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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,477 records · Page 82
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Measurement‐based correlation approach for power system dynamic response estimation

Understanding power system dynamics is essential for online stability assessment and control applications. Global positioning system‐synchronised phasor measurement units and frequency disturbance recorders (FDRs) make power system dynamics visible and deliver an accurate picture of the overall operation condition to system operators. However, in the actual field implementations, some measurement data can be inaccessible for various reasons, for example, most notably failure of communication. In this study, a measurement‐based approach is proposed to estimate the missing power system dynamics. Specifically, a correlation coefficient index is proposed to describe the correlation relationship between different measurements. Then, the auto‐regressive with exogenous input identification model is employed to estimate the missing system dynamic response. The US Eastern Interconnection is utilised in this study as a case study. The robustness of the correlation approach is verified by a wide variety of case studies as well. Finally, the proposed correlation approach is applied to the real FDR data for power system dynamic response estimation. The results indicate that the correlation approach could help select better input locations and thus improve the response estimation accuracy.

Bai, Feifei↗
DOE OSTI2010

Analysis of the LQCD results on the lowest-lying baryon masses in chiral perturbation theory

We review recent progress in the understanding of low-energy baryon structure by means of chiral perturbation theory. In particular, we discuss the application of this formalism to the description of the quark mass dependence of recent Lattice QCD results on the masses. We present the chiral extrapolation of those of the PACS-CS and LHP collaborations and we predictthe baryonic sigma-terms.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Hard X-ray Phase-Contrast Tomographic Nanoimaging

Synchrotron-based full-field tomographic microscopy established itself as a tool for noninvasive investigations. Many beamlines worldwide routinely achieve micrometer spatial resolution while the isotropic 100-nm barrier is reached and trespassed only by few instruments, mainly in the soft x-ray regime. We present an x-ray, full-field microscope with tomographic capabilities operating at 10 keV and with a 3D isotropic resolution of 144 nm recently installed at the TOMCAT beamline of the Swiss Light Source. Custom optical components, including a beam-shaping condenser and phase-shifting dot arrays, were used to obtain an ideal, aperture-matched sample illumination and very sensitive phase-contrast imaging. The instrument has been successfully used for the nondestructive, volumetric investigation of single, unstained cells.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Supersonic helium beam diagnostic for fluctuation measurements of electron temperature and density at the Tokamak TEXTOR

A supersonic helium beam diagnostic, based on the line-ratio technique for high resolution electron density and temperature measurements in the plasma edge (r/a > 0.9) was designed, built, and optimised at TEXTOR (Torus Experiment for Technology Oriented Research). The supersonic injection system, based on the Campargue skimmer-nozzle concept, was developed and optimised in order to provide both a high neutral helium beam density of n{sub 0}= 1.5 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 18} m{sup -3} and a low beam divergence of {+-}1 Degree-Sign simultaneously, achieving a poloidal resolution of {Delta}{sub poloidal}= 9 mm. The setup utilises a newly developed dead volume free piezo valve for operation in a high magnetic field environment of up to 2 T with a maximum repetition rate of 80 Hz. Gas injections are realised for a duration of 120 ms at a repetition rate of 2 Hz (duty cycle 1/3). In combination with a high sensitivity detection system, consisting of three 32 multi-channel photomultipliers (PMTs), measurements of edge electron temperature and density with a radial resolution of {Delta}{sub radial}= 2 mm and a maximum temporal resolution of {Delta}t Asymptotically-Equal-To 2 {mu}s (470 kHz) are possible for the first time. The diagnostic setup at TEXTOR is presented. The newly developed injection system and its theoretical bases are discussed. The applicability of the stationary collisional-radiative model as basis of the line-ratio technique is shown. Finally, an example of a fluctuation analysis demonstrating the unique high temporal and spatial resolution capabilities of this new diagnostic is presented.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2012

Laser produced plasma for efficient extreme ultraviolet light sources

Extreme ultraviolet emission from laser produced plasma and their relevance to EUV source development is discussed. The current state of the field for Sn LPP sources operating at 13.5 nm is described and initial results are given for EUV emission from CO{sub 2} laser irradiation of a bulk Sn target. A maximum conversion efficiency of 1.7% has been measured and the influence of the CO{sub 2} laser temporal profile on the CE is discussed. A double pulse irradiation scheme is shown to increase CE up to a maximum value of 2.1% for an optimum prepulse - pulse delay of 150 ns. The emergence of a new EUVL source wavelength at 6.7 nm based on Gd and Tb LPPs has been outlined. An initial experiment investigating picosecond laser irradiation as a means to produce strong 6.7 nm emission from a Gd{sub 2}O{sub 3} target has been performed and verified.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Lower hybrid current drive favoured by electron cyclotron radiofrequency heating

