT images, coupled with X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and magnetic susceptibility measurements from the MSCL were useful in identifying zones of interest for further study. Targeted higher resolution CT scanning of select sections was performed with NETL’s micro-CT scanner. The combination of methods used provides a multiscale analysis of the core; the resulting macro and micro descriptions are relevant to many subsurface energy related examinations traditionally performed at NETL.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Final Report for Project. Quark matter under extreme conditions

The results obtained in the two years of the grant have served to shine new light on several important questions about the phases of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) under extreme conditions that include quark matter at high density, as well quark-gluon plasma at high temperatures, both in the presence of strong magnetic fields. The interest in including an external magnetic field on these studies is motivated by the generation of large magnetic fields in off-central heavy-ion collisions and by their common presence in astrophysical compact objects, the two scenarios where the physics of quark matter becomes relevant. The tasks carried out in this DOE project led us, among other things, to discover the first connection between the physics of very dense quark matter and novel materials as for instance topological insulators and Weyl semimetals; they allowed us to find a physical explanation for and a solution to a standing puzzle in the apparent effect of a magnetic field on the critical temperature of the QCD chiral transition; and they led us to establish by the first time that the core of the observed two-solar-mass neutron stars could be made up of quark matter in certain inhomogeneous chiral phases in a magnetic field and that this was consistent with current astrophysical observations. A major goal established by the Nuclear Science Advisory committee in its most recent report “Reaching for the Horizon” has been “to truly understand how nuclei and strongly interacting matter in all its forms behave and can predict their behavior in new settings.” The results found in this DOE project have all contributed to address this goal, and thus they are important for advancing fundamental knowledge in the area of nuclear physics and for enhancing our understanding of the role of strong magnetic fields in the two settings where they are most relevant, neutron stars and heavy-ion collisions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Core plasma fueling by fast inward particle transport after hydrogen pellet injection in Wendelstein 7-X

A large database of more than 1000 individual cryogenic hydrogen pellets injected into Wendelstein 7-X for plasma fueling was analyzed to improve the understanding of the three phases of the process: the ablation, deposition and transport of the pellet material. Kilohertz-sampled electron density and temperature measurements revealed a more complex drift behavior than predicted by numerical code simulation. It could be explained by the poloidal plasma E r x B- drift rotation, which plays a significant role in stellarators, but was not previously considered in pellet injection codes like HPI2. The drift results in a fast poloidal rotation of the pellet material around the plasma core, leading to an almost homogeneous deposition over the involved flux surfaces regardless of magnetic high and low field side injection geometry. Additionally, a novel fast inward directed transport mechanism (‘FIT-effect’) was observed. The effect occurs on timescales of tens of milliseconds and cannot be explained by neoclassical transport or diffusion. It might be linked to the turbulence pinch recently found in Wendelstein 7-X. When the FIT-effect occurs, the pellet particles are rapidly transferred from the deposition flux surfaces to the plasma core, causing the plasma density profile to peak, which is beneficial for confinement in Wendelstein 7-X. The large pellet injection database was statistical analyzed with regard to pellet and plasma parameters, which delivered some starting points towards developing an understanding of the physics behind the FIT-effect. The results indicate, that plasma core fueling via pellet injection is largely independent of the injection geometry in stellarators under certain conditions, reducing the technical complexity of the injection system.

Wendelstein 7-X↗
DOE OSTI2023

Core-envelope Decoupling Drives Radial Shear Dynamos in Cool Stars

Differential rotation is thought to be responsible for the dynamo process in stars like our Sun, driving magnetic activity and starspots. We report that starspot measurements in the Praesepe open cluster are strongly enhanced only for stars that depart from standard models of rotational evolution. A decoupling of the spin-down history between the core and envelope explains both the activity and rotation anomalies: surface rotational evolution is stalled by interior angular momentum redistribution, and the resultant radial shears enhance starspot activity. These anomalies provide evidence for an evolving front of shear-enhanced activity affecting the magnetic and rotational evolution of cool stars and the high-energy environments of their planetary companions for hundreds of millions to billions of years on the main sequence.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Distinct magnetic signatures of fractional vortex configurations in multiband superconductors

Vortices carrying fractions of a flux quantum are predicted to exist in multiband superconductors, where vortex core can split between multiple band-specific components of the superconducting condensate. Using the two-component Ginzburg-Landau model, we examine such vortex configurations in a two-band superconducting slab in parallel magnetic field. The fractional vortices appear due to the band-selective vortex penetration caused by different thresholds for vortex entry within each band-condensate, and stabilize near the edges of the sample. We show that the resulting fractional vortex configurations leave distinct fingerprints in the static measurements of the magnetization, as well as in ac dynamic measurements of the magnetic susceptibility, both of which can be readily used for the detection of these fascinating vortex states in several existing multiband superconductors.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2013

