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At least 1,441 records · Page 80

Crystal plasticity model of BCC metals from large-scale MD simulations

Accurate crystal plasticity models that faithfully capture the behavior of single crystals under a wide range of loading conditions, such as loading direction, strain rate, and temperature, are still lacking. Here we introduce a novel approach in which a crystal plasticity (CP) model is informed directly from and calibrated to large-scale quantum-accurate MD simulations in which single crystal BCC Ta serves as a testbed material. By analyzing our large set of MD simulations several key insights are obtained leading us to modify constitutive assumptions in order to address deficiencies of existing CP models. Importantly, we observe that the standard notion of fixed slip systems – pairs of slip directions and slip planes – is inadequate for describing high-rate plasticity in BCC tantalum at room temperature. Instead, pencil glide defined as dislocation motion in the maximum resolved shear stress planes (MRSSP) of each Burgers vector is fully consistent with our MD simulation data while providing significant simplifications of the constitutive relations. Herein, our resulting new CP model closely matches the behavior of single crystals observed in high-rate MD simulations while being fully consistent with lower rate experimental results.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Understanding interactions between biomolecules and two-dimensional nanomaterials using in silico microscopes

We report two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials such as graphene are increasingly used in research and industry for various biomedical applications. Extensive experimental and theoretical studies have revealed that 2D nanomaterials are promising drug delivery vehicles, yet certain materials exhibit toxicity under biological conditions. So far, it is known that 2D nanomaterials possess strong adsorption propensities for biomolecules. To mitigate potential toxicity and retain favorable physical and chemical properties of 2D nanomaterials, it is necessary to explore the underlying mechanisms of interactions between biomolecules and nanomaterials for the subsequent design of biocompatible 2D nanomaterials for nanomedicine. The purpose of this review is to integrate experimental findings with theoretical observations and facilitate the study of 2D nanomaterial interaction with biomolecules at the molecular level. We discuss the current understanding and progress of 2D nanomaterial interaction with proteins, lipid membranes, and DNA based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. In this review, we focus on the 2D graphene nanosheet and briefly discuss other 2D nanomaterials. With the ever-growing computing power, we can image nanoscale processes using MD simulation that are otherwise not observable in experiment. We expect that molecular characterization of the complex behavior between 2D nanomaterials and biomolecules will help fulfill the goal of designing effective 2D nanomaterials as drug delivery platforms.

2D nanomaterials↗

Enhanced optoelectronic and elastic responses in fluorinated penta-BCN

We report surface passivation in two-dimensional (2D) materials is one of the best approaches to modulate the structural, dynamical, and mechanical stabilities thereby enhancing chemical and physical properties for optoelectronic applications. Here, we report an ab-initio investigation on structurally, thermally, dynamically, and mechanically stable, and experimentally feasible fluorinated penta-BCN (F-BCN) monolayer. The structural reconstruction after fluorination, increases bond lengths and thickness to reduce the average stiffness and elasticity attaining the mechanical isotropy. Nevertheless, the value of 2D Young’s modulus of F-BCN is comparable to the pristine structure at 6% of compression without mechanical instability. A significant bandgap tailoring is achieved, similar to that of mechanical sensitivity, due to applied strain. Remarkably, following the fluorine passivation, the monolayer’s induced wide direct bandgap semiconducting behavior improves optical absorbance and reflectivity, decreases energy loss, changes optical anisotropy, and makes it a promising candidate material for optoelectronic and nanomechanical applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Modeling brittle fracture due to anisotropic thermal expansion in polycrystalline materials

Here, this work investigated brittle fracture of polycrystalline materials due to thermal stresses arising from anisotropic thermal expansion. We used phase-field fracture simulations with the properties of alpha-uranium (α-U) and assumed a linear elastic mechanical response. Three-dimensional simulations were used to predict fracture for various conditions and crystallographic textures. We found that fracture was more pronounced during cooling than during heating because the anisotropy increased with temperature. We also found that the total crack surface area increased with increasing average misorientation, while the net shape change of the material decreased with increasing misorientation. Two-dimensional simulations in which one crystallographic coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) was set to zero indicated that the expansion behavior in the crystallographic direction with the smallest CTE was the primary cause of fracture.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Threshold behaviors of direct and Hall currents in topological spin-Hall effect