The important goal of adding to the bootstrap a fraction of non-inductive plasma current, which would be controlled for obtaining and optimizing steady-state profiles, can be reached by using the Current Drive produced by Lower Hybrid waves (LHCD). FTU (Frascati Tokamak Upgrade) experiments demonstrated, indeed, that LHCD is effective at reactor-graded high plasma density, and the LH spectral broadening is reduced, operating with higher electron temperature in the outer region of plasma column (T{sub e-periphery}). This method was obtained following the guidelines of theoretical predictions indicating that the broadening of launched spectrum produced by parametric instability (PI) should be reduced, and the LHCD effect at high density consequently enabled, under higher (T{sub e-periphery}). In FTU, the temperature increase in the outer plasma region was obtained by operating with reduced particle recycling, lithized walls and deep gas fuelling by means of fast pellet. Heating plasma periphery with electron cyclotron resonant waves (ECRH) will provide a further tool for achieving steady-state operations. New FTU experimental results are presented here, demonstrating that temperature effect at the plasma periphery, affecting LH penetration, occurs in a range of plasma parameters broader than in previous work. New information is also shown on the modelling assessing frequencies and growth rates of the PI coupled modes responsible of spectral broadening. Finally, we present the design of an experiment scheduled on FTU next campaign, where ECRH power is used to slightly increase the electron temperature in the outer plasma region of a high-density discharge aiming at restoring LHCD. Consequent to model results, by operating with a toroidal magnetic field of 6.3 T, useful for locating the electron cyclotron resonant layer at the periphery of the plasma column (r/a∼0.8, f{sub 0}=144 GHz), an increase of T{sub e} in the outer plasma (from 40 eV to 80 eV at r/a∼0.8) is expected by the JETTO code, sufficient for recovering LHCD. An ECRH power of 0.8 MW, and the standard FTU regime at high plasma density (n{sub eav}∼1.3×10{sup 20}m{sup −3} and plasma current of 0.5 MA) have been considered. The code has been set with transport modelling to reproduce the evolution of FTU kinetic profiles.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Quasi-optical design for systems to diagnose the electron temperature and density fluctuations on EAST

A system to simultaneously diagnose the electron temperature and density fluctuations is proposed for Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak device. This system includes a common quasi-optical antenna, a correlation electron cyclotron emission (CECE) system that is used to measure the electron temperature fluctuations and a Doppler backscattering (DBS) system that is used to measure the electron density fluctuations. The frequency range of the proposed CECE system is 108-120 GHz, and this corresponds to a radial coverage of normalized radius ((R − R{sub 0})/a, R{sub 0} = 1850 mm, a = 450 mm) from 0.2 to 0.67 for the plasma operation with a toroidal magnetic field of 2.26 T. This paper focuses on the design of the quasi-optical antenna and aims at optimizing the poloidal resolution for different frequency bands. An optimum result gives the beam radius for the CECE system of 13-15 mm and this corresponds to a wave number range of k{sub θ} < 2.4 cm{sup −1}. The beam radius is 20-30 mm for V band (50-75 GHz) and 15-20 mm for W band (75-110 GHz).

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2018

Similarity-transformed equation-of-motion vibrational coupled-cluster theory

A similarity-transformed equation-of-motion vibrational coupled-cluster (STEOM-XVCC) method is introduced as a one-mode theory with an effective vibrational Hamiltonian, which is similarity transformed twice so that its lower-order operators are dressed with higher-order anharmonic effects. The first transformation uses an exponential excitation operator, defining the equation-of-motion vibrational coupled-cluster (EOM-XVCC) method, and the second uses an exponential excitation-deexcitation operator. From diagonalization of this doubly similarity-transformed Hamiltonian in the small one-mode excitation space, the method simultaneously computes accurate anharmonic vibrational frequencies of all fundamentals, which have unique significance in vibrational analyses. We establish a diagrammatic method of deriving the working equations of STEOM-XVCC and prove their connectedness and thus size-consistency as well as the exact equality of its frequencies with the corresponding roots of EOM-XVCC. We furthermore elucidate the similarities and differences between electronic and vibrational STEOM methods and between STEOM-XVCC and vibrational many-body Green’s function theory based on the Dyson equation, which is also an anharmonic one-mode theory. The latter comparison inspires three approximate STEOM-XVCC methods utilizing the common approximations made in the Dyson equation: the diagonal approximation, a perturbative expansion of the Dyson self-energy, and the frequency-independent approximation. The STEOM-XVCC method including up to the simultaneous four-mode excitation operator in a quartic force field and its three approximate variants are formulated and implemented in computer codes with the aid of computer algebra, and they are applied to small test cases with varied degrees of anharmonicit

