Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Transfer”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,441 records · Page 80
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Experimental Investigation on Acoustic Control Droplet Transfer in Ultrasonic-Wave-Assisted Gas Metal Arc Welding

Ultrasonic-wave-assisted gas metal arc welding (U-GMAW) is a new, advanced arc welding method that uses an ultrasonic wave emitted from an ultrasonic radiator above the arc. However, it remains unclear how the ultrasonic wave affects the metal droplet, hindering further application of U-GMAW. In this paper, an improved U-GMAW system was used and its superiority was experimentally demonstrated. Then a series of experiments were designed and performed to study how the ultrasonic wave affects droplet transfer, including droplet size, velocity, and motion trajectory. The behavior of droplet transfer was observed in high-speed images. The droplet transfer is closely related to the distribution of the acoustic field, determined by the ultrasonic current. Moreover, by analyzing the variably accelerated motion of the droplet, the acoustic control of the droplet transfer was intuitively demonstrated. Finally, U-GMAW was successfully used in vertical-up and overhead welding experiments, showing that U-GMAW is promising for use in welding in all positions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation of Nitrogen Transfer Mechanism from Gas to Liquid Steel During Pressurized Electroslag Remelting Process

Since the gas–slag–metal three-phase transfer mechanism of nitrogen is not suitable to account for the nitrogen pickup during pressurized electroslag remelting process, the laboratory experiments have been carried out to study the transfer mechanism of nitrogen using different nitrogen partial pressures and electrode immersion depths. Then, two possible transfer mechanisms of nitrogen have been proposed, and a 2D transient numerical model has been developed to investigate the behavior of nitrogen based on the new proposed mechanisms. The simulated results are compared with the experiment to validate the feasibility of new proposed mechanism. The results show that the nitrogen content in ingot increases with the increasing nitrogen partial pressure and decreasing electrode immersion depth. At the current experimental condition, the electrode immersion depth seems to play a more important role in the nitrogen pickup than the nitrogen partial pressure. Due to the limits of thermodynamic and kinetic conditions, the nitrogen pickup is negligible via the transfer from gas to liquid metal through molten slag whether nitrogen chemically or physically dissolves into slag. The mechanism that nitrogen directly reacts with the partially exposed liquid metal film under the electrode tip due to the fluctuation of gas/slag interface could reasonably account for the experimental results. Furthermore, based on the mechanism, the predicted variation tendency of nitrogen content in ingot is in agreement with the experiment.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Transfer learning for probabilistic localization of hidden cracks in concrete structures

Abstract The utility of discriminative supervised learning models built using multiple training-data sources is investigated for hidden crack localization in concrete. Feed-forward neural network (FFNN) is chosen as the model architecture, and transfer learning is used to assimilate the information obtained from different sources (computational physics simulations and laboratory experiments). The labeled training data consists of values of a damage index and the known locations of hidden cracks. The classification models need to learn how the presence of damage (hidden cracks) affects the damage index at different sensors for different test conditions. To this end, diagnostic FFNN models are built by sequentially adding and training new hidden layers to assimilate labeled information from computer models (different model geometries, test conditions, crack lengths, crack locations) and laboratory experiments on a plain cement slab. These transfer learning-based models are then used to localize damage in concrete specimens that reflect real-world conditions (i.e., specimens with steel reinforcement and randomly distributed aggregate). The actual damage state in these specimens is determined by extracting cores and performing petrographic studies on the extracted cores. The damage probability estimated by transfer learning-based models is compared with the petrographic damage rating index (DRI) to identify the most suitable approach to train the diagnostic models. The transfer learning-based diagnostic methodology shows promise and could be used in various structural health monitoring applications, where sufficient labeled data are typically not available from a single data source.

