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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,477 records · Page 82
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Rheology guiding the design and printability of aqueous colloidal composites for additive manufacturing

Vat photopolymerization (VP) and direct ink write (DIW) additive manufacturing (AM) provide complex geometries with precise spatial control employing a vast array of photo-reactive polymeric systems. Although VP is recognized for superior resolution and surface finish, DIW provides versatility for higher viscosity systems. However, each AM platform presents specific rheological requirements that are essential for successful 3D printing. First, viscosity requirements constrain VP polymeric materials to viscosities below 10 Pa s. Thus, this requirement presents a challenging paradox that must be overcome to attain the physical performance of high molecular weight polymers while maintaining suitable viscosities for VP polymeric materials. Second, the necessary rheological complexity that is required for DIW pastes requires additional rheological measurements to ensure desirable thixotropic behavior. Further, this manuscript describes the importance of rheological measurements when designing polymeric latexes for AM. Latexes effectively decouple the dependency of viscosity on molecular weight, thus enabling high molecular weight polymers with low viscosities. Photo-crosslinking of water-soluble monomers and telechelic oligomeric diacrylates in the presence of the latex enables the fabrication of a scaffold, which is restricted to the continuous aqueous phase and effectively surrounds the latex nanoparticles enabling the printing of otherwise inaccessible high molecular weight polymers. Rheological testing, including both steady and oscillatory shear experiments, provides insights into system properties and provides predictability for successful printing. This perspective article aims to provide an understanding of both chemical functionality (photo- and thermal-reactivity) and rheological response and their importance for the successful design and evaluation of VP and DIW processable latex formulations.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Structural basis of differential gene expression at eQTLs loci from high-resolution ensemble models of 3D single-cell chromatin conformations

Abstract Motivation Techniques such as high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) have provided a wealth of information on nucleus organization and genome important for understanding gene expression regulation. Genome-Wide Association Studies have identified numerous loci associated with complex traits. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) studies have further linked the genetic variants to alteration in expression levels of associated target genes across individuals. However, the functional roles of many eQTLs in noncoding regions remain unclear. Current joint analyses of Hi-C and eQTLs data lack advanced computational tools, limiting what can be learned from these data. Results We developed a computational method for simultaneous analysis of Hi-C and eQTL data, capable of identifying a small set of nonrandom interactions from all Hi-C interactions. Using these nonrandom interactions, we reconstructed large ensembles (×105) of high-resolution single-cell 3D chromatin conformations with thorough sampling, accurately replicating Hi-C measurements. Our results revealed many-body interactions in chromatin conformation at the single-cell level within eQTL loci, providing a detailed view of how 3D chromatin structures form the physical foundation for gene regulation, including how genetic variants of eQTLs affect the expression of associated eGenes. Furthermore, our method can deconvolve chromatin heterogeneity and investigate the spatial associations of eQTLs and eGenes at subpopulation level, revealing their regulatory impacts on gene expression. Together, ensemble modeling of thoroughly sampled single-cell chromatin conformations combined with eQTL data, helps decipher how 3D chromatin structures provide the physical basis for gene regulation, expression control, and aid in understanding the overall structure-function relationships of genome organization. Availability and implementation It is available at https://github.com/uic-liang-lab/3DChromFolding-eQTL-Loci.

Du, Lin (ORCID:0009000289869812)↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Multi-criteria CCUS Screening Evaluation of the Gulf of Mexico, USA - Supplementary Data

The Wendt et al. study aims to incorporate multiple and disparate carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) decision-making criteria into a systematic, quantitative analytical approach to help identify areas with potentially high suitability to serve as offshore CO2 storage or EOR regions. Spatially-distributed data from publicly-available sources within the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) study area (limited to federal waters; state waters were not evaluated) was compiled using the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) Cumulative Spatial Impact Layers™ (CSIL) tool to easily aggregate data based on evenly-distributed grids across the study region set at a resolution of approximately 25 square miles (65 square kilometers). The data included in this Microsoft Excel™ workbook provide the aggregated scores for each grid point across the study domain as well the weighting for each criterion under the four scenarios evaluated.

