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NASA NTRS2023

Technical Note: NASAaccess – A Tool for Access, Reformatting, and Visualization of Remotely Sensed Earth Observation and Climate Data

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has launched a new initiative, the Open-Source Science Initiative (OSSI), to enable and support science towards openness. The OSSI supports open-source software development and dissemination. In this work, we present NASAaccess, which is an open-source software package and web-based environmental modeling application for earth observation data accessing, reformatting, and presenting quantitative data products. The main objective of developing the NASAaccess platform is to facilitate exploration, modeling, and understanding of earth data for scientists, stakeholders, and concerned citizens whose objectives align with the new OSSI goals. The NASAaccess platform is available as software packages (i.e., the R and conda packages) as well as an interactive-format web-based environmental modeling application for earth observation data developed with Tethys Platform. NASAaccess has been envisioned as lowering the technical barriers and simplifying the process of accessing scalable distributed computing resources and leveraging additional software for data and computationally intensive modeling frameworks. Specifically, NASAaccess has been developed to meet the need for seamless earth observation remote-sensing and climate data ingestion into various hydrological modeling frameworks. Moreover, NASAaccess is also contributing to keeping interested parties and stakeholders engaged with environmental modeling, accessing the information available in various remote-sensing products. NASAaccess' current capabilities cover various NASA datasets and products that include the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) data products, the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) land surface states and fluxes, and the NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections (NEX-GDDP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) climate change dataset products.

Ibrahim Nourein Mohammed↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Experience in Visualizing Satellite Data With AR/VR Technologies at NASA's GES-DISC

The Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES-DISC) at NASA plays a crucial role in archiving and disseminating vital Earth science data. In this project, we leverage immersive visualization technologies to reshape engagement with and comprehension of the intricate datasets of our planet. Through the adoption of immersive technologies, we are enhancing established methods, offering novel, intuitive experiences in visualizing and interacting with Earth science data. Our goal is to contribute to the ongoing evolution of data interaction, pushing the boundaries of what's possible in data interpretation and education.

Visualization↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Artemis I Flight Instrumentation Data Quality Assessment and Processing

This paper is in support of the SciTech 2024 Space Launch System Aerosciences Special Sessions being organized by Brent Pomeroy and Jeremy Pinier. On November 16th, 2022, NASA launched the inaugural test flight of the Space Launch System (SLS) carrying the Orion capsule into a high orbit far beyond the Moon. The launch vehicle was instrumented with over three thousand flight instrumentation sensors, which monitored aerodynamic, acoustic, structural, and thermal environments. These data are intended to validate experimental and numerical tools used to predict the design environments which the vehicle experiences during launch and ascent. Prior to launch, tests were performed at the SLS Systems Integration Laboratory (SIL) using flight-like avionics and on the integrated flight hardware of Artemis I at the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB). The purpose of these tests was to characterize the data acquisition units (DAUs) used to record and telemeter flight data to ground stations in order to assure that flight test objectives can be achieved and to quantify the expected quality of the flight data. In addition, pre-flight assessment and development of tools and methods used to process and disseminate flight data at the Huntsville Operations Support Center (HOSC) were conducted and adjustments made with respect to DAU time-synchronization prior to and after the flight. This paper summarizes these tests and some aspects of the post processing of data are discussed.

Developmental Flight Instrumentation↗

NASA NTRS2023

A Community Convention for Ecological Forecasting: Output Files and Metadata Version 1.0

