Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Drives”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,459 records · Page 81
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Host genetic variation drives the differentiation in the ecological role of the native Miscanthus root-associated microbiome

Microbiome recruitment is influenced by plant host, but how host plant impacts the assembly, functions, and interactions of perennial plant root microbiomes is poorly understood. Here we examined prokaryotic and fungal communities between rhizosphere soils and the root endophytic compartment in two native Miscanthus species (Miscanthus sinensis and Miscanthus floridulus) of Taiwan and further explored the roles of host plant on root-associated microbiomes. Our results suggest that host plant genetic variation, edaphic factors, and site had effects on the root endophytic and rhizosphere soil microbial community compositions in both Miscanthus sinensis and Miscanthus floridulus, with a greater effect of plant genetic variation observed for the root endophytic communities. Host plant genetic variation also exerted a stronger effect on core prokaryotic communities than on non-core prokaryotic communities in each microhabitat of two Miscanthus species. From rhizosphere soils to root endophytes, prokaryotic co-occurrence network stability increased, but fungal co-occurrence network stability decreased. Furthermore, we found root endophytic microbial communities in two Miscanthus species were more strongly driven by deterministic processes rather than stochastic processes. Root-enriched prokaryotic OTUs belong to Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Sphingobacteriia, and [Saprospirae] both in two Miscanthus species, while prokaryotic taxa enriched in the rhizosphere soil are widely distributed among different phyla. We provide empirical evidence that host genetic variation plays important roles in root-associated microbiome in Miscanthus. The results of this study have implications for future bioenergy crop management by providing baseline data to inform translational research to harness the plant microbiome to sustainably increase agriculture productivity.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Identification of mechanisms driving heterogeneous void growth in ductile aluminum

Void growth plays a central role in ductile fracture, yet the specific mechanisms that control this remain obscure. Classical models, such as those proposed by Rice and Tracey in 1969, are able to capture average rates of void growth, but cannot capture the heterogeneity of individual void growth. Building on recent work, the present study employs laboratory-based diffraction contrast tomography and in-situ x-ray computed tomography to investigate the effect of grain structure and other microstructural factors on void growth in an Al-2219 alloy. Crystal plasticity finite element (CP-FE) modeling is used alongside experimental data to evaluate the contributions of local mechanical states, grain orientation, grain size, and neighboring microstructural features. No strong linear relationships are found with any of the considered descriptors and void growth rate. Potential complex nonlinear relationships are explored with the use of a random forest regression model, which identifies initial void volume, void aspect ratio, local normal stress state, local shear stress state, and local equivalent plastic strain (EQPS) as features that most improve void growth rate predictions. The combination of these analyses suggests that these features should be prioritized to improve models of void growth.

Diffraction contrast tomography (DCT)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Data for "Constitutive Down-Regulation of Liguleless Alleles in Sorghum Drives Increased Productivity and Water Use Efficiency"

Plant architecture influences the microenvironment throughout the canopy layer. Plants with a more erect leaf architecture allow for an increase in planting densities and allow more light to reach lower canopy leaves. This is predicted to increase crop carbon assimilation. Frictional resistance to wind reduces air movement in the lower canopy, resulting in higher humidity. By increasing the proportion of canopy photosynthesis in the more humid lower canopy, gains in the efficiency of water use might be expected, although this may be slightly offset by the more open erectophile form canopy. An anatomical feature in members of the Poaceae family that impacts leaf angle is the articulated junction of the sheath and blade, which also bares the ligule and auricles. Mutants, which lack ligules and auricles, show no articulation at this junction, resulting in leaves that are near vertical. In maize, these phenotypes termed liguleless result from null mutations of genes: ZmLG1 (Zm00001eb67740) and ZmLG2 (Zm00001eb147220). In sorghum, SbiRTx430.06G264300 (SbLG1) and SbiRTx430.03G392300 (SbLG2) are annotated as the respective maize homologues. A hair-pin element designed to down-regulate both SbLG1 and SbLG2 was introduced into the grain sorghum genotype RTx430. Derived transgenic events harbouring the hair-pin failed to develop ligules and displayed reduced leaf angles to the vertical, but less vertical than in null mutations. Under field settings, plots sown with these sorghum events having an erect architecture phenotype displayed an increase in photosynthesis in lower canopy levels, which led to increases in above-ground biomass and seed yield, without an increase in water use.