CCUS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Detectors and diagnostics for multiprobe radiography using high-energy short-pulse lasers

Multiprobe radiography requires the following diagnostic capabilities at minimum: radiographic source diagnostics, spectroscopy, imaging, and tomography diagnostics. Depending on the repetition rate of the radiation sources, the diagnostics may be a single-shot diagnostic, such as photographic (radiochromic and X-ray films for high energy photons) films, or a multiple-shot diagnostic for repetitive source operations, such as a high-speed framing camera. Due to the drastically different detector physics of electrons, photons at different energies (keV to 10s of MeV in the radiography context), heavy ions such as protons, alphas, and neutrons, see, for example, Ref. [1, 2] for an overview, different types or configurations of detectors and constructions may be required for multiprobe radiography applications. Some of the common detector metricsinclude, independent of the particle/photon species, sensitivities or efficiency, energy resolution, spatial or temporal resolutions and others. Some unique detection scenarios arise in a multiprobe radiography setting, for example, crosstalk mitigation and particle identification (ID) when X-ray and higher energy photons, relativistic electrons, neutrons, other hadrons, and heavy particles coexist at the detector location.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2024

Quantum Imaging with X-rays

Quantum imaging encompasses a broad range of methods that exploit the quantum properties of light to capture information about an object. One such approach involves using a two-photon quantum state, where only one photon interacts with the object being imaged while its entangled partner carries spatial or temporal information. To implement this technique, it is necessary to generate specific quantum states of light and detect photons at the single-photon level. While this method has been successfully demonstrated in the visible electromagnetic spectrum, extending it to X-rays has faced significant challenges due to the difficulties in producing a sufficient rate of X-ray photon pairs and detecting them with adequate resolution. Here, we demonstrate record high rates of correlated X-ray photon pairs produced via a spontaneous parametric down-conversion process and we employ these photons to perform quantum correlation imaging of several objects, including a biological sample (E. cardamomum seedpod). Notably, we report an unprecedented detection rate of about 6,300 pairs per hour and the observation of energy anti-correlation for the X-ray photon pairs. We also present a detailed analysis of the properties of the down-converted X-ray photons, as well as a comprehensive study of the correlation imaging formation, including a study of distortions and corrections. These results mark a substantial advancement in X-ray quantum imaging, expanding the possibilities of X-ray quantum optical technologies, and illustrating the pathway towards enhancing biological imaging with reduced radiation doses.

Gofron, Kaz [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000314415736)↗
DOE OSTI2026

New Directions in Focused Ion Beam Induced Deposition for the Nanoprinting of Functional 3D Heterostructures

The focused ion beam (FIB) microscope is well established as a high-resolution machining instrument capable of site-selectively removing material down to the nanoscale. Beyond subtractive processing, however, the FIB can also add material via a technique known as focused ion beam induced deposition (FIBID). Using FIBID, the FIB can thus be employed for the direct-write of complex nanostructures. This work explores new directions in three-dimensional FIBID nanoprinting, harnessing unique features of helium and neon FIBs. In particular, the superior spatial resolution of these novel FIBs is leveraged to fabricate precise multimaterial architectures, an isotope effect is used to create satellite deposits, and dose-controlled implantation of the gaseous ions is used to engineer internal voids. In the context of voids, the fabrication of hollow nanopillars by helium-FIBID due to concurrent milling (as shown previously by others) is revisited. Insight into the chemical and structural composition of the nanostructures is obtained using advanced electron microscopy, accurately revealing buried interfaces, crystallite distributions, chemical compositions, and material transformations. Next-generation devices and technologies that could be enabled by the novel heterostructures demonstrated here are discussed, setting the stage for the potential evolution of FIBID into a versatile platform for functional nanomaterials design and fabrication.

FIBID↗
DOE OSTI2024

Implementation of low temperature spectrometers for the JET high resolution Thomson scattering diagnostic for disruption plasma measurements

This work presents a system upgrade of the High Resolution Thomson Scattering (HRTS) diagnostic on JET that allows it to measure low temperature (1–500 eV) plasma pre- and post-Thermal quench (TQ), which would help us further understand the Shattered Pellet Injection (SPI) physics. The upgrade was done by connecting optic fibers from the original HRTS system to four spectrometers specialized in measuring low temperature plasmas. The upgraded system allows for the measurement of low temperature plasma at up to 12 spatial points, which can be flexibly distributed throughout the JET outer midplane profile during the dedicated SPI experiments. In other JET experiments, four previously unused groups of fibers were used to measure the central plasma to provide disruption data without changing the standard HRTS system. The low temperature Thomson scattering system was installed, commissioned, and cross-calibrated against the standard HRTS diagnostic in a calibration pulse. The system worked reliably during the JET experiments and provided electron density and temperature profiles for pre- and post-TQ low temperature plasmas in the SPI campaign.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2025