This paper summarizes the open community conventions developed by the Ecological Forecasting Initiative (EFI) for the common formatting and archiving of ecological forecasts and the metadata associated with these forecasts. Such open standards are intended to promote interoperability and facilitate forecast communication, distribution, validation, and synthesis. For output files, we first describe the convention conceptually in terms of global attributes, forecast dimensions, forecasted variables, and ancillary indicator variables. We then illustrate the application of this convention to the two file formats that are currently preferred by the EFI, netCDF (network common data form), and comma-separated values (CSV), but note that the convention is extensible to future formats. For metadata, EFI's convention identifies a subset of conventional metadata variables that are required (e.g., temporal resolution and output variables) but focuses on developing a framework for storing information about forecast uncertainty propagation, data assimilation, and model complexity, which aims to facilitate cross-forecast synthesis. The initial application of this convention expands upon the Ecological Metadata Language (EML), a commonly used metadata standard in ecology. To facilitate community adoption, we also provide a Github repository containing a metadata validator tool and several vignettes in R and Python on how to both write and read in the EFI standard. Lastly, we provide guidance on forecast archiving, making an important distinction between short-term dissemination and long-term forecast archiving, while also touching on the archiving of code and workflows. Overall, the EFI convention is a living document that can continue to evolve over time through an open community process.

Michael C. Dietze↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA Open Science Data Repository: Maximizing Spaceflight Bioscience Data

The next era in human space exploration is rapidly approaching and will require the use of countermeasures to deep space health hazards. The development of countermeasures (or, the re-purposing of existing agents) will be highly dependent on our understanding of basic biological responses to space stressors (e.g. ionizing radiation, altered gravitational fields, altered day-night cycles, confinement, isolation, hostile-closed environments, distance-duration from Earth, exposure to celestial regolith, etc.). The fast-growing array of space biological data, which in the past was simply archived after minimal analysis, holds great potential if it can be reorganized and formatted for data re-analysis and re-use via Open Science. Organizing the data for such analysis is a challenge because of its diverse nature (molecular, cellular, tissue, imaging, whole organism and behavior). To address the challenges posed by gaining new knowledge from a vast and diverse amount of biological, health and environmental data in space, the NASA Open Science Data Repository (OSDR - osdr.nasa.gov/bio) plays a crucial role in curating and openly publishing biological data from space-related experiments. Its design incorporates successes and lessons from NASA GeneLab, encompassing not only high-throughput sequencing data but also physiological, phenotypic, and telemetry data. The OSDR makes space biological data FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable), and facilitates effective data ingestion, dissemination, and Open Science collaborations. The OSDR also has the capability to integrate human astronaut data with state-of-the-art security and accessibility procedures. We will discuss here several strategies that NASA’s Biological and Physical Science Division have put in place to maximize the return on investment for spaceflight bioscience data.

space biology↗

NASA NTRS2024

Shape Memory Alloy Material Maturation (SMA)

The Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) project will evaluate, process, and refine 3 SMA materials that have the potential to provide the properties needed to enable various technologies for human exploration missions on the Moon and Mars. The work will focus on the development and identification of a new SMA alloy targeted at enabling compliant rover tires capable of the extreme demands (high loads, faster drive speeds, extreme cold temperatures and exceedingly long mission durations). The necessary work will include the development of key material testing capabilities that will enable material properties development from 40K – 400K for all properties needed to qualify space flight hardware (Tensile, Fatigue/Durability, etc.). The SMA wire properties will be input into a database and model, ultimately to disseminate material property design data (for 1 alloy only) as parameters for finite element modeling of a tire structure.

Andrea Marchica↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Data Quality Challenges for Analysis Ready Data (ARD)

Data quality plays a critical role in research and applications. The Earth Science Information Partners (ESIP) Information Quality Cluster (IQC) defines four aspects of information quality: Science, Product, Stewardship, and Services. The ESIP IQC has become internationally recognized as an authoritative and responsive resource of information and guidance to data producers and distributors on how to implement data quality standards and best practices for their science data systems, datasets, and data/metadata dissemination services. In recent years, cloud computing environments have provided scale-up capabilities such as data archives and services, enabling interdisciplinary science and applications. More value-added products are expected from data service providers, including Analysis Ready Data (ARD). ARD refers to data that has been preprocessed into a form that allows immediate analysis by the end user, processed to a minimum set of requirements and provides interoperability over time and across multiple datasets. Once a dataset has been developed from its original form to produce ARD, what quality characteristics should the derived dataset or ARD possess? Also, is it safe to assume that the quality of the ARD is consistent with the quality of the source data, or are there special attributes to an ARD that would warrant a secondary, independent quality assessment? What provenance (also called “data lineage”) information needs to be included in ARD? It is important to answer these questions, especially given the ease of use of ARD, and the consequent temptation by users to trust ARD without understanding the limitations or possible variations in quality compared to the source data. In this presentation, we will discuss data quality challenges for ARD products and services and introduce IQC for participation.

