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This chapter covers Laser Absorption Spectroscopic Techniques and Applications of Semiconductor LAS Based Trace Gas Sensor Systems.
Soil emissions have been inadequately characterized in life cycle assessment of biofuels (see section 3.2.3). This project measures the net differences in field-level greenhouse gas emissions (CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 ) due to corn residue removal for cellulosic ethanol production. Gas measurements are then incorporated into life cycle assessment of the final biofuel product to determine whether it is in compliance with federal greenhouse gas emissions standards for biofuels (Renewable Fuel Standard 2, RFS2). The field measurements have been conducted over three years on two, quarter-section, production-scale, irrigated corn fields (both roughly 50 hectares, as this size of field is necessary for reproducible eddy covariance flux measurements of CO 2 ; chamber measurements are used to determine N 2 O and CH 4 emissions). Due to a large hail storm in 2010, estimates of the emission from residue could not be separated from the total CO 2 flux in 2011. This led us to develop soil organic carbon (SOC) modeling techniques to estimate changes in CO 2 emissions from residue removal. Modeling has predicted emissions of CO 2 from oxidation of SOC that are consistent (<12%) with 9 years of CO 2 flux measurements at the two production field sites, and modeling is also consistent with other field measurements (Liska et al., submitted). The model was then used to estimate the average change in SOC and CO 2 emissions from nine years of simulated residue removal (6 Mg biomass per hectare per year) at the sites; a loss of 0.43 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 resulted. The model was then used to estimate SOC changes over 10 years across Nebraska using supercomputing, based on 61 million, 30 x 30 meter, grid cells to account for regional variability in initial SOC, crop yield, and temperature; an average loss of 0.47 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 resulted. When these CO 2 emissions are included in simple life cycle assessment calculations, emissions from cellulosic ethanol from crop residue are above mandated levels of 60% reduction compared to gasoline (Liska, in press). These approaches are both technically effective and economically feasible. This work has been extensively peer reviewed.
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Presented by NETL at 2017 NETL Carbon Capture Project Review Meeting, 08/17
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