Miele, S.↗
DOE OSTI2017

Transferring Ions from Solution to the Gas Phase: The Two Basic Principles

The efficient formation of gaseous ions is the crucial step in all successful mass spectrometric experiments. The invention of electrospray ionization (ESI) has strongly facilitated this step by transferring preformed ions directly from solution to the gas phase – thereby circumventing the need to first convert analytes to the gas phase and then ionize them – and therefore ESI has become an extremely useful and widely applied MS technique. The invention of sonic spray ionization (SSI) has also allowed for the transfer of ions from solution into the gas phase, but without the assistance of a voltage or heating. Numerous ionization techniques, using similar principles to those applied in either ESI or SSI, have subsequently been developed. Although experimental conditions used in such techniques vary markedly, herein we argue that they are all based on either one of two basic principles by which ions can be transferred from solution to the gas phase, that is: via (1) neutralizing the counter ion, or (2) separating the ions. We have selected 35 such techniques and categorized them accordingly. This article thereby aims to establish the basic principles by which gaseous ions can be obtained from solvated ions. We further propose that any new ionization technique used to transfer solvated ions to the gas phase will similarly fall into one of these two mechanistic categories. .

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Improved quantum state transfer via quantum partially collapsing measurements

In this work, we present a general scheme to improve quantum state transfer (QST) by taking advantage of quantum partially collapsing measurements. The scheme consists of a weak measurement performed at the initial time on the qubit encoding the state of concern and a subsequent quantum reversal measurement at a desired time on the destined qubit. We determine the strength q{sub r} of the post quantum reversal measurement as a function of the strength p of the prior weak measurement and the evolution time t so that near-perfect QST can be achieved by choosing p close enough to 1, with a finite success probability, regardless of the evolution time and the distance over which the QST takes place. The merit of our scheme is twofold: it not only improves QST, but also suppresses the energy dissipation, if any. - Highlights: • A scheme using weak/reversal measurements is devised to improve quantum state transfer. • It can suppress dissipation allowing optimal quantum state transfer in open system. • Explicit condition for achieving near-perfect quantum state transfer is established. • Applications to spin chain and cavity array are considered in detail.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2026

Enhanced pool boiling heat transfer with metal foam tubes in inline tube bundle configuration

Flooded evaporators, commonly known as shell-and-tube heat exchangers, are widely used in large-scale industrial refrigeration and air-conditioning systems due to their high pool boiling heat transfer efficiency. However, their bulky configuration requires a large refrigerant inventory, which poses safety challenges—particularly when employing next-generation A2L refrigerants that are mildly flammable. Here, to address this issue, the development of compact heat exchangers with enhanced heat transfer performance is essential. In this study, a novel metal foam tube design is proposed to augment pool boiling heat transfer. Experiments were conducted at a saturation temperature of 20 °C and across a heat flux range of 7–60 kW m −2 . The tests were conducted for both smooth and metal foam tubes with an inline tube bundle configuration and for a pitch–to–diameter (P/D) ratios of 1.3 and 1.5. Pool boiling performance was evaluated for next-generation hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) refrigerants, R1234yf and R1234ze(E), with R134a serving as the baseline fluid. The results indicate that the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of R1234yf is comparable to R134a, while R1234ze(E) shows slightly lower performance. Importantly, the metal foam tubes achieved up to a 217% enhancement in HTC compared to smooth tubes.

Metal foam tubes↗
DOE OSTI2014

Comparison of Cf-252 thin-film sources prepared by evaporation or self-transfer

Californium-252 (Z = 98) is valued as a potent neutron source due to its spontaneous fission decay path. Thin film sources containing Cf-252 were prepared by two techniques: evaporation and self-transfer. The sources were analyzed by alpha and gamma spectroscopy. Results indicate that self-transfer sources exhibit less alpha energy straggling and energy loss than evaporative sources. Fission fragments may also self-transfer, and sources made by self-transfer may need some decay time to reach radioactive equilibrium.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Computational fluid dynamics study of full-scale aerobic bioreactors: Evaluation of gas-liquid mass transfer, oxygen uptake, and dynamic oxygen distribution

