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At least 1,477 records · Page 82
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

New combination bands of N{sub 2}O-CO{sub 2}, N{sub 2}O-OCS, and N{sub 2}O-N{sub 2} complexes in the N{sub 2}O ν{sub 1} region

Spectra of the weakly bound complexes N{sub 2}O-CO{sub 2}, N{sub 2}O-OCS, and N{sub 2}O-N{sub 2} were studied in the region of the ν{sub 1} fundamental of N{sub 2}O (∼2224 cm{sup −1}) using a tunable quantum cascade laser to probe a pulsed supersonic jet expansion with an effective rotational temperature of about 2.5 K. One new combination band was observed for each complex: a band involving an intermolecular in-plane bending mode for N{sub 2}O-N{sub 2}, a band involving the disrotation (in-plane geared bend) for of N{sub 2}O-CO{sub 2}, and a band involving the out-of-plane torsional vibration for isomer b of N{sub 2}O-OCS. Small perturbations were noted for the N{sub 2}O-OCS band. Because of the absence of theoretical prediction, the nature of the intermolecular bending mode for N{sub 2}O-N{sub 2} has not been identified. The resulting intermolecular frequencies are 34.175(1), 17.107(1), and 22.334(1) cm{sup −1} for N{sub 2}O-CO{sub 2}, N{sub 2}O-OCS, and N{sub 2}O-N{sub 2}, respectively. In addition, the previously known fundamental band of N{sub 2}O-N{sub 2} at 2225.99 cm{sup −1} was analyzed in improved detail. This band exhibits very weak a-type transitions which were not detected in the first infrared observation of this complex, indicating that N{sub 2}O-N{sub 2} is not exactly T-shaped. That is, the N{sub 2}O molecular axis is not exactly perpendicular to the a-inertial axis, in agreement with a previous structural determination of this complex by rotational spectroscopy.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Generation kinetics of boron-oxygen complexes in p-type compensated c-Si

Kinetics characteristics of boron-oxygen complexes responsible for light-induced degradation in p-type compensated c-Si have been investigated. The generation of B-O complexes is well fitted by a fast-forming process and a slow-forming one. Activation energies of complexes generation during the fast-forming process are determined to be 0.29 and 0.24 eV in compensated and non-compensated c-Si, respectively, and those during the slow-forming process are the same, about 0.44 eV. Moreover, it is found that the pre-exponential factors of complexes generation in compensated c-Si is proportional to the square of the net doping concentration, which suggests that the latent centers should exist.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Observation of two different fractal structures in nanoparticle, protein and surfactant complexes

Small angle neutron scattering has been carried out from a complex of nanoparticle, protein and surfactant. Although all the components are similarly (anionic) charged, we have observed strong interactions in their complex formation. It is characterized by the coexistence of two different mass fractal structures. The first fractal structure is originated from the protein and surfactant interaction and second from the depletion effect of first fractal structure leading the nanoparticle aggregation. The fractal structure of protein-surfactant complex represents to bead necklace structure of micelle-like clusters of surfactant formed along the unfolded protein chain. Its fractal dimension depends on the surfactant to protein ratio (r) and decreases with the increase in r. However, fractal dimension of nanoparticle aggregates in nanoparticle-protein complex is found to be independent of protein concentration and governed by the diffusion limited aggregation like morphology.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Spectral studies of copper(II) complexes of 6-(3-thienyl) pyridine-2-thiosemicarbazone

Two novel copper(II) complexes [Cu(HL)Cl]Cl.H{sub 2}O (1) and [Cu(L)NO{sub 3}]Ðœ‡H{sub 2}O (2) of the three NNS donor thiosemicarbazone ligand 6-(3-thienyl) pyridine-2-thiosemicarbazone have been synthesized. The ligand and its copper(II) complexes were characterized by elemental analysis (C, H, N, and S), FT-IR, UV-visible, magnetic susceptibility and molar conductance. The thiosemicarbazone is present either as the thione form in complex 1 or as thiol form in complex 2 and is coordinated to copper(II) atom via the pyridine nitrogen atom, the azomethine nitrogen atom and the sulfur atom. The physicochemical and spectral data suggest square planar geometry for copper(II) atoms.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