Heating of ions by high frequency electromagnetic waves in magnetized plasmas

The heating of ions by high frequency electrostatic waves in magnetically confined plasmas has been a paradigm for studying nonlinear wave-particle interactions. The frequency of the waves is assumed to be much higher than the ion cyclotron frequency and the waves are taken to propagate across the magnetic field. In fusion type plasmas, electrostatic waves, like the lower hybrid wave, cannot access the core of the plasma. That is a domain for high harmonic fast waves or electron cyclotron waves—these are primarily electromagnetic waves. Previous studies on heating of ions by two or more electrostatic waves are extended to two electromagnetic waves that propagate directly across the confining magnetic field. While the ratio of the frequency of each wave to the ion cyclotron frequency is large, the frequency difference is assumed to be near the ion cyclotron frequency. The nonlinear wave-particle interaction is studied analytically using a two time-scale canonical perturbation theory. The theory elucidates the effects of various parameters on the gain in energy by the ions—parameters such as the amplitudes and polarizations of the waves, the ratio of the wave frequencies to the cyclotron frequency, the difference in the frequency of the two waves, and the wave numbers associated with the waves. For example, the ratio of the phase velocity of the envelope formed by the two waves to the phase velocity of the carrier wave is important for energization of ions. For a positive ratio, the energy range is much larger than for a negative ratio. So waves like the lower hybrid waves will impart very little energy to ions. The theoretical results are found to be in good agreement with numerical simulations of the exact dynamical equations. The analytical results are used to construct mapping equations, simplifying the derivation of the motion of ions, which are, subsequently, used to follow the evolution of an ion distribution function. The heating of ions can then be properly quantified in terms of the wave parameters and can be conveniently used to find ideal conditions needed to heat ions by high frequency electromagnetic waves.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

THE DARKEST SHADOWS: DEEP MID-INFRARED EXTINCTION MAPPING OF A MASSIVE PROTOCLUSTER

We use deep 8 μm Spitzer-IRAC imaging of massive Infrared Dark Cloud (IRDC) G028.37+00.07 to construct a mid-infrared (MIR) extinction map that probes mass surface densities up to Σ ∼ 1 g cm{sup –2} (A{sub V} ∼ 200 mag), amongst the highest values yet probed by extinction mapping. Merging with an NIR extinction map of the region creates a high dynamic range map that reveals structures down to A{sub V} ∼ 1 mag. We utilize the map to: (1) measure a cloud mass ∼7 × 10{sup 4} M {sub ☉} within a radius of ∼8 pc. {sup 13}CO kinematics indicate that the cloud is gravitationally bound. It thus has the potential to form one of the most massive young star clusters known in the Galaxy. (2) Characterize the structures of 16 massive cores within the IRDC, finding they can be fit by singular polytropic spheres with ρ∝r{sup −k{sub ρ}} and k {sub ρ} = 1.3 ± 0.3. They have Σ-bar ≃0.1--0.4 g cm{sup −2}—relatively low values that, along with their measured cold temperatures, suggest that magnetic fields, rather than accretion-powered radiative heating, are important for controlling fragmentation of these cores. (3) Determine the Σ (equivalently column density or A{sub V} ) probability distribution function (PDF) for a region that is nearly complete for A{sub V} > 3 mag. The PDF is well fit by a single log-normal with mean A-bar {sub V}≃9 mag, high compared to other known clouds. It does not exhibit a separate high-end power law tail, which has been claimed to indicate the importance of self-gravity. However, we suggest that the PDF does result from a self-similar, self-gravitating hierarchy of structures present over a wide range of scales in the cloud.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Discrete modeling of a transformer with ALEGRA

We report progress on a task to model transformers in ALEGRA using the “Transient Magnetics” option. We specifically evaluate limits of the approach resolving individual coil wires. There are practical limits to the number of turns in a coil that can be numerically modeled, but calculated inductance can be scaled to the correct number of turns in a simple way. Our testing essentially confirmed this “turns scaling” hypothesis. We developed a conceptual transformer design, representative of practical designs of interest, and that focused our analysis. That design includes three coils wrapped around a rectangular ferromagnetic core. The secondary and tertiary coils have multiple layers. The tertiary has three layers of 13 turns each; the secondary has five layers of 44 turns; the primary has one layer of 20 turns. We validated the turns scaling of inductance for simple (one-layer) coils in air (no core) by comparison to available independent calculations for simple rectangular coils. These comparisons quantified the errors versus reduced number of turns modeled. For more than 3 turns, the errors are <5%. The magnetic field solver failed to converge (within 5000 iterations) for >10 turns. Including the core introduced some complications. It was necessary to capture the core surfaces in thin grid sheaths to minimize errors in computed magnetic energy. We do not yet have quantitative benchmarks with which to compare, but calculated results are qualitatively reasonable.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2016

Current sheet structures observed by the TESIS EUV telescope during a flux rope eruption on the sun

