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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,459 records · Page 81
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DOE OSTI2011

Experimental demonstration of tunable directional excitation of surface plasmon polaritons with a subwavelength metallic double slit

We demonstrate experimentally the directional excitation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) on a metal film by a subwavelength double slit under backside illumination, based on the interference of SPPs generated by the two slits. By varying the incident angle, the SPPs can be tunably directed into two opposite propagating directions with a predetermined splitting ratio. Under certain incident angle, unidirectional SPP excitation can be achieved. This compact directional SPP coupler is potentially useful for many on-chip applications. As an example, we show the integration of the double-slit couplers with SPP Bragg mirrors, which can effectively realize selective coupling of SPPs into different ports in an integrated plasmonic chip.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2011

Fountain effect of laser-driven relativistic electrons inside a solid dielectric

Ultrafast interferometry with sub-ps resolution has been applied for the direct measurement of an electron density induced by a laser-driven relativistic electron beam inside a solid dielectric. The topology of the interference phase shift shows the signature of the ''fountain effect,'' a narrow electron beam that fans out from the propagation axis and heads back to the target surface. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) computer simulations demonstrate radial spreading of fast electrons by self-consistent electrostatic fields. The very low ionization, {approx}0.1%, observed after the heating pulse suggests a fast recombination at the sub-ps time scale.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

LSND and MiniBooNE within (3+1) plus NSI

The recently observed event excess in MiniBooNE anti-neutrino data is in agreement with the LSND evidence for electron anti-neutrino appearance. We propose an explanation of these data in terms of a (3+1) scheme with a sterile neutrino including non-standard neutrino interactions (NSI) at neutrino production and detection. The interference between oscillations and NSI provides a source for CP violation which we use to reconcile different results from neutrino and anti-neutrino data. Our best fit results imply NSI at the level of a few percent relative to the standard weak interaction, in agreement with current bounds. We compare the quality of the NSI fit to the one obtained within the (3+1) and (3+2) pure oscillation frameworks.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Polarization and angular effects of femtosecond laser-induced nanostructure-covered large scale waves on metals

In this paper, we find that nanostructure-covered large scale waves (NC-LSWs) can be produced on metals using both s- and p-polarized femtosecond laser pulses. We show that the period of NC-LSWs can be controlled by laser fluence, the number of irradiating pulses, and the incident beam angle. By modeling angular dependence of NC-LSW period induced by s-polarized light, we reveal that inhomogeneous energy deposition plays an important role in the formation of NC-LSWs. This allows us to establish a three-step model for NC-LSW formation, the formation of laser-induced surface unevenness, inhomogeneous energy deposition due to the interference of the incident light with the scattered light, and nonuniform energy deposition due to shielding by LSWs.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2011

Theoretical Calculation for the Ionization of Molecules by Short Strong Laser Pulses

We have developed several calculation methods for the ionization of atoms and molecules by strong and ultrashort laser pulses, based on the numerical solution of the time dependent Schroedinger equation (TDSE) in the momentum space. We have performed calculations within the strong field approximation (Volkov) and using iterative and direct methods for solving the TDSE. The investigated molecules are H{sub 2}{sup +} and H{sub 2}O. In case of the ionization of diatomic molecules the interference effects in the ejected electron spectra due to the coherent addition of the waves associated to the electrons ejected from the vicinity of different nuclei were also analysed.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Two-dimensional plasma grating by non-collinear femtosecond filament interaction in air

We experimentally demonstrated that two-dimensional (2D) plasma gratings could be generated in air by nonlinear interaction of three femtosecond filaments. The intensity interference of non-collinearly overlapped filaments was self-projected along a relatively long distance and accompanied with a wavelength-scale periodic change of the refractive index in the encircling air due to periodic plasma density modulation. The 2D plasma gratings supported 2D diffraction of the generated third-harmonic pulses. By using in-line time-resolved holographic imaging and time-delayed diffraction, the 2D plasma gratings were evidenced to last a few tens picoseconds after the excitation pulses.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2011