data quality↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The NASA TEMPO Mission: Hourly Daytime Air Pollution Observations for Enhanced Health and Air Quality Applications

The Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) mission was launched into Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) to 91°W longitude on April 7, 2023, and had a successful 3-day First Light period starting July 31 with TEMPO making its first hourly daytime scans across the TEMPO Field of Regard (FoR) covering greater North America on August 2. TEMPO will provide hourly daytime observations of aerosols and trace gases, including criteria pollutants of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3), at high spatial resolution (e.g., 2.0 x 4.75 km2) across the FoR. The hyperspectral ultraviolet-to-visible measurements from the TEMPO imaging grating spectrometer will enable an O3 profile product capable of monitoring the daytime diurnal evolution of O3 pollution in the planetary boundary layer and assessing related health impacts. The non-standard or special scan operations of TEMPO at sub-hourly frequency (e.g., 2-10 minutes) over selected slices of the FoR will further enhance air quality monitoring capabilities during disasters (e.g., wildfires, volcanic eruptions, dust storms, industrial accidents) and other episodic events for better understanding emission sources and the evolution of harmful air pollutants. A large diversity of stakeholders and end-users have been engaged in the TEMPO Early Adopters Program, supported by the NASA Applied Sciences Program, which aims to enhance health and air quality applications and maximize the societal benefit of TEMPO data. Key outcomes from the Early Adopters Program include enhanced knowledge and preparation for using TEMPO data, tailoring the data dissemination and visualization tools for TEMPO based on user needs, and broadening the health and air quality applications facet of the mission. This presentation will provide the latest TEMPO mission and Early Adopters Program updates, insight into the health and air quality applications enabled through TEMPO data, and showcase the First Light NO2 imagery and provisional data from the mission.

Remote Sensing↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Upping the TEMPO on Air Pollution Observations from Space for Enhanced Science Applications

The Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) mission was launched into Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) to 91°W longitude on April 7, 2023, and had a successful First Light period from July 31 – August 2 where the first hourly daytime scans across the TEMPO Field of Regard (FoR) covering greater North America were performed. First light images of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were released to the public on August 24. In addition to NO2, TEMPO will provide hourly daytime observations of formaldehyde (HCHO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), bromine (BrO), water vapor (H2O), and aerosols, at high spatial resolution (~2.0 x 4.75 km2) across the FoR. The hyperspectral ultraviolet-to-visible measurements from the TEMPO imaging grating spectrometer will permit an ozone profile retrieval capable of monitoring the diurnal evolution of ozone in the planetary boundary layer. The non-standard or special scan operations of TEMPO at sub-hourly frequency (e.g., 2-10 minutes) over selected slices of the FoR will further enhance monitoring capabilities during air quality disasters (e.g., wildfires, volcanic eruptions, dust storms, industrial accidents), research studies, and field campaign operations. A large diversity of stakeholders and end-users have been engaged in the TEMPO Early Adopters Program, supported by the NASA Applied Sciences Program, which aims to enhance health and air quality applications and maximize the societal benefit of TEMPO data when operational data becomes publicly available in the spring of 2024. Key outcomes from the Early Adopters Program include the pre-launch use of TEMPO proxy data to prepare the community for operational data, tailoring the data dissemination and visualization tools for the mission based on user needs, and enhancing the TEMPO special operations component of the mission through early adopter studies. This presentation will provide the latest TEMPO mission and Early Adopters Program updates, initiatives from the TEMPO special operations, and early demonstrations of science applications enabled through TEMPO data, while also showcasing the First Light imagery.