Here we study spin-dependent direct and Hall conductivities in the threshold region of Fermi energy, ε F = 2J, where J is the exchange integral between the conduction electron spins and the skyrmion spin texture. For ε F at the threshold value and above the spin-down electrons are allowed to exist. We find the two in the direct and four narrow peaks in the Hall conductivities for Fermi energies slightly below the threshold value. The found effects are dramatic because the electric current changes by approximately eight times in the narrow range of gate voltages (~4 meV). The values of the peaks strongly depend on skyrmion size. For small and very large skyrmion sizes the peak amplitudes are small compared to the conductivity absolute values. At the skyrmion radius a = 6 nm and very light conduction electrons, m* ~ 10 -2 m e , the extrema are the most pronounced. The temperature evolution reveals the strong smearing effect where the peak-wise behavior completely disappears at room temperatures. Spin transistor could be considered for possible applications where in the narrow region of gate voltage the sharp conductivity change occurs.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

The S solubility of Cr and Al containing simulated low-activity waste glass

Here, the presence of sulfur-containing molten salt phases during vitrification is a particular problem which can be detrimental to the melter. Borosilicate compositions were designed to explore both the effects of a fixed amount of Cr, as Cr 2 O 3 or Na 2 CrO 4 , and the impact of Al 2 O 3 , on sulfur solubility as determined by progressively adding elemental S. The NABS series (with Al 2 O 3 ) has a higher SO 3 solubility of ~3.5 mol% while the NBS series (without Al 2 O 3 ) has a SO 3 solubility of ~2 mol%. Crystalline Cr 2 O 3 formed in the NABS series upon the addition of S but is not present in the NBS series. At the highest S addition, a separate salt phase always forms, and was identified as Na 2 (S,Cr)O 4 via electron dispersive spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and thermal analysis. Magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance identified no change in the B coordination in either series as S is added, suggesting that the Na is scavenged from other locations, such as the Si sites, to charge compensate sulfate, whether in the glass or in the salt. The Cr precursor identity did not affect the observed overall behavior regarding sulfur, but did impact Cr redox as identified with Raman spectroscopy.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Determination of oxidation rates and volatile oxidation products for HTGR graphite matrix material exposed to steam atmospheres

High-temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs) in operation use tristructural isotropic (TRISO) particles embedded in graphite and carbonized resin matrix to form the fuel element. This graphite matrix material serves as a supportive structural element, heat transfer medium, and neutron moderator. In HTGR designs, fuel compacts are exposed to helium coolant, which facilitates high outlet temperatures (750°C 2 O, 800°C 2 , and H 2 , are quantified in varied oxidant atmospheres using a coupled thermogravimetric analyzer and mass spectrometer. Furthermore, oxidation rates reported here for varied steam (H 2 O [g]) atmospheres are predominantly linear and comparable with literature values in the range of tested temperatures (800–1200°C). Changes in dominant matrix oxidation products from primarily CO to a mixture of CO, CO 2 , and H 2 were observed at higher temperatures (≥1000°C) and steam atmospheres (≥5 kPa pH 2 O). Kinetic data indicates that there was no shift in oxidation regime with chemical oxidation occurring at all temperatures and H2O (g) atmospheres tested. These data provide insight into the oxidation behavior of graphite matrix material and will inform future testing conditions, notably mixed atmospheric conditions, of HTGR fuel elements.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Manufacturing porous U10Zr fuels with controlled porosities by SPS and thermal properties