Tropical Cyclone Super Resolution using conditional diffusion denoising probabilistic model from mesoscale simulation to LES

Accurate modeling of tropical cyclone wind fields is essential for the design, risk assessment, and operational planning of offshore energy infrastructure. While mesoscale simulations are widely used thanks to their computational efficiency, they lack the necessary resolution to capture key features such as wind shear and veer profiles as well as the distribution turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). High-fidelity large-eddy simulation (LES) models on the other hand, can resolve turbulent structures and provide a more accurate representation of the complex wind field, albeit at a higher computational cost. To address this modeling gap, we introduce a two-part generative framework to enhance the resolution and physics-capturing ability of mesoscale simulations. First, a reduced-order model based on Karhunen–Loève (KL) decomposition is used to extract dominant spatial modes from one-dimensional mean wind profiles. A multilayer perceptron (MLP) is trained to map mesoscale mode weights to their LES counterparts, enabling accurate reconstruction of vertical velocity profiles. Second, a conditional Diffusion Denoising Probabilistic Model (DDPM) is developed to super-resolve coarse and low-fidelity mesoscale velocity fields, recovering fine-scale turbulence structures and stress distributions. The framework is evaluated across different tropical cyclone intensity categories defined by the Saffir–Simpson scale and demonstrates strong performance in both interpolation and extrapolation tasks. The generated fields accurately reproduce spatial coherence, stress distributions, and spectral energy characteristics observed in LES data. By bridging the fidelity gap between mesoscale and LES outputs, this approach offers a scalable, data-driven solution for enhancing the representation of tropical cyclone wind fields, enabling more robust offshore energy infrastructure systems design in tropical-cyclone-prone areas.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Distributed Magnetic Field and Temperature Monitoring for Superconducting Radio Frequency Cavities

The overall objective of the proposed Phase I program was to design, construct and demonstrate a fiber optic sensing system capable of providing temperature and magnetic field measurements with an enhanced spatial resolution that can be implemented over a large surface area (cryomodules) to survey superconducting radio frequency cavities and magnets. A magnetic field sensor capable of detecting fluxes on the order of 1 μT is required to detect the distribution of trapped flux on the cavity surface. A unique distributed magnetic field sensor was successfully designed and constructed to demonstrate the detection of magnetic fluxes less than 500 nT. The sensor leveraged the ultra-high sensitivity of Sentek’s picoDAS to measure the magnetostriction induced vibrations in a commercially available Metglas 2605 SC ribbon that was in physical contact with sensing fiber. Static magnetic fields were detected by applying an alternating current a copper wire proximate to the Metglas 2605SC ribbon to create an AC bias magnetic field. In an alternative approach, an AC bias magnetic field was applied to a special magnetic field sensing fiber with Metglas 2605SC cladding successfully detect a magnetic field flux of a 3 μT. Exhaustive testing was performed to characterize the dependency of sensor response on the direction of the applied magnetic field. Although the special sensing fiber based magnetic field sensor did not exhibit an observable dependence on the direction of the magnetic field, the Metglas 2605SC ribbon sensor exhibited a clear directional dependence. A wide variety of polymer materials were evaluated to enhance the temperature response of an FBG based sensor at cryogenic temperatures. The processing and performance challenges provided the motivation to develop a new simple cryogenic temperature sensor that uses a commercially available fiber optic splice protector. The EVA hot melt tube that becomes adhered to the optical fiber and the polyolefin outer tube that shrinks upon heating in the fusion splicer heater provide the high thermal expansion coefficient necessary to impart a significant strain on the FBG when exposed to cryogenic temperatures. The temperature sensitivity (Δ𝜆𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑔~ 62 𝑝𝑝𝑚/℃) of the FBG-based sensor was on par with the best reported to date. The simple design, use of readily available cost-effective materials, and well-established processing techniques lends this approach to the creation of hundreds to thousands of temperature sensors on one single optical fiber length. The inherently small form factor also allows for co-location with the distributed magnetic field sensor. In preparation for field testing of the prototype sensing system at the Jefferson Labs in potential Phase II program, several different cable designs were evaluated to package the sensors. The preliminary successful demonstration of fully functional sensing cables provides the foundation for subsequent development efforts to advance the Technology Readiness Level of the technology. The technical feasibility of the proposed approach was successfully demonstrated in this Phase I effort.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Characterization of oceanic post-cold frontal clouds and their model representation. Final report