Air Quality↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Tracking Community Building in Open Science

Open Science is enabled by a vibrant community of researchers who regularly engage with the data, from its production to its organization, curation, archiving, dissemination, analysis, and publication. This presentation will examine community building in open science. The NASA Open Science Data Repository (OSDR) makes data available to the public following the FAIR (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability) principles. OSDR takes open science further with the OS Analysis Working Groups (AWGs) that facilitate community development and promotion. The primary activity of each AWG is to establish and validate analytical processes to generate higher-order data from data housed in OSDR. There are a number of these groups on various topics, including the Animal AWG, Plant AWG, Microbial AWG, Multi-Omics AWG, AI/ML AWG, and the Ames Life Sciences Data Archive (ALSDA) AWG. The international volunteers participating in these AWGs come from academia, citizen science initiatives, industry, and government. They include researchers, principal investigators, professors, trained hobbyists, and students from various domains and disciplines. Anyone may request to join the AWGs, and membership requests are vetted monthly by the group organizers before granting admission. Core to membership is demonstrated expertise through records of training, integrity, work in the professed domain(s), and good community standing. Regular virtual meetings are held for each AWG, with a varying cadence depending on the group's needs and goals. AWG communities share their expertise in research including cutting edge tools, software, frameworks, data formats, and libraries accelerating research collectively. This collaborative approach helps community members cross technology gaps and identify emerging challenges. These diverse communities encompass a wide range of individuals hailing from various sectors within the Science Mission Directorate and beyond. They serve as a means to promote and enhance transparency, accessibility, and inclusion. An annual AWG Symposium brings contributors together in person. Participation in AWGs can be synchronous or asynchronous, with some groups performing most of their work in off hours. Participants gain valuable skills and connections that allow them to add value to their communities and new organizations that they join, resulting in an expanded return on investment for the space life science community. Open science is increasingly a federal mandate and initiatives like NASA's Transform to Open Science and instruments like the Decadal Survey of Biological and Physical Sciences in Space demonstrate the need to carefully consider best practices in this domain. Here, we present greater detail about the makeup and participation metrics of the various AWGs affiliated with OSDR and details of successful peer-reviewed publication campaigns.

Christina M Johnson↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Testing a Run-Time Assurance Framework Coupled with Integrated Risk Mitigation Capabilities for Autonomous Urban UAS Flights

The In-Time Aviation Safety Management System (IASMS) Concept of Operations (ConOps) envisions new capabilities to monitor, assess, and mitigate flight safety risks. Systems will be tailored to mission type, vehicle/equipage type, operational environment, and safety risk tolerance. Within an IASMS framework, several capabilities may be implemented spanning three operational phases (pre-flight, in-flight, and post-flight/off-line); and consisting of lower level functions and information services which may reside onboard the aircraft, on third-party server(s), and/or on ground/operator station(s). Each capability will be designed to produce and disseminate safety-relevant information; perform detection, diagnosis, and prediction of unsafe situations; and/or execute mitigation actions when hazardous events warrant such changes. This paper focuses on recent testing of airborne capabilities that demonstrate inflight aspects of the overarching concept for autonomous unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) operations in urban environments. A flight test architecture is described that applies run-time assurance principles (e.g., executes independent of the unassured autopilot), real-time risk assessment, and a technique to execute contingencies if necessary either automatically or via pilot intervention. Several tests using small UAS were conducted to verify the assured in-flight risk mitigation capability. The paper draws significantly from a larger NASA technical report and recent prior conference papers, providing additional details. Data is analyzed for two representative flights to illustrate the performance for various sequential and simultaneous hazards used during testing. During each automated flight, several hazards are encountered at various points along the flight path. At each point, the hazard is mitigated by the system, with the vehicle then continuing to subsequent points. The paper concludes with lessons-learned regarding relevant aspects of the overarching IASMS concept and how it may be updated and further advanced in the future.

population activity↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA Power: Global Solar Insolation, Meteorological Parameter Data, and Web Services to Support Sustainable Building Design and Operations