Spectroscopic studies on two mono nuclear iron (III) complexes derived from a schiff base and an azodye

Two new mono nuclear Fe(III) complexes of an azodye (ANSN) and a Schiff base (FAHP) are reported. The azodye is prepared by coupling diazotized 1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulphonicacid with 2-naphthol and the Schiff base is prepared by condensing 2-amino-3-hydroxy pyridine with furfural. The complexes were synthesized by the reaction of FeCl{sub 3}Ðœ‡2H{sub 2}O with respective ligands. They were characterized on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral studies like IR, NMR, Electronic and M.ssbauer. Magnetic susceptibility and Molar conductance of complexes at room temperature were studied. Based on the spectroscopic evidences and other analytical data the complexes are formulated as[Fe(ANSN)Cl(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}] and [Fe(FAHP)Cl{sub 2}(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}].

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Role of Fe impurity complexes in the degradation of GaN/AlGaN high-electron-mobility transistors

Recent experiments show that GaN/AlGaN high-electron-mobility transistors suffer from significant current collapse, which is caused by an increase in the concentration of traps with energy levels 0.5–0.6 eV below the conduction-band edge. This increase in trap concentration is consistent with thermally activated defect diffusion, but the responsible defect complexes have not been identified. It has been suggested that the defect complex may contain iron because of the proximity of the Fe-doped GaN substrate. Here, we report first-principles density-functional calculations of substitutional iron complexes, investigate their properties, and show that the Fe{sub Ga}-V{sub N} complex has properties that account for the observed degradation.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

A monomeric complex of ammonia and cuprous chloride: H{sub 3}N⋯CuCl isolated and characterised by rotational spectroscopy and ab initio calculations

The H{sub 3}N⋯CuCl monomer has been generated and isolated in the gas phase through laser vaporisation of a copper sample in the presence of low concentrations of NH{sub 3} and CCl{sub 4} in argon. The resulting complex cools to a rotational temperature approaching 2 K during supersonic expansion of the gas sample and is characterised by broadband rotational spectroscopy between 7 and 18.5 GHz. The spectra of six isotopologues are measured and analysed to determine rotational, B{sub 0}; centrifugal distortion, D{sub J}, D{sub JK}; and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants of Cu, Cl, and {sup 14}N nuclei, χ{sub aa} (X). The geometry of the complex is C{sub 3v} with the N, Cu, and Cl atoms located on the a inertial axis. Bond distances and the ∠(H —N⋯Cu) bond angle within the complex are precisely evaluated through fitting of geometrical parameters to the experimentally determined moments of inertia and through ab initio calculations at the CCSD(T)(F12*)/AVQZ level. The r(Cu —Cl), r(Cu —N), and ∠(H —N⋯Cu) parameters are, respectively, evaluated to be 2.0614(7) Å, 1.9182(13) Å, and 111.40(6)° in the r{sub 0} geometry, in good agreement with the ab initio calculations. Geometrical parameters evaluated for the isolated complex are compared with those established crystallographically for a solid-state sample of [Cu(NH{sub 3})Cl].

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

HM{sup +}–RG complexes (M = group 2 metal; RG = rare gas): Physical vs. chemical interactions

Previous work on the HM{sup +}–He complexes (M = Be–Ra) has been extended to the cases of the heavier rare gas atoms, HM{sup +}–RG (RG = Ne–Rn). Optimized geometries and harmonic vibrational frequencies have been calculated using MP2 theory and quadruple-ζ quality basis sets. Dissociation energies for the loss of the rare gas atom have been calculated at these optimized geometries using coupled cluster with single and double excitations and perturbative triples, CCSD(T)theory, extrapolating interaction energies to the basis set limit. Comparisons are made between the present data and the previously obtained helium results, as well as to those of the bare HM{sup +} molecules; furthermore, comparisons are made to the related M{sup +}–RG and M{sup 2+}–RG complexes. Partial atomic charge analyses have also been undertaken, and these used to test a simple charge-induced dipole model. Molecular orbital diagrams are presented together with contour plots of the natural orbitals from the quadratic configuration with single and double excitations (QCISD) density. The conclusion is that the majority of these complexes are physically bound, with very little sharing of electron density; however, for M = Be, and to a lesser extent M = Mg, some evidence for chemical effects is seen in HM{sup +}–RG complexes involving RG atoms with the higher atomic numbers.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Modification in band gap of zirconium complexes