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

A diagnostic to measure neutral-atom density in fusion-research plasmas

For this study, a femtosecond two-photon-absorption laser-induced-fluorescence (TALIF) diagnostic was designed, installed, and operated on the Princeton-Field-Reversed Configuration-2 device to provide non-invasive measurements of the time and spatially resolved neutral-atom densities in its plasmas. Calibration of the H o density was accomplished by comparison with Kr TALIF. Measurements on plasmas formed of either H 2 or Kr fill gases allowed examination of nominally long and short ionization mean-free-path regimes. With multi-kW plasma heating and H 2 fill gas, a spatially uniform H o density of order 10 17 m –3 was measured with better than ±2 mm and 10 µs resolution. Under similar plasma conditions but with Kr fill gas, a 3-fold decrease in the in-plasma Kr density was observed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Cation reordering instead of phase transitions: Origins and implications of contrasting lithiation mechanisms in 1D ζ- and 2D α-V 2 O 5

Substantial improvements in cycle life, rate performance, accessible voltage, and reversible capacity are required to realize the promise of Li-ion batteries in full measure. Here, we have examined insertion electrodes of the same composition (V 2 O 5 ) prepared according to the same electrode specifications and comprising particles with similar dimensions and geometries that differ only in terms of their atomic connectivity and crystal structure, specifically two-dimensional (2D) layered α-V 2 O 5 that crystallizes in an orthorhombic space group and one-dimensional (1D) tunnel-structured ζ-V 2 O 5 crystallized in a monoclinic space group. By using particles of similar dimensions, we have disentangled the role of specific structural motifs and atomistic diffusion pathways in affecting electrochemical performance by mapping the dynamical evolution of lithiation-induced structural modifications using ex situ scanning transmission X-ray microscopy, operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements, and phase-field modeling. We find the operation of sharply divergent mechanisms to accommodate increasing concentrations of Li-ions: a series of distortive phase transformations that result in puckering and expansion of interlayer spacing in layered α-V 2 O 5 , as compared with cation reordering along interstitial sites in tunnel-structured ζ-V 2 O 5 . By alleviating distortive phase transformations, the ζ-V 2 O 5 cathode shows reduced voltage hysteresis, increased Li-ion diffusivity, alleviation of stress gradients, and improved capacity retention. The findings demonstrate that alternative lithiation mechanisms can be accessed in metastable compounds by dint of their reconfigured atomic connectivity and can unlock substantially improved electrochemical performance not accessible in the thermodynamically stable phase.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

The ST40 Collaboration: A Groundbreaking, First-of-Its-Kind, Public-Private Partnership in Fusion

With the continued expansion of the private fusion sector, many governments are increasing support for public-private partnerships (PPPs) and positioning these partnerships as central to their plans to deliver commercial fusion. This paper discusses a groundbreaking first-of-its-kind PPP between the United Kingdom–based private company, Tokamak Energy Ltd. and the U.S. public sector researchers from the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and the University of Washington that focused on advancing spherical tokamak physics on the ST40, a high-field spherical tokamak owned and operated by Tokamak Energy. The collaboration was both scientifically productive and supportive of Tokamak Energy in achieving a key company milestone. Key factors that made this a productive and impactful collaboration are outlined from the perspectives of both the public and private participants. These principles can be used to inform future PPPs in fusion, and have already paved the way for new public-private initiatives.

