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At least 1,459 records · Page 81
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1972

Development of techniques for advanced optical contamination measurement with internal reflection spectroscopy, phase 2, volume 2

Attenuated total reflectance spectra of individual contaminants in space simulation chambers are presented as well as spectra of mixtures and figures exhibiting the effects of film thickness on reflectance spectra. Detailed calibration spectra were made for three selected concentrations (film thickness) for two contaminants and for one concentration for all contaminants.

Hayes, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Reflectance measurements for the detection and mapping of soil limitations

During 1971 and 1972 research was conducted on two fallow fields in the proposed Oahe Irrigation Project to investigate the relationship between the tonal variations observed on aerial photographs and the principal soil limitations of the area. A grid sampling procedure was used to collected detailed field data during the 1972 growing season. The field data was compared to imagery collected on May 14, 1971 at 3050 meters altitude. The imagery and field data were initially evaluated by a visual analysis. Correlation and regression analysis revealed a highly significant correlation and regression analysis revealed a highly significant correlation between the digitized color infrared film data and soil properties such as organic matter content, color, depth to carbonates, bulk density and reflectivity. Computer classification of the multiemulsion film data resulted in maps delineating the areas containing claypan and erosion limitations. Reflectance data from the red spectral band provided the best results.

Benson, L. A.↗
NASA NTRS1973

X-ray reflection efficiency of nickel-coated quartz optical flats

The reflection efficiency of quartz optical flats vacuum coated with 1000-A nickel was evaluated. Of the three vacuum coated samples tested, two had been contaminated during the firing of the Lunar Module Reaction Control System in the vacuum chamber. Measurements were made for 1.54-, 1.79-, and 2.29-A incident radiation. The reflection efficiency of the contaminated samples was reduced by as much as 50 percent for some angles of incidence.

Reynolds, J. M.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Special report, diffuse reflectivity of the lunar surface

The far ultraviolet diffuse reflectivity of samples of lunar dust material is determined. Equipment for measuring the diffuse reflectivity of materials (e.g. paint samples) is already in existence and requires only minor modification for the proposed experiment which will include the measurement of the polarizing properties of the lunar samples. Measurements can be made as a function of both illumination angle and angle of observation.

Fastie, W. G.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Simultaneous measurements of radar reflectivity and refractive index spectra in clear air convection.

Simultaneous measurements of radar reflectivity and radio refractive index at several altitudes in clear air convection have been made. The experimental data were compared with the theoretical relationship which relates the reflectivity to the refractivity spectrum. The agreement between the measurements and the theory is excellent and shows that the radar returns in clear air are the result of, and can be quantitatively described as being from, fine-scale refractivity fluctuations due to turbulent mixing. Further, the data give strong support to the -5/3 spectral decay of the refractivity spectrum in the inertial subrange.

Konrad, T. G.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Mercury - Surface composition from the reflection spectrum.

The reflection spectrum for the integral disk of the planet Mercury was measured and was found to have a constant positive slope from 0.32 to 1.05 micrometers, except for absorption features in the infrared. The reflectivity curve matches closely the curve for the lunar upland and mare regions. Thus, the surface of Mercury is probably covered with a lunar-like soil rich in dark glasses of high iron and titanium content. Pyroxene is probably the dominant mafic mineral.

Mccord, T. B.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Surface roughness effects on bidirectional reflectance.

An experimental study of surface roughness effects on bidirectional reflectance of metallic surfaces is presented. Samples consisting of glass, aluminum alloy, and stainless steel materials were roughened using standard grinding techniques and coated with a radiatively opaque layer of pure aluminum. Surface roughness parameters, rms height and rms slope, were evaluated from digitized surface profile measurements and are less than 1.0 micron, and 0.28, respectively. Rough-surface specular, bidirectional, and directional reflectance measurements for selected values of polar angle and wavelength of incident energy within the range from 10 to 80 deg and from 1 to 14 microns, respectively, are reported. The influence of surface roughness is discussed in terms of rms height and rms slope.

Smith, T. F.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Experimental study of shock-wave reflection from a thermally accommodating wall.

Shock-tube experiments have been conducted to study the nonequilibrium gas-surface interaction which occurs when a thick shock wave in argon reflects from a coplanar, heat-conducting wall. Fast-response instrumentation was used to monitor variations in temperature and normal stress on the surface of the shock-tube end wall during and immediately following reflection of the incident shock wave. The laboratory observations are compared with computer predictions obtained by Deiwert using the direct-simulation Monte Carlo method, and excellent agreement is obtained when a suitable average thermal accommodation coefficient is chosen for the wall surface.

Hanson, R. K.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Broadband ultraviolet reflectance filters for space applications.

It is shown that a simple metal-dielectric-metal filter for broadband ultraviolet (BUV) reflectance control can provide a stable and effective means for reducing stray visible radiation in UV reflective optical systems. The application of such a filter in a BUV instrument resulted in a reduction of scattered visible light by at least an order of magnitude. The instrument has been in orbit for 2.5 year without loss of sensitivity or an increase in scattered light background.-

Osantowski, J. F.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Reflection of a shock wave from a thermally accommodating wall - Molecular simulation.

