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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,495 records · Page 83
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

First Wave of Incentive-Driven CCS Projects in North Dakota

Conference poster presented at American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Conference, Houston, Texas, March 28–30, 2022. While the central interior of North America offers a tremendous storage resource, optimization will be key to meaningfully reducing the more than 2.6 billion tons of CO 2 emitted annually from large point sources in the United States. These initial projects tend to have the most favorable economics and are often able to take advantage of the best geology, with little to no competition for resource. This initial wave of projects is informing investment in and creating the opportunity for innovation that will enable the next wave of incentive-based CCS projects. Such innovation is critical for reducing costs, enhancing the design and operability of the next wave of CCS projects, and realizing more of the 250 billion tons of storage resource in North Dakota.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2023

Geomechanical Study for Stacked Carbon Dioxide Storage in North Dakota

Conference presentation at American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Conference, Houston, Texas, April 25–27, 2023. When multiple carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) storage targets are present in the subsurface at the same geographic location, a CO 2 storage project may pursue a stacked storage approach. This study focused on assessing geomechanical effects on dedicated storage in stacked saline aquifers during a 20-year CO 2 injection project life.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2023

Risk Management for CO 2 Storage Projects

Conference poster presented at American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Conference, Houston, Texas, April 25–27, 2023. There is no one-size-fits-all risk management approach for storage projects. Instead, risk management is about having a detailed process in place, adhering to that process throughout the project life cycle, and adapting the process depending on site-specific conditions, applicable regulatory requirements, and any additional requirements imposed by pursuing one or more financial incentive programs. The Plains CO 2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership Initiative experience has demonstrated the value of managing risk analysis in concert with storage project regulatory permit requirements, which drive the geologic exhibits and site characterization needs for the permit and the risk analysis.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Quantitative Approach for Demonstrating Plume Stabilization Under CCS Policy Frameworks

Conference presentation at Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Conference 2024, Houston, Texas, March 11–13, 2024. The study highlighted the operator’s responsibilities for demonstrating plume stabilization in partial fulfillment of postinjection monitoring and site closure requirements. The metric dA/dt was chosen because of rules and regulations that call out the need to measure the change in area of the plume and plume extents over time. As dA/dt approached dA/dtcritical, the CO 2 plume’s growth was both minimal and predictable. Providing operators with a quantitative approach to determining plume stabilization is important for moving carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects beyond feasibility phases of development.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2023

Producing Greener (Lower Carbon) Oil Through CO 2 -Enhanced Oil Recovery (CO 2 -EOR)

Conference presentation at at 22nd European IOR+ Symposium, The Hague, Netherlands, October 2–4, 2023. This study explored the sensitivity of the net life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of a CO 2 -enhanced oil recovery (CO 2 -EOR) system to three critical input parameters: i) CO 2 capture efficiency (70%, 80%, 90%, and 95%), ii) electricity grid mix emission factor (400, 500, 600, and 700 kgCO 2 e/MWh), and iii) net CO 2 utilization rate (315, 421, 526, 789, and 1052 kgCO 2 /bbl [6, 8, 10, 15, and 20 Mcf/bbl]).

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2026

Prairie State Generating Company 2D Seismic Interpretation

The objectives of the Illinois Storage Corridor (ISC) project are to accelerate commercial deployment of carbon capture utilization and storage at two individual sites and receive approvals for Underground Injection Control (UIC) Class VI permits for construction at each site (ISC Project Narrative, 2020). As part of this project, and as part of the subsurface geologic characterization, two-dimensional (2D) seismic data was acquired at both sites. This report summarizes the findings from two phases of 2D acquisition and seismic interpretation at the Prairie State Generating Company site near Marissa, Illinois. The seismic data indicates the presence of three faults that completely transect the storage and confining units. The initial 2021 2D seismic acquisition revealed the presence of a feature two miles east of the Lively Grove #1 characterization well. The feature is a polyphase fault with a component of strike-slip motion, forming a small positive flower structure. The second phase of 2D seismic acquisition in 2022 constrained the maximum extent of the fault, indicating it has a relatively limited length. Other 2022 seismic lines revealed the presence of two other faults that transect the storage and confining units in the southwest and northeast portions of the 2D seismic acquisition area. The 2021 and 2022 2D seismic surveys have identified three specific locations within the project area that may have an elevated risk of out of zone CO 2 migration due to faulting. Further technical work will be needed to quantify this risk and determine how and if this risk will impact the placement of CO 2 injection wells across the project area.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2026

Biogas Utilization in Refuse Power Plants (BURP 2 )