The buildings industry is currently striving to adopt green solutions to make infrastructure more energy-efficient in order to meet the 2050 net-zero climate goals. This planning requires reliable environmental datasets that are crucial in designing, building, and maintaining our world’s-built environment, as well as other energy-related processes and investments. This webinar for the National Institute of Building Sciences provides an overview of NASA’s Prediction Of Worldwide Energy Resources (POWER) Project that informs decision-making and development for sustainable building design and operations by enabling public open discovery, efficient access, and convenient distribution of NASA’s Earth Observations and global atmospheric model datasets. POWER’s datastore is comprised of solar radiation and surface meteorology parameters, spanning nearly 40 years of hourly data, that are easily accessible via several access methods and tools to support three focus areas: 1) renewable energy deployment and management, 2) sustainable infrastructure, and 3) agroclimatology applications. POWER and NASA Earth Science both plan future data parameters, updated tools, and improved observations that could directly support U.S. and international sustainable development goals, climate strategies, and building information modeling. To this end, solar data from several NASA projects and meteorological data from NASA assimilation models have already been reformatted and disseminated to the public via a user-friendly web GIS-enabled based data portal through the POWER Project. POWER data is analysis-ready and accessible through an Application Programming Interface (API), ArcGIS Image Services, and the project’s Data Access Viewer enhanced (DAVe), an interactive online tool. The POWER DAVe also features data consistent with ASHRAE Climate Design Conditions and has developed web image services showing Building Climate Zones and their variability. Through those tools, the data can be downloaded into multiple formats that support the infrastructure community, including CSV and Energy Plus Weather (EPW). POWER’s entire data product catalog is available through Amazon Web Services (AWS) Open Data Registry (ODR) via a free and publicly accessible Simple Storage Service (S3). This webinar provides a full overview of the NASA POWER Project's data and services developed in collaboration with the sustainable infrastructure community. Examples of how the renewable energy and building communities have utilized POWER data products to make decisions and a preview of future data product expansion, including climate projections, and web services will also be provided. Additionally, use case stories from our broad community of users will be presented.

Paul W. Stackhouse↗

NASA NTRS2024

NASA Space Radiation Element Initiatives

The Space Radiation Element (SRE) with the Human Research Program (HRP) and NASA is tasked with the mission of characterizing and facilitating the management of the human health outcomes associated with space radiation exposure to ultimately protect astronaut health as well as enable human space exploration. To facilitate our mission, we provide funding for space radiation research but also provide several unique opportunities discussed below to educate and disseminate space radiation knowledge.

Space radiation↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Managing the Digital Thread for Structural Applications With Fit for Purpose Materials

With the increased emphasis on reducing the cost and time to market of new materials, the need for analytical tools that enable the virtual design and optimization of materials throughout their processing - internal structure - property - performance envelope, along with the capturing and storing of the associated material and model information across its lifecycle, has become critical. This need is also fueled by the demands for higher efficiency in material testing; consistency, quality and traceability of data; product design; engineering analysis; as well as control of access to proprietary or sensitive information. Consequently, at NASA Glenn Research Center a robust information management system that manages the digital thread across the full material life (i.e., capture, analysis, maintenance, and dissemination of data) cycle directed at the design of ‘fit-for-purpose materials’ is under development. To this end the Application Table has been incorporated within NASA Glenn Research Center’s ICME Information Management framework within the ANSYS Granta MI tool. The Application Table provides a place where material and structural application information/requirements can be linked to marry the “design-the-material” (structural engineering) and the “design-with-material” (material science) paradigms and thereby enable application-driven design and optimization of materials and structures. In additional several associated toolsets, specifically: AIMAOS (Automated Information Management Across Organizations and Scales), Py MILab, and JARIMIS (Just A Rather Intelligent Material Interrogation System) are also under development to assist in the judicious automation of this process. AIMOAS offers users an interactive graphical user interface for connecting material information management systems with both commercial and in-house simulation tools at various length scales to enable such automation in the handoff across scales and maintenance of material digital twins and the digital thread. Py MILab, is an automatic framework for the capture, analysis, maintenance, and storage of material test data. Py MILab uses a modular approach for capturing raw data, analyzing the data, and storing the data in a database, interfaced by neutral file structures, to promote plug-and-play capabilities for various analysis types. Finally, JARIMIS is an expert system that integrates various materials informatics tools (e.g., MicroNet, Surrogate ML models, ANSYS Granta MI, etc.) to enable inverse design of materials and facilitate the application of machine learning (ML) and data science with human in the loop decision making to rapidly discover and optimize new materials.