The optical properties of zirconium complexes with amino acid based Schiff bases are reported here. The zirconium complexes show interesting stereo chemical features, which are applicable in organometallic and organic synthesis as well as in catalysis. The band gaps of both Schiff bases and zirconium complexes were obtained by UV-Visible spectroscopy. It was found that the band gap of zirconium complexes has been modified after adding zirconium compound to the Schiff bases.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Ab initio studies of the Rg–NO{sup +}(X{sup 1}Σ{sup +}) van der Waals complexes (Rg = He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe)

We used the explicitly correlated variant of the coupled clusters method with single, double, and noniterative triple excitations [CCSD(T)-F12] to compute two-dimensional potential energy surfaces of van der Waals complexes formed by rare gas atoms (Rg) and NO{sup +}(X{sup 1}Σ{sup +}) cations. We used the correlation-consistent, triple-zeta (cc-pVTZ-F12) atomic basis sets, and for Kr and Xe rare gases, we employed corresponding pseudopotential cc-pVTZ-PP-F12 atomic basis sets. These basis sets were additionally augmented with mid-bond functions. The complexes are all of skewed T-shape type with Rg atom being closer to the N-side. Using analytical representation of the potentials, we have estimated zero-point energy corrected dissociation energies from anharmonic calculations with BOUND program and also from the harmonic approximation. The binding energies increase with the polarization of the Rg atom in series from He to Xe and are 196 cm{sup −1}, 360 cm{sup −1}, 1024 cm{sup −1}, 1434 cm{sup −1}, and 2141 cm{sup −1}, respectively. Their corresponding dissociation energies are 132 cm{sup −1}, 300 cm{sup −1}, 927 cm{sup −1}, 1320 cm{sup −1}, and 1994 cm{sup −1} for the complexes with He to Xe, respectively. We find good agreement with previous theoretical and experimental results. The harmonic vibrational frequencies were calculated for the bending and stretching modes of the Rg–NO{sup +} complexes.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2012

Crystal structure of a complete ternary complex of T-cell receptor, peptide-MHC, and CD4

Adaptive immunity depends on specific recognition by a T-cell receptor (TCR) of an antigenic peptide bound to a major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecule on an antigen-presenting cell (APC). In addition, T-cell activation generally requires binding of this same pMHC to a CD4 or CD8 coreceptor. Here, we report the structure of a complete TCR-pMHC-CD4 ternary complex involving a human autoimmune TCR, a myelin-derived self-peptide bound to HLA-DR4, and CD4. The complex resembles a pointed arch in which TCR and CD4 are each tilted ~65° relative to the T-cell membrane. By precluding direct contacts between TCR and CD4, the structure explains how TCR and CD4 on the T cell can simultaneously, yet independently, engage the same pMHC on the APC. The structure, in conjunction with previous mutagenesis data, places TCR-associated CD3εγ and CD3εδ subunits, which transmit activation signals to the T cell, inside the TCR-pMHC-CD4 arch, facing CD4. By establishing anchor points for TCR and CD4 on the T-cell membrane, the complex provides a basis for understanding how the CD4 coreceptor focuses TCR on MHC to guide TCR docking on pMHC during thymic T-cell selection.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Structural characterization of an activin class ternary receptor complex reveals a third paradigm for receptor specificity

TGFβ family ligands, which include the TGFβs, BMPs, and activins, signal by forming a ternary complex with type I and type II receptors. For TGFβs and BMPs, structures of ternary complexes have revealed differences in receptor assembly. However, structural information for how activins assemble a ternary receptor complex is lacking. In this paper, we report the structure of an activin class member, GDF11, in complex with the type II receptor ActRIIB and the type I receptor Alk5. The structure reveals that receptor positioning is similar to the BMP class, with no interreceptor contacts; however, the type I receptor interactions are shifted toward the ligand fingertips and away from the dimer interface. Mutational analysis shows that ligand type I specificity is derived from differences in the fingertips of the ligands that interact with an extended loop specific to Alk4 and Alk5. The study also reveals differences for how TGFβ and GDF11 bind to the same type I receptor, Alk5. For GDF11, additional contacts at the fingertip region substitute for the interreceptor interactions that are seen for TGFβ, indicating that Alk5 binding to GDF11 is more dependent on direct contacts. In support, we show that a single residue of Alk5 (Phe 84 ), when mutated, abolishes GDF11 signaling, but has little impact on TGFβ signaling. The structure of GDF11/ActRIIB/Alk5 shows that, across the TGFβ family, different mechanisms regulate type I receptor binding and specificity, providing a molecular explanation for how the activin class accommodates low-affinity type I interactions without the requirement of cooperative receptor interactions.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2012