Genome Engineering↗
DOE OSTI2024

Scalable stable comb-to-tone integrated RF photonic drive for superconducting qubits

The recent advent of quantum computing has the potential to overhaul security, communications, and scientific modeling. Superconducting qubits are a leading platform that is advancing noise-tolerant intermediate-scale quantum processors. The implementation requires scaling to large numbers of superconducting qubits, circuit depths, and gate speeds, wherein high-purity RF signal generation and effective cabling transport are desirable. Fiber photonic-enhanced RF signal generation has demonstrated the principle of addressing both signal generation and transport requirements, supporting intermediate qubit numbers and robust packaging efforts; however, fiber-based approaches to RF signal distribution are often bounded by their phase instability. Here, we present a silicon photonic integrated circuit-based version of a photonic-enhanced RF signal generator that demonstrates the requisite stability, as well as a path towards the necessary signal fidelity.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Cbp1, a fungal virulence factor under positive selection, forms an effector complex that drives macrophage lysis

Intracellular pathogens secrete effectors to manipulate their host cells. Histoplasma capsulatum (Hc) is a fungal intracellular pathogen of humans that grows in a yeast form in the host. Hc yeasts are phagocytosed by macrophages, where fungal intracellular replication precedes macrophage lysis. The most abundant virulence factor secreted by Hc yeast cells is Calcium Binding Protein 1 (Cbp1), which is absolutely required for macrophage lysis. Here we take an evolutionary, structural, and cell biological approach to understand Cbp1 function. We find that Cbp1 is present only in the genomes of closely related dimorphic fungal species of the Ajellomycetaceae family that lead primarily intracellular lifestyles in their mammalian hosts (Histoplasma, Paracoccidioides, and Emergomyces), but not conserved in the extracellular fungal pathogen Blastomyces dermatitidis. We observe a high rate of fixation of non-synonymous substitutions in the Cbp1 coding sequences, indicating that Cbp1 is under positive selection. We determine the de novo structures of Hc H88 Cbp1 and the Paracoccidioides americana (Pb03) Cbp1, revealing a novel “binocular” fold consisting of a helical dimer arrangement wherein two helices from each monomer contribute to a four-helix bundle. In contrast to Pb03 Cbp1, we show that Emergomyces Cbp1 orthologs are unable to stimulate macrophage lysis when expressed in the Hc cbp1 mutant. Consistent with this result, we find that wild-type Emergomyces africanus yeast are able to grow within primary macrophages but are incapable of lysing them. Finally, we use subcellular fractionation of infected macrophages and indirect immunofluorescence to show that Cbp1 localizes to the macrophage cytosol during Hc infection, making this the first instance of a phagosomal human fungal pathogen directing an effector into the cytosol of the host cell. We additionally show that Cbp1 forms a complex with Yps-3, another known Hc virulence factor that accesses the cytosol. Taken together, these data imply that Cbp1 is a fungal virulence factor under positive selection that localizes to the cytosol to trigger host cell lysis.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Phylogenomic Analyses of Non-Dikarya Fungi Supports Horizontal Gene Transfer Driving Diversification of Secondary Metabolism in the Amphibian Gastrointestinal Symbiont, Basidiobolus

Research into secondary metabolism (SM) production by fungi has resulted in the discovery of diverse, biologically active compounds with significant medicinal applications. The fungi rich in SM production are taxonomically concentrated in the subkingdom Dikarya, which comprises the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Here, we explore the potential for SM production in Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota, two phyla of nonflagellated fungi that are not members of Dikarya, by predicting and identifying core genes and gene clusters involved in SM. The majority of non-Dikarya have few genes and gene clusters involved in SM production except for the amphibian gut symbionts in the genus Basidiobolus. Basidiobolus genomes exhibit an enrichment of SM genes involved in siderophore, surfactin-like, and terpene cyclase production, all these with evidence of constitutive gene expression. Gene expression and chemical assays also confirm that Basidiobolus has significant siderophore activity. Finally, the expansion of SMs in Basidiobolus are partially due to horizontal gene transfer from bacteria, likely as a consequence of its ecology as an amphibian gut endosymbiont.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