GaN directional couplers for integrated quantum photonics

Large cross-section GaN waveguides are proposed as a suitable architecture to achieve integrated quantum photonic circuits. Directional couplers with this geometry have been designed with aid of the beam propagation method and fabricated using inductively coupled plasma etching. Scanning electron microscopy inspection shows high quality facets for end coupling and a well defined gap between rib pairs in the coupling region. Optical characterization at 800 nm shows single-mode operation and coupling-length-dependent splitting ratios. Two photon interference of degenerate photon pairs has been observed in the directional coupler by measurement of the Hong-Ou-Mandel dip [C. K. Hong, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2044 (1987)] with 96% visibility.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2011

Enhancing The Mode Conversion Efficiency In JET Plasmas With Multiple Mode Conversion Layers

The constructive interference effect described by Fuchs et al. [1] shows that the mode conversion and thereby the overall heating efficiency can be enhanced significantly when an integer number of fast wave wavelengths can be folded in between the high field side fast wave cutoff and the ion-ion hybrid layer(s) at which the ion Bernstein or ion cyclotron waves are excited. This effect was already experimentally identified in ({sup 3}He)-D plasmas [2] and was recently tested in ({sup 3}He)-H JET plasmas. The latter is an 'inverted' scenario, which differs significantly from the ({sup 3}He)-D scenarios since the mode-conversion layer is positioned between the low field side edge of the plasma and the ion-cyclotron layer of the minority {sup 3}He ions (whereas the order in which a wave entering the plasma from the low field side encounters these layers is inverted in a 'regular' scenario), and because much lower {sup 3}He concentrations are needed to achieve the mode-conversion heating regime. The presence of small amounts of {sup 4}He and D in the discharges gave rise to an additional mode conversion layer on top of the expected one associated with {sup 3}He-H, which made the interpretation of the results more complex but also more interesting: Three different regimes could be distinguished as a function of X[{sup 3}He], and the differing dynamics at the various concentrations could be traced back to the presence of these two mode conversion layers and their associated fast wave cutoffs. Whereas (1-D and 2-D) numerical modeling yields quantitative information on the RF absorptivity, recent analytical work by Kazakov [3] permits to grasp the dominant underlying wave interaction physics.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2011

Fano Resonance in GaAs 2D Photonic Crystal Nanocavities

We report the results of polarization resolved reflectivity experiments in GaAs air-bridge photonic crystals with L3 cavities. We show that the fundamental L3 cavity mode changes, in a controlled way, from a Lorentzian symmetrical lineshape to an asymmetrical form when the linear polarization of the incident light is rotated in the plane of the crystal. The different lineshapes are well fitted by the Fano asymmetric equation, implying that a Fano resonance is present in the reflectivity. We use the scattering matrix method to model the Fano interference between a localized discrete state (the cavity fundamental mode) and a background of continuum states (the light reflected from the crystal slab in the vicinity of the cavity) with very good agreement with the experimental data.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Fragmentation function measurements at Belle

The precision measurement of fragmentation functions is an important requirement to study the spin structure of the nucleon. Unpolarized fragmentation functions at reasonably low scale and high fractional energy are necessary to complement the measurements mostly performed at LEP in order to obtain high enough precision for measurements at semi-inclusive DIS experiments and at RHIC. Those can be obtained from the abundant data collected with the Belle detector at the e{sup +}e{sup -} collider KEKB. In addition one can cleanly measure the transversely polarized fragmentation functions such as the Collins fragmentation function and the interference fragmentation functions. Both have been obtained with great precision at Belle.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Beam emission spectroscopy turbulence imaging system for the MAST spherical tokamak