COMPLEX ORGANIC MOLECULES AT HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION TOWARD ORION-KL. I. SPATIAL SCALES

Here we present high spatial resolution (<1'') observations of molecular emission in Orion-KL conducted using the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy. This work was motivated by recent millimeter continuum imaging studies of this region conducted at a similarly high spatial resolution, which revealed that the bulk of the emission arises from numerous compact sources, rather than the larger-scale extended structures typically associated with the Orion Hot Core and Compact Ridge. Given that the spatial extent of molecular emission greatly affects the determination of molecular abundances, it is important to determine the true spatial scale for complex molecules in this region. Additionally, it has recently been suggested that the relative spatial distributions of complex molecules in a source might give insight into the chemical mechanisms that drive complex chemistry in star-forming regions. In order to begin to address these issues, this study seeks to determine the spatial distributions of ethyl cyanide [C{sub 2}H{sub 5}CN], dimethyl ether [(CH{sub 3}){sub 2}O], methyl formate [HCOOCH{sub 3}], formic acid [HCOOH], acetone [(CH{sub 3}){sub 2}CO], SiO, methanol [CH{sub 3}OH], and methyl cyanide [CH{sub 3}CN] in Orion-KL at {lambda} = 3 mm. We find that for all observed molecules, the molecular emission arises from multiple components of the cloud that include a range of spatial scales and physical conditions. Here, we present the results of these observations and discuss the implications for studies of complex molecules in star-forming regions.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Circuit complexity near critical points

Here, we consider the Bose–Hubbard model in two and three spatial dimensions and numerically compute the quantum circuit complexity of the ground state in the Mott insulator and superfluid phases using a mean field approximation with additional quadratic fluctuations. After mapping to a qubit system, the result is given by the complexity associated with a Bogoliubov transformation applied to the reference state taken to be the mean field ground state. In particular, the complexity has peaks at the O(2) critical points where the system can be described by a relativistic quantum field theory. Given that we use a Gaussian approximation, near criticality the numerical results agree with a free field theory calculation. To go beyond the Gaussian approximation we use general scaling arguments that imply that, as we approach the critical point t → t c , there is a non-analytic behavior in the complexity c 2 (t) of the form |c 2 (t) – c 2 (t c )| ~ |t – t c | νd , up to possible logarithmic corrections. Here d is the number of spatial dimensions and ν is the usual critical exponent for the correlation length ξ ~ |t – t c | –ν . As a check, for d = 2 this agrees with the numerical computation if we use the Gaussian critical exponent $v=\frac{1}{2}$. Finally, using AdS/CFT methods, we study higher dimensional examples and confirm this scaling argument with non-Gaussian exponent ν for strongly interacting theories that have a gravity dual.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

The CRISPR RNA-guided surveillance complex in Escherichia coli accommodates extended RNA spacers

Bacteria and archaea acquire resistance to foreign genetic elements by integrating fragments of foreign DNA into CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) loci. In Escherichia coli , CRISPR-derived RNAs (crRNAs) assemble with Cas proteins into a multi-subunit surveillance complex called Cascade (CRISPR-associated complex for antiviral defense). Cascade recognizes DNA targets via protein-mediated recognition of a protospacer adjacent motif and complementary base pairing between the crRNA spacer and the DNA target. Previously determined structures of Cascade showed that the crRNA is stretched along an oligomeric protein assembly, leading us to ask how crRNA length impacts the assembly and function of this complex. We found that extending the spacer portion of the crRNA resulted in larger Cascade complexes with altered stoichiometry and preserved in vitro binding affinity for target DNA. Longer spacers also preserved the in vivo ability of Cascade to repress target gene expression and to recruit the Cas3 endonuclease for target degradation. Lastly, longer spacers exhibited enhanced silencing at particular target locations and were sensitive to mismatches within the extended region. These findings demonstrate the flexibility of the Type I-E CRISPR machinery and suggest that spacer length can be modified to fine-tune Cascade activity.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Delocalized excitons in natural light-harvesting complexes