ReachNow EV Driving Data From Seattle, WA, Portland, OR, and New York, NY

ReachNow provided Idaho National Laboratory (INL) with a dataset describing approximately 49,000 trips taken by customers and employees in approximately 100 BMW i3 EVs operating in ReachNow's free-floating car-sharing fleets in Seattle, WA, Portland, OR, and New York, NY between May 2016 and February 2017. Data fields include vehicle rental period start and end timestamps, the location where vehicles were parked at the start and end of rental periods, and distance driven during rental periods. A field categorizing the user during each rental period is also included. This field makes it possible to identify when vehicles were rented by customers and when vehicles were driven by fleet management team employees to reposition, charge, or service the vehicles.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2026

ReachNow EV Driving Data From Seattle, WA, Portland, OR, and New York, NY

ReachNow provided Idaho National Laboratory (INL) with a dataset describing approximately 49,000 trips taken by customers and employees in approximately 100 BMW i3 EVs operating in ReachNow's free-floating car-sharing fleets in Seattle, WA, Portland, OR, and New York, NY between May 2016 and February 2017. Data fields include vehicle rental period start and end timestamps, the location where vehicles were parked at the start and end of rental periods, and distance driven during rental periods. A field categorizing the user during each rental period is also included. This field makes it possible to identify when vehicles were rented by customers and when vehicles were driven by fleet management team employees to reposition, charge, or service the vehicles.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2025

Data for Machado-Silva et al. (2024), "Short-Term Groundwater Level Fluctuations Drive Subsurface Redox Variability"

This dataset contains the analytical data reported in Machado-Silva et al. (2024) as part of the COMPASS-FME project, which seeks to advance a scalable, predictive understanding of the fundamental biogeochemical processes, ecological structure, and ecosystem dynamics that distinguish coastal terrestrial-aquatic interfaces from the purely terrestrial or aquatic systems to which they are coupled. The dataset consists of water quality parameters as well as redox potential, water content, and electrical conductivity. These data were collected in 2022 in Crane Creek (CRC), Portage River (PTR), and Old Woman Creek (OWC). Each of these sites included uplands (UP), transitions (TR), wetland-transition edge (WTE), and wetland (W) zones. The sites represent replicates of the Lake Erie terrestrial-aquatic interface under fluctuating water levels and are located in well-preserved areas with natural or restored marsh and forest cover.This dataset consists of a single data file (Machado_Silva_et_al_2024_EST_data.csv) that is in comma-separated value (CSV) format. No special software is required to read it.This dataset uses the ESS-DIVE Hydrologic Monitoring Reporting Format 1.0.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Driving forces for particle-based crystallization: From experiments to theory and simulations

The multi-step crystallization processes involving the formation of stable building blocks that subsequently assemble into a crystal are ubiquitous in mineral formation and biomineralization and are particularly attractive in materials synthesis. Utilizing these pathways offers the approach to overcoming the restrictions on the expression of various crystal faces imposed by the interfacial energy during monomer-by-monomer growth to unlock the breadth of architectures with unique properties. Further, controlling particle-based crystallization proved challenging despite its promise due to the complex interdependence of interfacial forces and their non-linear dependence on synthesis parameters. Here, the status of the development of state-of-the-art approaches to measuring interparticle forces and predictive theoretical models of particle-based crystallization are reviewed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Single T gate in a Clifford circuit drives transition to universal entanglement spectrum statistics

Clifford circuits are insufficient for universal quantum computation or creating t t -designs with t\ge 4 t ≥ 4 . While the entanglement entropy is not a telltale of this insufficiency, the entanglement spectrum of a time evolved random product state is: the entanglement levels are Poisson-distributed for circuits restricted to the Clifford gate-set, while the levels follow Wigner-Dyson statistics when universal gates are used. In this paper we show, using finite-size scaling analysis of different measures of level spacing statistics, that in the thermodynamic limit, inserting a single T (\pi/8) ( π / 8 ) gate in the middle of a random Clifford circuit is sufficient to alter the entanglement spectrum from a Poisson to a Wigner-Dyson distribution.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2021

Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain for E-Drive Vehicles in the United States: 2010–2020