A new beam emission spectroscopy turbulence imaging system has recently been installed onto the MAST spherical tokamak. The system utilises a high-throughput, direct coupled imaging optics, and a single large interference filter for collection of the Doppler shifted D{sub {alpha}} emission from the {approx}2 MW heating beam of {approx}70 keV injection energy. The collected light is imaged onto a 2D array detector with 8 x 4 avalanche photodiode sensors which is incorporated into a custom camera unit to perform simultaneous 14-bit digitization at 2 MHz of all 32 channels. The array is imaged at the beam to achieve a spatial resolution of {approx}2 cm in the radial (horizontal) and poloidal (vertical) directions, which is sufficient for detection of the ion-scale plasma turbulence. At the typical photon fluxes of {approx}10{sup 11} s{sup -1} the achieved signal-to-noise ratio of {approx}300 at the 0.5 MHz analogue bandwidth is sufficient for detection of relative density fluctuations at the level of a few 0.1%. The system is to be utilised for the study of the characteristics of the broadband, ion-scale turbulence, in particular its interaction with flow shear, as well as coherent fluctuations due to various types of MHD activity.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2012

Optical damage in reduced Z-cut LiNbO{sub 3} crystals caused by longitudinal photovoltaic and pyroelectric effects

The marked optical damage was observed in thin Z-cut plates of the deeply reduced nominally pure LiNbO{sub 3} crystals, when a 514.5-nm-laser beam with ordinary polarization was focused on the {+-}Z face. The longitudinal photovoltaic and pyroelectric effects are shown to be responsible for most of the important peculiarities of the optical damage dynamics. The anisotropy in the behavior between the +Z and -Z faces has been explained by interference of the different kinds of pyroelectric and photovoltaic effects to the space-charge field with an altering relative sign.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Thermoplastic deformation of silicon surfaces induced by ultrashort pulsed lasers in submelting conditions

A hybrid theoretical model is presented to describe thermoplastic deformation effects on silicon surfaces induced by single and multiple ultrashort pulsed laser irradiation in submelting conditions. An approximation of the Boltzmann transport equation is adopted to describe the laser irradiation process. The evolution of the induced deformation field is described initially by adopting the differential equations of dynamic thermoelasticity while the onset of plastic yielding is described by the von Mises stress. Details of the resulting picometre sized crater, produced by irradiation with a single pulse, are discussed as a function of the imposed conditions and thresholds for the onset of plasticity are computed. Irradiation with multiple pulses leads to ripple formation of nanometre size that originates from the interference of the incident and a surface scattered wave. It is suggested that ultrafast laser induced surface modification in semiconductors is feasible in submelting conditions, and it may act as a precursor of the incubation effects observed at multiple pulse irradiation of materials surfaces.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Surface thermocouples for measurement of pulsed heat flux in the divertor of the Alcator C-Mod tokamak

A novel set of thermocouple sensors has been developed to measure heat fluxes arriving at divertor surfaces in the Alcator C-Mod tokamak, a magnetic confinement fusion experiment. These sensors operate in direct contact with the divertor plasma, which deposits heat fluxes in excess of {approx}10 MW/m{sup 2} over an {approx}1 s pulse. Thermoelectric EMF signals are produced across a non-standard bimetallic junction: a 50 {mu}m thick 74% tungsten-26% rhenium ribbon embedded in a 6.35 mm diameter molybdenum cylinder. The unique coaxial geometry of the sensor combined with its single-point electrical ground contact minimizes interference from the plasma/magnetic environment. Incident heat fluxes are inferred from surface temperature evolution via a 1D thermal heat transport model. For an incident heat flux of 10 MW/m{sup 2}, surface temperatures rise {approx}1000 deg. C/s, corresponding to a heat flux flowing along the local magnetic field of {approx}200 MW/m{sup 2}. Separate calorimeter sensors are used to independently confirm the derived heat fluxes by comparing total energies deposited during a plasma pulse. Langmuir probes in close proximity to the surface thermocouples are used to test plasma-sheath heat transmission theory and to identify potential sources of discrepancies among physical models.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2012