Low-level clouds are ubiquitous over the oceans, and their impact on the Earth’ radiative budget is important. However, general circulation models (GCMs) that are used to represent our climate and its evolution still experience problems to represent their correct amount and radiative impact. In the extratropical latitudes (~30-60 N/S), cloud properties are strongly modulated by the occurrence of anti-cyclones (high pressure systems) and cyclones (low pressure systems). While deep clouds dominate in cyclones near the center and along the cold and warm fronts, low-level clouds populate the colder regions of the cyclones, and more specifically the region in the wake of the cold fronts, the post-cold frontal region (PCF). The GCMs mentioned above were found to underestimate the amount of these PCF clouds, and this caused errors in their representation of the amount of solar radiation at the surface of the southern hemisphere oceans, causing an excess in absorption and errors in long-term predictions. To better understand which processes are ill-represented in the GCMs to cause such issues, we used ground-based observations from the Eastern North Atlantic (ENA) ARM site and a high resolution regional model (called WRF) to examine the properties of PCF clouds. With the WRF model, we simulated the passage of a cold front at the ENA site using theoretically distinct representations of convection and the physics of the boundary layer. While these physical representations had little impact on the timing, structure and circulation of the cold front, we found a high sensitivity to how the large scale information was fed into the model. Errors rapidly developed if the incoming flow information was injected too far from the site, but 1000 km was found to be an optimal distance between the outer boundary and the ENA site for a realistic cold front passage. With this model, we then conducted a series of experiment where convection and boundary layer schemes were changed, and revealed that 1) the clouds were more sensitive to the convection than boundary layer schemes and 2) the interaction between the two has a large impact. Furthermore, changing the representation of the physics in the model had greater impacts on PCF clouds than changing the initial conditions. As large-scale models increase their spatial resolution, convection will eventually be resolved but it remains that their representation of the physics of the boundary layer will matter for the correct representation of shallow (low-level) clouds. Observations were used to find which large-scale information had a clear relationship with PCF cloud and precipitation properties, in view of helping with GCM parameterizations and evaluation. Both lower troposphere stability and surface forcing were found to be important for PCF clouds that experience more vigorous dynamics than their tropical or subtropical counterparts. For cloud base and top heights, a simple measure of the change in potential temperature between the surface and the 800 hPa was found to be a good predictor. This relationship was found to hold as well when using data from campaigns recently conducted in the southern ocean south of Tasmania. A recent GCM was found to succeed in representing similar relations. For cloud depth, water content, and different characteristics of precipitation both the temperature contrast between the surface and near-air and the near-surface wind speed had a strong relationship. To summarize, through observational constraints and regional model experiments, the project has provided guidance to evaluate GCMs and tools to improve their representation of low-level clouds in the extratropics. It has also highlighted differences in behavior between these clouds and those typically found in the subtropics, thus opening new avenues of research for shallow clouds in general.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

X-ray microscopy and talbot imaging with the matter in extreme conditions X-ray imager at LCLS

The last decade has shown the great potential that X-ray Free Electron Lasers (FEL) have to study High Energy Density (HED) physics. Experiments at FELs have made significant breakthroughs in Shock Physics and Dynamic Diffraction, Dense Plasma Physics and Warm Dense Matter Science, using techniques such as isochoric heating, inelastic scattering, small angle scattering and X-ray diffraction. In addition, and complementary to these techniques, the coherent properties of the FEL beam can be used to image HED samples with high fidelity. We present new imaging diagnostics and techniques developed at the Matter in Extreme Conditions (MEC) instrument at Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) over the last few years. We show results in Phase Contrast Imaging geometry, where the X-ray beam propagates from the target to a camera revealing its phase, as well as in Direct Imaging geometry, where a real image of the sample plane is produced in the camera with a spatial resolution down to 200 nm. Last, we show an implementation of the Talbot Imaging method allowing both X-ray phase and intensity measurements change introduced by a target with sub-micron resolution.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Delayed coastal inundations caused by ocean dynamics post-Hurricane Matthew