Natural organisms such as photosynthetic bacteria, algae, and plants employ complex molecular machinery to convert solar energy into biochemical fuel. An important common feature shared by most of these photosynthetic organisms is that they capture photons in the form of excitons typically delocalized over a few to tens of pigment molecules embedded in protein environments of light harvesting complexes (LHCs). Delocalized excitons created in such LHCs remain well protected despite being swayed by environmental fluctuations and are delivered successfully to their destinations over 100 nanometer distances in about 100 ps times. Decades of experimental and theoretical investigation have produced a large body of information offering insight into major structural, energetic, and dynamical features contributing to LHCs’ extraordinary capability to harness photons using delocalized excitons. The objective of this review is (i) to provide a comprehensive account of major theoretical, computational, and spectroscopic advances that have contributed to this body of knowledge, and (ii) to clarify the issues concerning the role of delocalized excitons in achieving efficient energy transport mechanisms. The focus of this review is on three representative systems: the Fenna-Matthews-Olson complex of green sulfur bacteria, the light harvesting 2 complex of purple bacteria, and phycobiliproteins of cryptophyte algae. Although we offer a more in-depth and detailed description of theoretical and computational aspects, major experimental results and their implications are also assessed in the context of achieving excellent light-harvesting functionality. Future theoretical and experimental challenges to be addressed in gaining a better understanding and utilization of delocalized excitons are also discussed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Synthesis and structural characterization of two half-sandwich nickel(II) complexes with the scorpionate ligands

The synthesis and characterization of two new halfsandwich mononuclear nickel(II) complexes with the scorpionate ligands, [k{sup 3}-N, N',N''-Tp{sup t-Bu}, {sup Me}NiI] (1) and [k{sup 3}-N,N',N''-Tp{sup t-Bu}, {sup Me}NiNO{sub 3}] (2), are reported. These complexes have been fully characterized by elemental analyses and infrared spectra. Their molecular structures were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The nickel(II) ion of complex 1 is in a four-coordinate environment, in which the donor atoms are provided by three nitrogen atoms of a hydrotris(pyrazolyl) borate ligand and one iodide atom, while that of complex 2 is in a five-coordinate environment with three nitrogen atoms from a hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate ligand and two oxygen atoms from a nitrate ion.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

Mesoscale to Microscale Simulations over Complex Terrain with the Immersed Boundary Method in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model

Improvements to the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model are made to enable multiscale simulations over highly complex terrain with dynamically downscaled boundary conditions from the mesoscale to the microscale. Over steep terrain, the WRF Model develops numerical errors that are due to grid deformation of the terrain-following coordinates. An alternative coordinate system, the immersed boundary method (IBM), has been implemented into WRF, allowing for simulations over highly complex terrain; however, the new coordinate system precluded nesting within mesoscale simulations using WRF’s native terrain-following coordinates. Here, the immersed boundary method and WRF’s grid-nesting framework are modified to seamlessly work together. This improved framework for the first time allows for large-eddy simulation over complex (urban) terrain with IBM to be nested within a typical mesoscale WRF simulation. Simulations of the Joint Urban 2003 field campaign in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, are performed using a multiscale five-domain nested configuration, spanning horizontal grid resolutions from 6 km to 2 m. These are compared with microscale-only simulations with idealized lateral boundary conditions and with observations of wind speed/direction and SF 6 concentrations from a controlled release from intensive observation period 3. The multiscale simulation, which is configured independent of local observations, shows similar model skill predicting wind speed/direction and improved skill predicting SF 6 concentrations when compared with the idealized simulations, which require use of observations to set mean flow conditions. Use of this improved multiscale framework shows promise for enabling large-eddy simulation over highly complex terrain with dynamically downscaled boundary conditions from mesoscale models.

42 ENGINEERING↗