ARGon{sup 3}: ''3D appearance robot-based gonioreflectometer'' at PTB

At the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, the National Metrology Institute of Germany, a new facility for measuring visual appearance-related quantities has been built up. The acronym ARGon{sup 3} stands for ''3D appearance robot-based gonioreflectometer''. Compared to standard gonioreflectometers, there are two main new features within this setup. First, a photometric luminance camera with a spatial resolution of 28 {mu}m on the device under test (DUT) enables spatially high-resolved measurements of luminance and color coordinates. Second, a line-scan CCD-camera mounted to a spectrometer provides measurements of the radiance factor, respectively the bidirectional reflectance distribution function, in full V({lambda})-range (360 nm-830 nm) with arbitrary angles of irradiation and detection relative to the surface normal, on a time scale of about 2 min. First goniometric measurements of diffuse reflection within 3D-space above the DUT with subsequent colorimetric representation of the obtained data of special effect pigments based on the interference effect are presented.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2012

Stability of very-high pressure arc discharges against perturbations of the electron temperature

We study the stability of the energy balance of the electron gas in very high-pressure plasmas against longitudinal perturbations, using a local dispersion analysis. After deriving a dispersion equation, we apply the model to a very high-pressure (100 bar) xenon plasma and find instability for electron temperatures, T{sub e}, in a window between 2400 K and 5500-7000 K x 10{sup 3} K, depending on the current density (10{sup 6}-10{sup 8} A/m{sup 2}). The instability can be traced back to the Joule heating of the electron gas being a growing function of T{sub e}, which is due to a rising dependence of the electron-atom collision frequency on T{sub e}. We then analyze the T{sub e} range occurring in very high-pressure xenon lamps and conclude that only the near-anode region exhibits T{sub e} sufficiently low for this instability to occur. Indeed, previous experiments have revealed that such lamps develop, under certain conditions, voltage oscillations accompanied by electromagnetic interference, and this instability has been pinned down to the plasma-anode interaction. A relation between the mechanisms of the considered instability and multiple anodic attachments of high-pressure arcs is discussed.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2012

Rapid filamentation of high power lasers at the quarter critical surface

A novel mechanism for initiating laser filamentation for intensities above 5 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 17} W/cm{sup 2} is presented, seeded by the transient interference of an incident laser and its Raman backscattered daughter wave. For lasers propagating up short scale-length density gradients, the Raman reflectivity is peaked near the relativistically corrected quarter critical surface (RCQCS) and thus filamentation is observed to start on this surface. The filamentation at the RCQCS occurs on timescales comparable to the laser period. A series of 2D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations confirm this physical model. Growth rates are obtained from simulations for a variety of simulation parameters and a simplified model in which the RCQCS behaves as a partially reflecting mirror, with the reflected light at double the wavelength of the incident light, is shown to reproduce the number and approximate location of filaments from PIC simulations. It was also proposed that field ionisation may alter RCQCS formation and the method of inclusion for this into the PIC simulation is presented. Additional simulations demonstrate field ionisation to have a negligible effect on the formation of the RCQCS. The implications of this filamentation mechanism for plasma experiments which require focused light of intensities above 5 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 17} W/cm{sup 2} to propagate beyond the RCQCS are discussed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2012

An accurate system for onsite calibration of electronic transformers with digital output

Calibration systems with digital output are used to replace conventional calibration systems because of principle diversity and characteristics of digital output of electronic transformers. But precision and unpredictable stability limit their onsite application even development. So fully considering the factors influencing accuracy of calibration system and employing simple but reliable structure, an all-digital calibration system with digital output is proposed in this paper. In complicated calibration environments, precision and dynamic range are guaranteed by A/D converter with 24-bit resolution, synchronization error limit is nanosecond by using the novelty synchronization method. In addition, an error correction algorithm based on the differential method by using two-order Hanning convolution window has good inhibition of frequency fluctuation and inter-harmonics interference. To verify the effectiveness, error calibration was carried out in the State Grid Electric Power Research Institute of China and results show that the proposed system can reach the precision class up to 0.05. Actual onsite calibration shows that the system has high accuracy, and is easy to operate with satisfactory stability.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