Post Hurricane Abnormal Water Level (PHAWL) poses a persistent inundation threat to coastal communities, yet unresolved knowledge gaps exist regarding its spatiotemporal impacts and causal mechanisms. Using a high-resolution coastal model with a set of observations, we find that the PHAWLs are up to 50 cm higher than the normal water levels for several weeks and cause delayed inundations around residential areas of the U.S. Southeast Coast (USSC). Numerical experiments reveal that while atmospheric forcing modulates the coastal PHAWLs, ocean dynamics primarily driven by the Gulf Stream control the mean component and duration of the shelf-scale PHAWLs. Because of the large spatial impact of the post-hurricane oceanic forcing, the coastal hazards are not limited to a direct hit from a hurricane but can be detected throughout the USSC where the oceanic processes reach.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Electron cyclotron emission detection of neoclassical tearing modes for control for ITER

Successful operation of ITER requires control of magnetic instabilities including neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs) that can degrade confinement and lead to disruption. Low latency detection by electron cyclotron emission (ECE) diagnostics has been demonstrated in a few current experiments. Using a synthetic diagnostic, we demonstrate low latency NTM detection for ITER with plasmas described by ITER IMAS database scenarios and with realistic limitations imposed on the instrumentation by these high temperature scenarios. 2/1 NTMs are detected 430 ms after magnetic island seeding and before island locking. The radiometer configuration was optimized using simulation, and the smallest detectable island size was explored. Island sizes of ∼3 cm are detectable at the 2/1 surface. The simulated signals incorporate recent physics models for island growth and rotation, which show early locking and continued island growth after locking and before disruption. This work determines limits for ITER ECE spatial resolution imposed by relativistic broadening of channels, which informs hardware design. Real-time detection is demonstrated in hardware that is required by ITER, including on an NI PXI-7853R FPGA system. Development of a synthetic diagnostic and details of the hardware will be discussed.

Cyclotron radiation↗
DOE OSTI2021

Nanosecond Gated CMOS Camera (NSGCC) ICD (Rev. 2.1)

The Ultra-Fast X-ray Imager (UXI) program is an ongoing effort at Sandia National Laboratories to create high speed, multi-frame, time-gated Read Out Integrated Circuits (ROICs), and a corresponding suite of photodetectors to image a wide variety of High Energy Density (HED) physics experiments on both Sandia’s Z-Machine and LLNL’s National Ignition Facility (NIF). Several cameras have been designed over the length of the program; one of the most recent is the Icarus, which is an improvement on past imagers (Furi and Hippogriff). A second sensor that can be connected is the Daedalus sensor. The Icarus is a 1024 × 512-pixel array with either 25 μm or 8 µm spatial resolution containing four frames of storage per pixel and has improved timing generation and distribution components while achieved 2 ns time gating. The Daedalus sensor is also a 1024 x 512-pixel array with 25 µm special resolution containing three frames of storage per pixel and has an increased set of features for a wider variety of applications from interlacing of rows in each frame to configurability of all shutters. See Section 14 for details regarding the Icarus implementation of the firmware and Section 15 for details regarding the Daedalus implementation. Due to the unique test environments UXI sensors are targeted for, full custom hardware was required to physically mount an Icarus or Daedalus sensor, manage its various functions, and read out pixel data for transfer to a host computer. Beyond experimental functionality, the hardware also needed to accommodate sensor characterization requirements. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s ‘Version 4.0 Board’ was the result of these efforts. It mounts all the components required to fully utilize the Icarus and Daedalus sensors including analog to digital converters to convert pixel data and various system voltages to digital form for readout and analysis, DAC channels for remote configuration of critical bias voltages, static random-access memories to buffer pixel data, RS422 and Gigabit Ethernet communications for remote access, and an FPGA to tie these components together. This document describes the FPGA electrical interfaces in detail to allow the reader a greater understanding of the device, and to facilitate implementation of custom software to control and manage it. The Version 4.0 Board is a continuation of the Nano-second Gated CMOS hardware design that retains much of the functionality of the Version 1.0 Board while adding features including a DAC instead of digital potentiometers, as well as sensors for pressure and radiation. The Version 4.0 board is intended for applications requiring tight form-factor enclosures. It is composed of two stacking boards; one holds the FPGA and regulators to power the various components of the board while the other contains the mating connector to the sensor, image-readoff ADCs, the DAC, and other components.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2026