Public-private partnership↗
DOE OSTI2025

Surface deformation coupled with self-organized pattern on a liquid anode of 1 atm DC glow discharge

Intricate, self-organized plasma structures observed above the surface of a liquid anode of atmospheric DC glow discharge were found to give rise to coherent, organized surface deformation and mechanical wave formation at the plasma–liquid interface. This new phenomenon indicates that the liquid is closely coupled to the plasma by the anode sheath’s electrohydrodynamic (EHD) force. A scientific question then arises: Do surface perturbations, coupled with the nonuniform surface charge distribution, enhance the electric field and induce self-organization? Using the reflective background-oriented schlieren technique, the liquid surface profile under the plasma pattern was measured for the first time. The results show that surface distortions are driven by the repulsive Coulomb force of nonuniform net-negative surface charge acted by the anode sheath field. The impacts of various operating parameters on the patterns and surface waves were examined, revealing the significance of gas heating and liquid charge relaxation time in the pattern formation mechanism. Time-resolved dynamics of a pulsed DC discharge indicated that the surface deformation only appeared after the establishment of plasma patterns. Statistically, the surface wave under the plasma has high wave numbers (8000–16000 m −1 ) and small amplitudes ($<$ 10 µm), generally found in the capillary wave regime. Yet the motion of surface deformations is in tandem with the plasma pattern and exhibits a nondispersive nature of constant phase velocity (0.1–0.4 m s −1 ), suggesting the dominant role of EHD force over the surface tension in the observed surface wave. These results indicate that the deformed liquid surface is driven by the EHD force of the plasma sheath. Although they share a similar geometry, the deformation and wave dynamics of the liquid surface do not stimulate a plasma pattern. Importantly, the complex EHD coupling in the plasma–liquid system raises awareness and new challenges for plasma control engineering, and the quantitative characteristics of the nondispersive surface wave are informative for advancing relevant theory and modeling.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

AC loss and contact resistance in REBCO CORC ® , Roebel, and stacked tape cables

Abstract Many high-temperature superconductor (HTS) applications require superconducting cables with high currents while operating in an alternating magnetic field. HTS cables should be composed of numerous superconducting tapes to achieve the required current capacity. Alternating current and magnetic fields cause AC losses in such cables and can provoke conductor instability. AC losses and contact resistances were measured of several cable designs based on commercially available REBCO tapes at the University of Twente. The AC loss was measured under identical conditions for eight REBCO conductors manufactured according to three types of cabling methods—CORC ® (Conductor on Round Core), Roebel, and stacked tape, including a full-size REBCO CICC (cable in conduit conductor). The measurements were done at T = 4.2 K without transport current in a sinusoidal AC magnetic field of 0.4 T amplitude and frequencies from 5 to 55 mHz. The AC loss was measured simultaneously by calibrated gas flow calorimeter utilizing the helium boil-off method and by the magnetization method using pick-up coils. Also, the AC loss of two CORC® conductors and a Roebel cable was measured at 77 K. Each conductor was measured with and without background field of 1 T. The measured AC coupling loss in the CORC ® and Roebel conductors is negligible at 4.2 K for the applied conditions while at 77 K coupling loss was observed for all conductors. The absence of coupling loss at 4.2 K can be explained by shielding of the conductor interior; this is confirmed with measurement and calculation of the penetration field of CORC ® and Roebel cables. The inter-tape contact resistance was measured for CORC ® and stacked tape samples at 4.2 and 77 K. It was demonstrated that a short heat treatment of CORC ® conductor with solder-coated tapes activates tape-to-tape soldering and decreases the contact resistance. The reduction of contact resistance by two orders in magnitude to tens of nΩm is comparable with the interstrand contact resistance in ITER Nb 3 Sn type conductors.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2024

Quench protection for high-temperature superconductor cables using active control of current distribution

Superconducting magnets of future fusion reactors are expected to rely on composite high-temperature superconductor (HTS) cable conductors. In presently used HTS cables, current sharing between components is limited due to poorly defined contact resistances between superconducting tapes or by design. The interplay between contact and termination resistances is the defining factor for power dissipation in these cables and ultimately defines their safe operational margins. However, the current distribution between components along the composite conductor and inside its terminations is a priori unknown, and presently, no means are available to actively tune current flow distribution in real-time to improve margins of quench protection. Also, the lack of ability to electrically probe individual components makes it impossible to identify conductor damage locations within the cable. In this work, we address both problems by introducing active current control of current distribution between components using cryogenically operated metal-oxide-semiconductor-field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). We demonstrate through simulation and experiments how real-time current controls can help to drastically reduce heat dissipation in a developing hot spot in a two-conductor model system and help identify critical current degradation of individual cable components. Finally, prospects of other potential uses of MOSFET devices for improved voltage detection, AC loss-driven active quench protection, and remnant magnetization reduction in HTS magnets are also discussed.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