Digital Transformation↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Supercooled Large Droplet Ice Formations from Flight Research

This presentation shows ice formations resulting from research flights in supercooled large droplet conditions (SLD) using NASA’s Twin Otter research aircraft. The flight research was part of a 3-year collaboration between NASA, the Federal Aviation Administration, and the National Center for Atmospheric Research. SLD conditions were occasionally encountered in the flight testing and those results are reported herein. The presentation was part of a SLD Engineering Tools Development Workshop in 2004 and is being routed through STRIVES retroactively for public dissemination on NTRS.

Twin Otter↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA HRP Space Radiation Element Initiatives

Space radiation↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Enhancing accessibility and usability of Algorithm Theoretical Basis Documents through the Algorithm Publication Tool

Effective communication of scientific theories is crucial for transforming raw instrument data into valuable Earth observation products. The NASA Earth science data community disseminates this knowledge through Algorithm Theoretical Basis Documents (ATBDs). Historically, these documents lacked a standardized format, were designed for human readability rather than machine interpretation, and were challenging to locate due to the absence of a centralized repository. The Algorithm Publication Tool (APT) transforms how ATBD content is presented, simplifying the processes of creating, updating, and locating these documents. APT offers authors the option to use its user-friendly cloud-based interface or standardized templates for ATBD development. The primary advantage of the interface is its capability to manage the entire ATBD creation process within a single environment, ensuring comprehensive tracking of all activities and facilitating user tasks. Conversely, the use of standardized ATBD templates allows users to create documents using familiar tools like Google Docs, Microsoft Word, or Overleaf for LaTeX. APT also provides a centralized repository, enabling easy search and discovery of published ATBDs. This presentation showcases APT's functionalities, illustrates its contributions to advancing open science, and highlights potential benefits for broader community adoption.

Bradley Baker↗

NASA NTRS2025

State-of-the-Art Small Spacecraft Technology

The objective of this report is to assess and provide an overview of the state of the art in small spacecraft technologies for use by mission designers, project managers, technologists, and students, connecting current small spacecraft missions to available technologies. This report focuses on the spacecraft system in its entirety, provides current best practices for integration and key considerations for the reader where possible, and presents devices from publicly available sources for each specific spacecraft subsystem. This report is a survey of small spacecraft technologies sourced from open literature; it is not an original source. In addition, this report only considers literature in the public domain. Information presented in this report is limited to SmallSat technology that is publicly available as of September 30, 2024. It does not include information on instrumentation, science payloads, or advances or developments that have not been publicly disclosed. Commonly used sources for data include manufacturer data sheets, press releases, conference papers, journal papers, public filings with government agencies, news articles, presentations, the compendium of databases accessed via NASA’s Small Spacecraft Systems Virtual Institute (S3VI) Information Search, and engagement with companies. Data not appropriate for public dissemination, such as proprietary, export controlled, or otherwise restricted data, are not considered. We encourage the SmallSat community to publish mission outcomes and technology development milestones in publicly available conference papers, press releases, or company websites so they can be reflected in future editions of this report. This report is funded by NASA’s Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD). It was first commissioned by the Small Spacecraft Technology (SST) program within NASA’s STMD in mid2012 in response to the rapid growth in interest in using small spacecraft for low-Earth orbit, lowcost missions. The report was subsequently updated in 2015, 2018, 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023 to capture SmallSat technology growth and maturation. In addition to reporting currently available state-of-the-art technologies that have achieved Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 5 or above, a prognosis is provided describing technologies as "on the horizon" if they are being considered for future application.

Sasha V Weston↗