Charged Pion Production Explorations Using the NOvA Near Detector

Measurements of neutrino-nucleus interactions in the few-GeV region provide crucial inputs to the neutrino oscillation program being carried out by currently running experiments (NOvA, SBN, T2K), and next-generation experiments (DUNE, 2HK). This poster presents the status of a measurement using the high-intensity NuMI beam and the NOvA Near Detector of the flux-integrated differential cross-section in pion kinetic energy for $\nu_\mu + N \rightarrow \mu^- + \pi^\pm + X$, where X does not include any charged pions. This signal is sensitive to inelastic processes with Delta resonance production, which dominate at neutrino energies relevant for NOvA and DUNE. To overcome the difficulty of reconstructing the energy of charged pions in a lower-spatial-resolution detector, a novel analysis technique is used that incorporates a multi-template fit to extract the number of events for two signal categories that differ from one another by their purity and resolution. The two signal categories are combined leveraging their complementary errors into a more informative cross section result.

Ewart, Erin [Indiana U.]↗
DOE OSTI2024

ADRIANO2 Calorimeter performance from 2022 Prototypes

A novel high-granularity dual-readout calorimetric technique was developed as part of the T1604 collaboration research program. The building block of ADRIANO2 Calorimeter consists of a pair of optically isolated, small sized tiles made of scintillating plastic and lead glass. The two components of the dual-readout energy compensation technique. Furthermore,Cˇerenkovlightfromtheleadglassareexploitedtoforhighresolutiontimingmeasurements,whilehigh granularity from scintillating plastic can be used to probe the spatial component of the particle shower. This setup works for excellent energy resolution and particle identification for REDTOP as it is crucial for a calorimeter to detect and identify the decay products of eta/eta-prime mesons. Measurements were collected on several ADRIANO2 prototypes between February to December 2022 to evaluate the detector performance. The key metrics extracted from the analyses are presented in this paper are the efficiencies and light-yi eld for various tile configurations. The measured values will be used as input parameters for improved REDTOP Montecarlo simulation.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2026

System-of-systems optimization of hydrogen infrastructure for heavy-duty freight corridors: The interstate 10 case study

Medium and heavy-duty freight transportation requires hydrogen energy infrastructure that is cost-effective, operationally reliable, spatially coherent, and resilient to demand variability along major corridors. This paper presents an integrated hydrogen corridor planning framework using Oak Ridge National Laboratory's OR-AGENT that couples freight-driven, route-resolved hydrogen demand modeling with optimized station siting, sizing, and station-level techno-economic analysis. The framework is demonstrated for the Interstate 10 freight corridor and the Houston-to-Los-Angeles region. Hydrogen demand is derived from high-resolution origin–destination freight data, duty-cycle characterization, and physics-based energy consumption modeling. Candidate refueling sites are selected from existing heavy-duty diesel fueling locations and optimized subject to onboard storage and station capacity constraints. Resulting station throughputs are evaluated using established techno-economic models for electrolytic hydrogen production and dispensing infrastructure. Results show that a regional, portfolio-level aggregation, average dispensed electrolytic hydrogen cost of $6.87–$7.26/kg is currently feasible, and is strongly influenced by demand density and utilization.

Sujan, Vivek [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000269882342)↗
DOE OSTI2022

Absolute calibration of the conical crystal configuration of the zinc spectrometer (ZSPEC) at the OMEGA laser facility

In this study, we present the absolute calibration of the conical crystal for the zinc spectrometer (ZSPEC), an x-ray spectrometer at the OMEGA laser facility at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics. The ZSPEC was originally designed to measure x-ray Thomson scattering using flat or cylindrically curved highly oriented pyrolytic graphite crystals centered around Zn He-alpha emission at 9 keV. To improve the useful spectral range and collection efficiency of the ZSPEC, a conical highly annealed pyrolytic graphite crystal was fabricated for the ZSPEC. The conically bent crystal in the Hall geometry produces a line focus perpendicular to the spectrometer axis, corresponding to the detector plane of electronic detectors at large scale laser facilities such as OMEGA, extending the useful range of the spectrometer to 7–11 keV. Further, using data collected using a microfocus Mo x-ray source, we determine important characteristics of ZSPEC such as the dispersion, spatial resolution, and absolute sensitivity of the instrument. A ray-trace model of ZSPEC provides another point of agreement in calculations of the ZSPEC dispersion and crystal response.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