Reflection of a plane shock wave from a wall has been simulated on a microscopic scale using a direct simulation Monte Carlo technique of the type developed by Bird. A monatomic gas model representing argon was used to describe the fluid medium and a simple one-parameter accommodation coefficient model was used to describe the gas-surface interaction. The influence of surface accommodation was studied parametrically by varying the accommodation coefficient from zero to one. Results are presented showing the temporal variations of flow field density, and mass, momentum, and energy fluxes to the wall during the shock wave reflection process. The energy flux was used to determine the wall temperature history. Comparisons with experiment are found to be satisfactory where data are available.

Deiwert, G. S.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Mare Humorum - An integrated study of spectral reflectivity.

A detailed study was made of the spectral reflectivity of 31 areas in the Humorum basic region. There are at least two units in the mare portion of Humorum which are distinguishable by spectral properties. One of these units (T-type) has a spectral reflectivity resembling that of the Apollo 11 site and also some areas in Oceanus Procellarum. The other unit in southwest Mare Humorum resembles Mare Serenitatis in spectral character (S-type). The continuity of T-type material through the break in the northeast wall of Mare Humorum and its spectral similarity to areas in Procellarum suggest that the T-type material may result from an event that flooded parts of Mare Procellarum at a period later than the original Humorum basin filling (S-type).

Johnson, T. V.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Reflection and interference of electromagnetic waves in inhomogeneous media

Solutions were obtained of the wave equation for a plane horizontally polarized electro-magnetic wave incident on a semi infinite two dimensional inhomogeneous medium. Two problems were considered: An inhomogeneous half space, and an inhomogeneous layer of arbitrary thickness. Solutions of the wave equation were obtained in terms of Hankel functions with complex arguments. Numerical calculations were made of the reflection coefficient R at the interface of the homogeneous medium. The startling results show that the reflection coefficient for a complex dielectric constant with gradient, can be less than that of the same medium with zero gradient.

Geiger, F. E.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Transmitting and reflecting diffuser

A near-Lambertian diffuser is described which transmits and reflects ultraviolet light. An ultraviolet grade fused silica substrate is coated with vaporized fuse silica. The coating thickness is controlled, one thickness causing ultraviolet light to diffuse and another thickness causing ultraviolet light to reflect a near Lambertian pattern.

Keafer, L. S., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Discrimination techniques employing both reflective and thermal multispectral signals

Recent improvements in remote sensor technology carry implications for data processing. Multispectral line scanners now exist that can collect data simultaneously and in registration in multiple channels at both reflective and thermal (emissive) wavelengths. Progress in dealing with two resultant recognition processing problems is discussed: (1) More channels mean higher processing costs; to combat these costs, a new and faster procedure for selecting subsets of channels has been developed. (2) Differences between thermal and reflective characteristics influence recognition processing; to illustrate the magnitude of these differences, some explanatory calculations are presented. Also introduced, is a different way to process multispectral scanner data, namely, radiation balance mapping and related procedures. Techniques and potentials are discussed and examples presented.

Malila, W. A.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Rational function representation of flap noise spectra including correction for reflection effects

A rational function is presented for the acoustic spectra generated by deflection of engine exhaust jets for under-the-wing and over-the-wing versions of externally blown flaps. The functional representation is intended to provide a means for compact storage of data and for data analysis. The expressions are based on Fourier transform functions for the Strouhal normalized pressure spectral density, and on a correction for reflection effects based on the N-independent-source model of P. Thomas extended by use of a reflected ray transfer function. Curve fit comparisons are presented for blown flap data taken from turbofan engine tests and from large scale cold-flow model tests. Application of the rational function to scrubbing noise theory is also indicated.

Miles, J. H.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Microwave power transmission system wherein level of transmitted power is controlled by reflections from receiver

A microwave, wireless, power transmission system is described in which the transmitted power level is adjusted to correspond with power required at a remote receiving station. Deviations in power load produce an antenna impedance mismatch causing variations in energy reflected by the power receiving antenna employed by the receiving station. The variations in reflected energy are sensed by a receiving antenna at the transmitting station and used to control the output power of a power transmitter.

Robinson, W. J., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1973

A search for continuous fluorescence in reflection nebulae

Photometric and spectrophotometric observations were made of the reflection nebulae NGC1435, NGC2068, NGC7023, and IC1287 in an attempt to detect continuous fluorescence by dust grains. Several effects of importance for observations of such faint objects are discussed, including instrumental light scattering, a photographic effect, and a time delay effect which can occur if the illuminating star is a spectrum variable. It is found that continuous fluorescence by interstellar grains is not likely to exist and that it cannot account for more than 10 percent of the total surface brightness of these reflection nebulae. No evidence of diffuse interstellar features is found in the spectra of these nebulae.

Rush, W. F.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Reflectance of vegetation, soil, and water

The author has identified the following significant results. Reflectance of crop residues, that are important in reducing wind and water erosion, was more often different from bare soil in band 4 than in bands 5, 6, or 7. The plant parameters leaf area index, plant population, plant cover, and plant height explained 95.9 percent of the variation in band 7 (reflective infrared) digital counts for cotton and 78.2 percent of the variation in digital counts for the combined crops sorghum and corn; hence, measurable plant parameters explain most of the signal variation recorded for corpland. Leaf area index and plant population are both highly correlated with crop yields; since plant population can be readily measured (or possibly inferred from seeding rates), it is useful measurement for calibrating ERTS-type MSS digital data in terms of yield.

Wiegand, C. L.↗