To accommodate the swelling of metallic fuels induced by the fission gas release during burnup in sodium fast reactor for a sodium-free fuel option, advanced U-10Zr fuels with controlled porosity were designed and demonstrated by spark plasma sintering. U-10Zr fuel pellets with manufactured porosities varying from 35% up to fully dense fuel pellets have been fabricated by controlling ball milling times of the starting uranium powders, sintering temperature, pressure, and duration, and the correlation among the microstructure control – porosity – sintering conditions has been established. To further mimick the pore structure in irradiated fuels, different pore formers (NaCl and NH4HCO3) have been used to control the pore size and distribution. Microstructure characterization indicates a lamellar reaction zone of U and Zr, differing from the arc-melted U-10Zr as a result of rapid consolidation of SPS at lower temperature and short durations. The thermal conductivity of U10Zr with different porosities are also measured. Here this work demonstrates the success in manufacturing new metallic fuel forms with controlled porosities and pore distribution, which can be used as model systems to investigate the thermal transfer behavior of metallic fuels in the reactor.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

In situ investigation of the deformation behaviors of Fe 20 Co 30 Cr 25 Ni 25 and Fe 20 Co 30 Cr 30 Ni 20 high entropy alloys by high-energy X-ray diffraction

In situ synchrotron-based high-energy X-ray diffraction (HE-XRD) technique was employed to investigate the mechanical behaviors and microstructural evolution of face-centered cubic (FCC) Fe 20 Co 30 Cr 25 Ni 25 and Fe 20 Co 30 Cr 30 Ni 20 high entropy alloys (HEAs) during tensile deformation. Fe 20 Co 30 Cr 30 Ni 20 HEA has a good combination of strength (ultimate tensile strength of 864 ± 35 MPa) and ductility (elongation of 0.627 ± 0.021). The HE-XRD investigation reveals that Fe 20 Co 30 Cr 30 Ni 20 HEA has the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect, which starts at a critical stress of ~555 MPa. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy confirmed this deformation-induced new phase is hexagonal-close-packed structured ε-martensite, which follows an orientation relationship of {111} γ //(0001) ε , and (110) γ //[11 2 ¯ 0] ε with the FCC γ matrix. The observation of deformation twins in the deformed samples of the two studied HEAs proves that twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) effect occurs in both HEAs. The combination of TRIP and TWIP effects lead to the high strength, large ductility and improved strain hardening behavior of Fe 20 Co 30 Cr 30 Ni 20 HEA.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Metacognition, cortical thickness, and tauopathy in aging

We investigated self-rating of cognitive task performance (self-appraisal) and the difference between self-rating and actual task performance (appraisal discrepancy) in cognitively healthy older adults and their relationship with cortical thickness and Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers, amyloid and tau. All participants (N = 151) underwent neuropsychological testing and 1.5T structural magnetic resonance imaging. A subset (N = 66) received amyloid-PET with [11C] PiB and tau-PET with [18F] Flortaucipir. We found that worse performers had lower self-appraisal ratings, but still overestimated their performance, consistent with the Dunning-Kruger effect. Self-appraisal rating and appraisal discrepancy revealed distinct relationships with cortical thickness and AD pathology. Greater appraisal discrepancy, indicating overestimation, was related to thinning of inferior-lateral temporal, fusiform, and rostral anterior cingulate cortices. Lower self-appraisal was associated with higher entorhinal and inferior temporal tau. These results suggest that overestimation could implicate structural atrophy beyond AD pathology, while lower self-appraisal could indicate early behavioral alteration due to AD pathology, supporting the notion of subjective cognitive decline prior to objective deficits.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

In-situ TEM observation of shear induced microstructure evolution in Cu-Nb alloy

Phase boundaries in multiphase alloys govern defect interaction and chemical intermixing across different phases during plastic deformation. Dynamic interaction of defects with phase boundaries in multiphase alloys, especially for immiscible alloys, has been topic of significant research interest in recent years. In this work, we describe a novel approach for carrying out in-situ TEM shear deformation to directly observe interfacial microstructural evolution of a Cu-Nb alloy. A unique double shear specimen geometry is microfabricated by a focused ion beam technique to apply shear deformation upon push loading inside the TEM. From the real-time observation, we discover that the phase boundary with a zigzag morphology effectively blocks stacking faults nucleated in a Cu grain from slipping into a Nb grain. Meanwhile, the Cu phase bears the most plastic deformation through slip or twinning mechanisms. This work sheds light on understanding the shear deformation and the behavior of phase boundaries in multiphase alloys during shear deformation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Free Energy and Flexibility Analysis of Autoinhibited Human BRAF