The BURP 2 project investigated the technical and financial viability of co firing biogas with waste coal for power generation while using carbon capture and sequestration to achieve net negative emissions. A comparative assessment integrating geospatial mapping, technoeconomic analysis, and life cycle analysis was carried out to evaluate retrofitting an existing coal fired facility in West Virginia, versus developing a new greenfield power plant in Kentucky located near a low quality coal resource. The study found that CO 2 capture rates of 90% or higher, in combination with biogas feedstocks such as animal manure, could significantly reduce global warming potential compared to plants using neither biogas nor CO 2 capture systems. Economic feasibility depended heavily on federal tax credits and proximity to fuel sources. In both greenfield and retrofit scenarios, access to biogas played a key role. Because the retrofit site was located close to existing biogas resources, it represented a feasible option, whereas the greenfield site, being far from pipelines or biogas sources, would require prohibitively expensive biogas transport infrastructure. Overall, the research showed that repurposing waste or low-quality coal with renewable biogas and CO 2 capture systems could provide a viable approach for reducing carbon emissions in power production, if biogas resources are easily accessible and available in sufficient quantities.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2025

Manufacturing Valuable Coal-Derived Products in Southern Appalachia

This project’s objective is to develop and deploy new technologies for manufacturing rare earth elements (REE), critical minerals (CM), and valuable non-fuel, carbon-based products (CBP) from coal and/or coal waste in the SoApp Basin, thus revitalizing distressed SoApp coal communities and reducing reliance on foreign imports of REE and CM. Resource availability and technological advances alone will not ensure this objective is met. The right mix of business climate, market forces, and policy will also be needed. This report identifies the critical technologies, infrastructure, supply chains, human capital, and policy gaps that must be addressed to manufacture REE, CM, and CBP from coal resources and wastes in SoApp The primary goal of the project is to characterize the resource base in the SoApp Basin.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2018

Design and Experimental Demonastration of a High Pressure Oxy-Methane Combustor

Motivated by the advantages of pressured oxy-combustion, the primary purpose of this experimental study is to design and test a methane-oxygen burner and combustor. The combustor is designed to operate at a firing input of 500 kW and 20 bar chamber pressure. Multiple components of the system are first modeled in CFD to predict performance and design for safety. These components include the methane-oxygen burner, ignition system, and combustor pressurization systems. The simulation is conducted using a 2D domain. Using the expected performance parameters, the experimental system was built and tested. In this particular paper, the test data are presented for 160 kW power inputs and 7 bar chamber pressure. Afterwards, a qualitative and quantitative comparison is performed. For example, in order to pressurize the combustor, the exit area was restricted. The CFD model shows that to achieve a pressure of 7 bar in the chamber an exit diameter of 6.4mm is needed. However, during actual testing a 3.175mm exit diameter orifice is used. This discrepancy between the test results and CFD results is due to the leaking of gases in the combustor. Future testing includes the effect of convective CO2 cooling at the combustor wall and water based cooling at the combustor end cap

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Characteristics of a Reacting Jet-in-Crossflow at Elevated Pressures

Flow behavior of a reacting methane jet injected normal to a lean vitiated crossflow (RJIC) is experimentally characterized using a high pressure axial staged facility. The focus of this investigation is to analyze the flow dynamic of the reacting jet as it interacts with a lean vitiated crossflow at 5atm by examining several reacting jet conditions varying the momentum flux ratio (J) and the equivalence ratio (Φ∞) of the vitiated crossflow. Vitiated crossflow temperatures ranged from 1675K to 1825K, to simulate operate conditions of a practical combustor system. The global equivalent ratio (Φ∞) at the headend of the facility ranged from 0.57 to 0.70 to attain the desired engine temperatures. RJIC flow dynamics were characterized utilizing measurements acquired from flow visualization techniques such as OH* chemiluminescence.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Exploration of a Reacting Jet-in-Crossflow in a High-Pressure Axial Stage Combustor

The present work investigates a reacting methane jet in a vitiated cross flow at five atmospheres. The experiments are run at temperatures and velocities relevant to real world gas turbines. High speed chemiluminescence is utilized to obtain flame behavior and visualize flame trajectories. Experimental results are compared with a corresponding RANS CFD model. The characteristics of a diffusion methane jet injected into a vitiated crossflow are explored at various momentum flux ratios and test section inlet boundary conditions. Temperature and velocity measurements are made at the inlet of the test section to ensure uniform boundary conditions for the axial stage. The effect of different momentum flux ratios on flame stabilization mechanisms and jet trajectories are presented. Momentum flux ratios are varied from 0.5-107; at lower momentum flux ratios the diffusion flame is less stable and burns downstream in the shear layer between the jet and crossflow. At higher momentum flux ratios, the diffusion flame burns more upstream and exhibits improved stability compared to the lower momentum flux ratio cases.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
NASA NTRS1978