Performance of the ATLAS RPC detector and Level-1 muon barrel trigger at √(s)=13 TeV

The ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) employs a trigger system consisting of a first-level hardware trigger (L1) and a software-based high-level trigger. The L1 muon trigger system selects muon candidates, assigns them to the correct LHC bunch crossing and classifies them into one of six transverse-momentum threshold classes. The L1 muon trigger system uses resistive-plate chambers (RPCs) to generate the muon-induced trigger signals in the central (barrel) region of the ATLAS detector. The ATLAS RPCs are arranged in six concentric layers and operate in a toroidal magnetic field with a bending power of 1.5 to 5.5 Tm. The RPC detector consists of about 3700 gas volumes with a total surface area of more than 4000 m2. This paper reports on the performance of the RPC detector and L1 muon barrel trigger using 60.8 fb-1 of proton-proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment in 2018 at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. Detector and trigger performance are studied using Z boson decays into a muon pair. Measurements of the RPC detector response, efficiency, and time resolution are reported. Measurements of the L1 muon barrel trigger efficiencies and rates are presented, along with measurements of the properties of the selected sample of muon candidates. Measurements of the RPC currents, counting rates and mean avalanche charge are performed using zero-bias collisions. Finally, RPC detector response and efficiency are studied at different high voltage and front-end discriminator threshold settings in order to extrapolate detector response to the higher luminosity expected for the High Luminosity LHC.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2026

Floquet operator dynamics and orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle

Operator spreading under stroboscopic time evolution under a unitary is studied. An operator Krylov space is constructed and mapped to orthogonal polynomials on a unit circle (OPUC), as well as to the Krylov space of the edge operator of the Floquet transverse field Ising model with inhomogeneous couplings (ITFIM). The Verblunsky coefficients in the OPUC representation are related to the Krylov angles parametrizing the ITFIM. The relations between the OPUC and spectral functions are summarized and several applications are presented. These include derivation of analytic expressions for the OPUC under persistent m-periodic dynamics, and the numerical construction of the OPUC for autocorrelations of the homogeneous Floquet-Ising model as well as the Z 3 clock model. The numerically obtained Krylov angles of the Z 3 clock model with long-lived period tripled autocorrelations show a spatial periodicity of six, and this observation is used to develop an analytically solvable model for the ITFIM that mimics this behavior.

Floquet systems↗
DOE OSTI2011

Analyzing power in elastic scattering of {sup 6}He from a polarized proton target at 71 MeV/nucleon

The vector analyzing power has been measured for the elastic scattering of neutron-rich {sup 6}He from polarized protons at 71 MeV/nucleon making use of a newly constructed solid polarized proton target operated in a low magnetic field and at high temperature. Two approaches based on local one-body potentials were applied to investigate the spin-orbit interaction between a proton and a {sup 6}He nucleus. An optical model analysis revealed that the spin-orbit potential for {sup 6}He is characterized by a shallow and long-ranged shape compared with the global systematics of stable nuclei. A semimicroscopic analysis with an {alpha}+n+n cluster folding model suggests that the interaction between a proton and the {alpha} core is essentially important in describing the p+{sup 6}He elastic scattering. The data are also compared with fully microscopic analyses using nonlocal optical potentials based on nucleon-nucleon g matrices.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Implications of the Gaia sausage for dark matter nuclear interactions

The advent of the Gaia era has led to potentially revolutionary understanding of dark matter (DM) dynamics in our galaxy, which has important consequences for direct detection (DD) experiments. In this paper, we study how the empirical DM velocity distribution inferred from Gaia-sausage, a dominant substructure in the solar neighborhood, affects the interpretation of DD data. We survey different classes of operators in the nonrelativistic effective field theory that could arise from several relativistic benchmark models and emphasize that the Gaia velocity distribution could modify both the total number of events as well as the shape of the differential recoil spectra, the two primary observables in DD experiments. Employing the Euclideanized signal method, we investigate the effects of the Gaia distribution on reconstructing DM model parameters and identifying the correct DM model given a positive signal at future DD experiments. We find that for light DM with mass ~10 GeV, the Gaia distribution poses an additional challenge for characterizing DM interactions with ordinary matter, which may be addressed by combining complementary DD experiments with different targets and lowering the detection threshold. Meanwhile, for heavy DM with mass above ~30 GeV , depending on the type of DM model, there could be a (moderate) improvement in the sensitivity at future DD experiments.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