The RAF serine/threonine protein kinases function as direct effectors of RAS in the intracellular transmission of extracellular growth signals, and they are key targets for drug discovery, given the high incidence of oncogenic mutations in RAF and other components of this signaling pathway. In its inactive state, RAF is held in an autoinhibited conformation in the cytosol through a combination of intramolecular interactions and binding to a regulatory 14−3−3 protein dimer. Activation of RAF is initiated by its interaction with membrane-localized GTP-bound RAS, which induces conformational changes that release RAF from its autoinhibited state. However, the molecular mechanisms governing RAF activation remain incomplete, largely due to the challenges in experimentally capturing the intermediate conformational states in this process. To address this gap, we developed a comprehensive all-atom model of BRAF based on existing cryo-EM structures. Using this model, we performed extensive molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate the stability and free energy landscape of autoinhibited BRAF in solution. Our analysis reveals conformational flexibility within the autoinhibited complex, suggesting that this dynamic behavior may play a role in facilitating BRAF activation upon engagement with the membrane-bound RAS.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Dual Impacts of Space Heating Electrification and Climate Change Increase Uncertainties in Peak Load Behavior and Grid Capacity Requirements in Texas

Around 60% of households in Texas currently rely on electricity for space heating. As decarbonization efforts increase, non‐electrified households could adopt electric heat pumps, significantly increasing peak (highest) electricity demand in winter. Simultaneously, anthropogenic climate change is expected to increase temperatures, the potential for summer heat waves, and associated electricity demand for cooling. Uncertainty regarding the timing and magnitude of these concurrent changes raises questions about how they will jointly affect the seasonality of peak demand, firm capacity requirements, and grid reliability. This study investigates the net effects of residential space heating electrification and climate change on long‐term demand patterns and load shedding potential, using climate change projections, a predictive load model, and a direct current optimal power flow (DCOPF) model of the Texas grid. Results show that full electrification of residential space heating by replacing existing fossil fuel use with higher efficiency heat pumps could significantly improve reliability under hotter futures. Less efficient heat pumps may result in more severe winter peaking events and increased reliability risks. As heating electrification intensifies, system planners will need to balance the potential for greater resource adequacy risk caused by shifts in seasonal peaking behavior alongside the benefits (improved efficiency and reductions in emissions).

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

Towards developing robust solid lubricant operable in multifarious environments

Abstract Conventional solid lubricants such as MoS 2 , graphite, or diamond-like carbon films demonstrate excellent tribological performance but only in specific environments due to their inherent materials properties. This limitation prohibits using these solid lubricants in environments that change dynamically. This study presents the results of a novel solid lubricant that was developed using a combination of solution-processed 2D-molybdenum disulfide and graphene-oxide (GO) that can be deposited on to stainless steel substrates using a simple spray-coating technique and show exceptional performance in multifarious environments namely, ambient (humid) atmosphere, dry nitrogen, and vacuum. The tribological performance of the coatings was evaluated using a ball-on-disc sliding test and demonstrated an excellent wear/friction performance in all environments and coating survived even after 44 km of linear sliding. Transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy analysis of the tribolayers suggested in-operando friction-induced re-orientation of MoS 2 layers that were protected by GO layers and, an absence of MoO x peaks indicate a strong resistance to intercalation with moisture and oxygen. The simplicity and robustness of the hybrid MoS 2 –GO solid lubricant in mitigating wear-friction behavior of steel-on-steel tribopair in a multifarious environment is a game-changing and is promising for various applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Mechanically tunable elastomer and cellulose nanocrystal composites as scaffolds for in vitro cell studies