Understanding the battery supply chain is particularly important for the strategic planning and development of a battery recycling infrastructure to secure critical materials supply and enable a circular economy. Argonne has been tracking plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) sales in the United States (U.S.) by make and model since December 2010, when the Chevrolet Volt and Nissan Leaf were first sold in the U.S. Building on detailed monthly sales data, this report summarizes the manufacturing and production locations of lithium-ion (Li-ion, or LIB) battery cells and packs by make and model for PEVs sold in the U.S. from 2010 to 2020. It also summarizes the annual and cumulative Li-ion battery capacity installed in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) sold in the U.S. Overall, there are about 20 different battery cell and pack manufacturers, which are currently supplying about 20 gigawatt-hours (GWh) of batteries annually for the U.S. PEV market. Panasonic and LG Chem are the largest cell suppliers to the U.S. market. Beyond the U.S, South Korea and Japan are major countries supplying PEV batteries to the U.S. market.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

U.S. Industrial and Commercial Motor System Market Assessment Report Volume 2: Advanced Motors and Drives Supply Chain Review

Electric motors in commercial and industrial applications account for almost a third of total electric grid load in the United States. With these applications representing such a significant level of energy use, increasing efficiency in these applications can help substantially increase resilience and lower total energy costs. This report examines stationary high-efficiency electric motor technologies and their supply chains.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2021

Subcritical Californium Source Drive Noise Analysis Measurements With Unreflected Uranium (93.15) Hydride

On July 6, 1989, subcritical californium source-driven noise analysis (CSDNA) measurements were performed with bare uranium hydride cylindrical assemblies at the Los Alamos National Laboratory Critical Experiments Facility in KIVA 1. Three configurations of ~7.5 cm radius-enriched (93.15 wt. % 235 U) uranium hydride with a density of ~10 g/cm 3 cylinders were assembled with uranium hydride heights of ~11, ~14, and ~16 cm. The uranium hydride (~2 and ~3 cm high) was in thin-welded stainless steel cans. The neutron multiplication factors obtained on-line from the measured ratios of spectral densities were 0.942 ± 0.002, 0.917 ± 0.003, and 0.867 ± 0.004 for uranium hydride heights of ~16, ~14, and ~11 cm., respectively. Neutron multiplication factors for these three configurations calculated by Los Alamos National Laboratory Monte Carlo methods were 0.952 ± 0.005, 0.922 ± 0.005, and 0.860 ± 0.005, all of which are in good agreement with the measurements. The break frequency noise analysis data could be fitted to obtain the prompt neutron decay constant at all subcritical states. Some data presented in this report are from notes that are not in the logbooks. A discussion of the two different point kinetics theories of the measurements that illustrated the deficiencies of the rigorous theory at low neutron multiplication factors (k eff < 0.80) is given in an Appendix. These measurements may be the only configuration of unreflected, highly enriched uranium hydride configuration assembled. The presence of hydrogen diluted the uranium density, decreasing the reactivity, but this is offset by slowing down the neutron energy to the energy ranges of higher-fission cross sections. Extrapolations to delayed critical indicate that adding one more 3 cm can and one more 2 cm can would result in the unreflected cylindrical system being slightly above critical with a critical mass of ~37 kg, which is considerably less than the critical mass of an unreflected and unmoderated highly enriched uranium metal sphere. An unreflected, highly enriched uranium hydride sphere would have a critical mass less than 37 kg.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Microelectronics at the Department of Energy: Capabilities and Opportunities for Driving U.S. Competitiveness

Microelectronics are everywhere—embedded in our consumer products; underlying our power, transportation, and information infrastructure; and fortifying our national security. These and other microelectronics applications are also intricately linked with America’s energy and decarbonization goals. For instance, advanced power electronics are critical to our transition to renewable power and electric transport, and more energy-efficient computing and consumer devices are needed as energy consumption grows rapidly. Meanwhile, global supply chain disruptions beginning in 2020 and the ensuing chip shortage caused by the COVID-19 pandemic highlight the vulnerability of microelectronics supply chains. The globally distributed manufacturing base can be disrupted in unexpected ways, and there is no single solution to these challenges given the range of applications and technologies within the microelectronics industry—from ever-smaller, nanoscale feature sizes to large-scale commodity use cases to specialized functionalities. Rather, solutions will require the private sector, federal agencies, and research and development (R&D) organizations such as labs and universities to act in concert beyond their individual missions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