Satellite mirror systems for providing terrestrial power - System concept

A system of orbiting reflectors, SOLARES, has been studied as a possible means of providing terrestrial power with a space system of minimum mass and complexity. The key impact that such a system, providing continuous and slightly concentrated insolation, makes on the economic viability of solar farming is demonstrated. New developments in solar sailing are incorporated to reduce mirror mass and transportation cost. The system is compatible with incremental implementation and continual expansion to produce the world's power needs. Key technology, environmental, and economic issues and payoffs are identified. SOLARES appears to be economically superior to other advanced, and even conventional, energy systems and could be scaled to completely abate our fossil fuel usage for power generation.

Billman, K. W.↗
NASA NTRS1978

SOLARES - A new hope for solar energy

A system of orbiting reflectors, SOLARES, has been studied as a possible means of reducing the diurnal variation and enhancing the average intensity of sunlight with a space system of minimum mass and complexity. The key impact that such a system makes on the economic viability of solar farming and other solar applications is demonstrated. The system is compatible with incremental implementation and continual expansion to meet the world's power needs. Key technology, environmental, and economic issues and payoffs are identified. SOLARES appears to be economically superior to other advanced, and even competitive with conventional, energy systems and could be scaled to completely abate our fossil fuel usage for power generation. Development of the terrestrial solar conversion technique, optimized for this new artificial source of solar radiation, yet remains.

Billman, K. W.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Pulsar disk systems

It is proposed that radio pulsars have the same basic physical features as X-ray pulsars. Specifically, it is suggested that active radio pulsars are rotating neutron stars surrounded by fossil disks left over from the collapse event and that energy is extracted from the rotation of the neutron star by interaction with the disk to produce pulsar luminosity. Attention is given to a model in which the neutron star acts as a unipolar generator (or Faraday disk dynamo) and the disk acts as a load. The self-excitation of the disk/pulsar system is considered along with aspects of disk persistence, pulsed emission, and magnetically field aligned currents to the disk. An investigation is conducted regarding the possibility of a deposition of material in the form of a disk about a pulsar, taking into account questions concerning disk survival. It is found that there are some promising features regarding a disk system.

Michel, F. C.↗
DOE OSTI2012

Proximate and Ultimate Compositional Changes in Corn Stover during Torrefaction using Thermogravimetric Analyzer and Microwaves

Abstract The world is currently aiming to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and to achieve a sustainable renewable supply. Renewable energies represent a diversity of energy sources that can help to maintain the equilibrium of different ecosystems. Among the various sources of renewable energy, biomass is considered carbon neutral because the carbon dioxide released during its use is already part of the carbon cycle. Increasing the use of biomass for energy can help to reduce the negative CO2 impact on the environment and help meet the targets established in the Kyoto Protocol. Energy from biomass can be produced from different processes, including thermochemical (direct combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis), biological (anaerobic digestion, fermentation), or chemical (esterification) technologies. There are lot challenges in using biomass for energy applications. To name few low bulk density, high moisture content, irregular size and shape, hydrophilic nature and low calorific value. In commercial scale operation large quantities of biomass are needed and this will create problems associated with storage and transportation. Furthermore, grinding raw biomass with high moisture content is very challenging as there are no specific equipments and can increase the costs and in some cases it becomes highly impossible. All of these drawbacks led to development of some pretreatment techniques to make biomass more suitable for fuel applications. One of the promising techniques is torrefaction. Torrefaction is heating the biomass in an inert environment or reduced environment. During torrefaction biomass losses moisture, becomes more brittle and with increased energy density values. There are different techniques used for torrefaction of biomass. Fixed bed, bubbling sand bed and moving bed are the most common ones used. The use of microwaves for torrefaction purposes has not been explored. In the present study we looked into the torrefaction of biomass using the regular and microwaves and their effect on proximate and ultimate composition. Studies indicated that microwave torrefaction is a good way to torrefy the biomass in short periods of time. A maximum calorific value of 21 MJ/kg is achievable at 6 min residence time compared to 15 min using the dry torrefaction technique. Increasing the residence time increased the carbon content where a maximum carbon content of 52.20 % was achievable at lower residence time. The loss of volatiles is comparatively lower compared to dry torrefaction technique. Moisture content of microwave torrefied samples was in between 2-2.5 % (w.b).

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