Considering the range of properties that various materials offer for tissue engineering it has come clear that no one size fits all, as no one material can be fully effective for all types of cell and ensuing tissues. Scaffolds need to address the delicate balance between cell-scaffold interactions and the particular requirements of different cell types. To address the specific needs for the controlled growth of tissues it is imperative to match scaffold stiffness and elasticity to cells and tissues of interest to promote regeneration success. We here report an efficient method for creating scaffolds of tunable elasticity by generating a range of composites based on ε-caprolactone-D,L-lactide-based elastomer with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). Two specific composites with different Young's modulus (E) values (~5 MPa and ~15 MPa) were selected and fully evaluated by tensile tests, Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), contact angle measurements, and X-ray scattering. As a proof of concept this work studies how matching the scaffold's mechanical properties to neuroblastomas and fibroblasts cells affects cell behavior. Specifically, the composite with lower E, by design with less CNC content, is more suitable for neuroblastomas, whereas the one with higher E via higher CNC content is more suited for human dermal fibroblasts. The approach of matching cells with appropriate mechanical environments can provide important insights into fundamental cell behaviors.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

A transmission electron microscopy study of dislocation propagation and filtering in highly mismatched GaSb/GaAs heteroepitaxy

Monolithic integration of lattice-mismatched semiconductor materials opens up access to a wide range of bandgaps and new device functionalities. However, it is inevitably accompanied by defect formation. A thorough analysis of how these defects propagate and interact with interfaces is critical to understanding their effects on device parameters. In this study, we present a comprehensive study of dislocation networks in the GaSb/GaAs heteroepitaxial system using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Specifically, the sample analyzed is a GaSb film grown on GaAs using dislocation–reduction strategies such as interfacial misfit array formation and introduction of a dislocation filtering layer. Using various TEM techniques, it is shown that such an analysis can reveal important information on the dislocation behavior including filtering mechanism, types of dislocation reactions, and other interactions with interfaces. A novel method that enables plan-view imaging of deeply embedded interfaces using TEM and a demonstration of independent imaging of different dislocation types are also presented. While clearly effective in characterizing dislocation behavior in GaSb/GaAs, we believe that the methods outlined in this article can be extended to study other heteroepitaxial material systems.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Preparation of Macroscopic Low-Density Gold Foams with Good Machinability

Uniform, macroscopic monoliths (ranging from a few millimeters to a centimeter) of low-density gold foams with ~95% porosity and ~10-μm-diameter pores were prepared by the casting of gold-coated polystyrene core-shell particles followed by the thermal removal of the polymer core. The Au foams were composed of unique hollow gold spheres and showed superior mechanical integrity and resilience compared to the foams we previously reported. Highly efficient seeding and electroless gold-plating methods in this study caused a significant morphological transition in the gold coatings from coarse particles to fine particles, and finally, to a continuous layer. A modified, scalable casting approach to form large uniform monoliths (up to ~1-cm diameter) and a gentle baking condition to minimize undesirable densification of the final foams enabled us to develop a simple, efficient synthetic route to nanostructured macroscopic low-density gold foams. To demonstrate the improved mechanical stability and machinability, a representative monolithic Au foam (~0.9 g/cm 3 ) was carefully cut into the hollow cylinder of gold foams by a series of machining and processing steps. Finally, we tried to understand the unique mechanical behaviors and properties of this gold foam by nanoindentation measurement.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Structural transition and anisotropic magnetism in disordered Zintl phase Eu 7 Ga 6 Sb 8

Single crystals of the Zintl compound Eu 7 Ga 6 Sb 8 were synthesized using a Ga-Sb flux. We report the temperature (T) and magnetic field (H) dependence of the magnetic susceptibility (χ), magnetization (M), resistivity (ρ), specific heat (C), and thermal expansion (α). We also report high-resolution powder x-ray diffraction data that support a structural phase transition with accompanying signatures seen in C(T), ρ(T), and α(T). We find Eu 7 Ga 6 Sb 8 exhibits antiferromagnetic ordering at T N1 = 9.0 K from anomalies seen in χ(T), C(T), and α(T), as well as a potential reorientation of Eu 2+ spins at T N2 = 7.5 K and T N3 = 7.2 K. In conclusion, density functional theory calculations predict Eu 7 Ga 6 Sb 8 to be semiconducting; however, electrical resistivity measurements show bad-metal behavior that indicates the presence of disorder.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