We use the TESIS EUV telescope to study the current sheet signatures observed during flux rope eruption. The special feature of the TESIS telescope was its ability to image the solar corona up to a distance of 2 R{sub ⊙} from the Sun’s center in the Fe 171 Å line. The Fe 171 Å line emission illuminates the magnetic field lines, and the TESIS images reveal the coronal magnetic structure at high altitudes. The analyzed coronal mass ejection (CME) had a core with a spiral—flux rope—structure. The spiral shape indicates that the flux rope radius varied along its length. The flux rope had a complex temperature structure: cold legs (70,000 K, observed in He 304 Å line) and a hotter core (0.7 MK, observed in Fe 171 Å line). Such a structure contradicts the common assumption that the CME core is a cold prominence. When the CME impulsively accelerated, a dark double Y-structure appeared below the flux rope. The Y-structure timing, location, and morphology agree with the previously performed MHD simulations of the current sheet. We interpreted the Y-structure as a hot envelope of the current sheet and hot reconnection outflows. The Y-structure had a thickness of 6.0 Mm. Its length increased over time from 79 Mm to more than 411 Mm.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Monolithic mtesla-level magnetic induction by self-rolled-up membrane technology

Monolithic strong magnetic induction at the mtesla to tesla level provides essential functionalities to physical, chemical, and medical systems. Current design options are constrained by existing capabilities in three-dimensional (3D) structure construction, current handling, and magnetic material integration. We report here geometric transformation of large-area and relatively thick (~100 to 250 nm) 2D nanomembranes into multiturn 3D air-core microtubes by a vapor-phase self-rolled-up membrane (S-RuM) nanotechnology, combined with postrolling integration of ferrofluid magnetic materials by capillary force. Hundreds of S-RuM power inductors on sapphire are designed and tested, with maximum operating frequency exceeding 500 MHz. An inductance of 1.24 μH at 10 kHz has been achieved for a single microtube inductor, with corresponding areal and volumetric inductance densities of 3 μH/mm 2 and 23 μH/mm 3 , respectively. The simulated intensity of the magnetic induction reaches tens of mtesla in fabricated devices at 10 MHz.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2013

High-Energy Permanent Magnets for Hybrid Vehicles and Alternative Energy Uses

The report summarizes research undertaken by a multidisciplinary team aimed at the development of the next generation high-energy permanent magnets. The principal approach was relied on bottom-up fabrication of anisotropic nanocomposite magnets. Our efforts resulted in further development of the theoretical concept and fabrication principles for the nanocomposites and in synthesis of a range of rare-earth-based hard magnetic nanoparticles. Even though we did not make a breakthrough in the assembly of these hard magnetic particles with separately prepared Fe(Co) nanoparticles and did not obtain a compact nanocomposite magnet, our performed research will help to direct the future efforts, in particular, towards nano-assembly via coating, when the two phases which made the nanocomposite are first organized in core-shell-structured particles. Two other approaches were to synthesize (discover) new materials for the traditional singe-material magnets and the nanocomposite magnets. Integrated theoretical and experimental efforts lead to a significant advance in nanocluster synthesis technique and yielded novel rare-earth-free nanostructured and nanocomposite materials. Examination of fifteen R-Fe-X alloy systems (R = rare earth), which have not been explored earlier due to various synthesis difficulties reveal several new ferromagnetic compounds. The research has made major progress in bottom-up manufacturing of rare-earth-containing nanocomposite magnets with superior energy density and open new directions in development of higher-energy-density magnets that do not contain rare earths. The advance in the scientific knowledge and technology made in the course of the project has been reported in 50 peer-reviewed journal articles and numerous presentations at scientific meetings.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2011

Determination of Non-Thermal Velocity Distributions from SERTS Linewidth Observations

Non-thermal velocities obtained from the measurement of coronal Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) linewidths have been consistently observed in solar EUV spectral observations and have been theorized to result fro m many plausible scenarios including wave motions, turbulence, or magnetic reconnection. Constraining these velocities can provide a physical limit for the available energy resulting from unresolved motions in the corona. We statistically determine a series of non-thermal velocity distributions from linewidth measurements of 390 emission lines from a wide array of elements and ionization states observed during the Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Research Telescope and Spectrograph 1991-1997 flights covering the spectral range 174-418 A and a temperature range from 80,000 K to 12.6 MK. This sample includes 248 lines from active regions, 101 lines from quiet-Sun regions, and 41 lines were observed from plasma off the solar limb. We find a strongly peaked distribution corresponding to a non-thermal velocity of 19-22 km/s in all three of the quiet-Sun, active region, and off-limb distributions. For the possibility of Alfven wave resonance heating, we find thai velocities in the core of these distributions do not provide sufficient energy, given typical densities and magnetic field strengths for the coronal plasma, to overcome the estimated coronal energy losses required to maintain the corona at the typical temperatures working as the sole mechanism. We find that at perfect efficiency 50%-60% of the needed energy flux can be produced from the non-thermal velocities measured.

Coyner, Aaron J.↗