Hydrodynamics, oxygen transfer, and oxygen uptake in bubble-column and airlift bioreactors were studied using multiphase Euler-Euler computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Interphase mass transfer of oxygen was modeled with a liquid mass-transfer coefficient and sustained driving force provided by a phenomenological model for microbial oxygen uptake rate (OUR). Laboratory-scale reactor simulations of a bubble-column (0.15 m diameter and 0.75 m initial liquid height) showed reasonable agreement with gas holdup and mass transfer experiments reported in the literature. Commercial-scale bubble-column and airlift reactor simulations (5 m diameter and 25 m initial liquid height) were simulated using this validated model. Similar trends for the variation of overall gas holdup and oxygen concentrations with superficial velocity were observed for both of the commercial-scale reactors. However, the simulation results indicate differences in hydrodynamics, such as better recirculation in the airlift reactors that enables favorable distribution of oxygen in the reactor.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Transferable predictions of energetic and structural properties for refractory solid solution alloys across chemical compositions

We present a data-efficient approach to train graph neural networks (GNNs) on density functional theory (DFT) data for accurate and transferable predictions of energetic and structural properties of refractory solid solution alloys in the niobium-tantalum-vanadium (Nb-Ta-V) chemical space. We start by training the GNN model only on DFT data that describes refractory binary alloys niobium-tantalum (Nb-Ta), niobium-vanadium (Nb-V), and tantalum-vanadium (Ta-V) to predict formation enthalpy and root mean squared displacement. Once trained, the GNN predictions are tested on DFT data describing refractory ternary alloys Nb-Ta-V. While, unsurprisingly, direct transferability from binary to ternary is not sufficiently accurate, augmenting the training with only 1% of the available ternary data (uniformly distributed across the entire range of chemical compositions) improves significantly the quality of the GNN predictions. For comparison, we assess the transferability in the opposite direction by training GNN models on ternary Nb-Ta-V data and making predictions on binaries Nb-Ta, Nb-V, and Ta-V, which exhibits notably higher predictive errors. The proposed methodology, which favors transferability from lower-component to higher-component alloys, offers an efficient path towards avoiding the curse of dimensionality incurred when collecting DFT data for discovery and design of multi-component disordered alloys.

Density functional theory calculations↗
DOE OSTI2015

Determination of the collisional energy transfer distribution responsible for the collision-induced dissociation of NO 2 with Ar

Collisional energy transfer is an essential aspect of chemical reactivity and maintenance of thermal equilibrium. We report the shape (energy-dependence) of the collisional energy transfer probability function for collisions of vibrationally excited NO 2 entrained in a molecular beam and photoexcited to within 40 cm -1 of its dissociation threshold. The internally excited molecules undergo collisions with Ar atoms in a crossed beam apparatus. Dissociative collisions rapidly produce the NO(J) fragment, which is observed by velocity-mapped ion imaging and REMPI techniques. The measured collisional energy transfer function is obtained via energy conservation and is compared with the results of classical trajectory calculations. Good agreement between the theory and experiment is found for collisions that transfer small amounts of energy, but the theory predicts a higher likelihood of energetic collisions than is observed experimentally. We explore possible explanations for this discrepancy in the dynamics of the collision excitation process.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Heat Transfer and Fluid Transport of Supercritical CO 2 in Enhanced Geothermal System with Local Thermal Non-equilibrium Model

The heat transfer and fluid transport of supercritical CO 2 in enhanced geothermal system (EGS) is studied numerically with local thermal non-equilibrium model, which accounts for the temperature difference between solid matrix and fluid components in porous media and uses two energy equations to describe heat transfer in the solid matrix and in the fluid, respectively. As compared with the previous results of our research group, the effect of local thermal non-equilibrium mainly depends on the volumetric heat transfer coefficient ah, which has a significant effect on the production temperature at reservoir outlet and thermal breakthrough time. The uniformity of volumetric heat transfer coefficient ah has little influence on the thermal breakthrough time, but the temperature difference become more obvious with time after thermal breakthrough with this simulation model. The thermal breakthrough time reduces and the effect of local thermal non-equilibrium becomes significant with decreasing ah.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Experimental investigation on heat transfer performance of drain water heat recovery heat exchangers

Water heating accounts for 18 % of residential energy consumption, and a substantial portion of this energy can be recovered through drain water heat recovery systems. Here, this paper investigates the heat transfer performance of drain water heat recovery heat exchangers. Two heat exchanger configurations were studied: vertical (gravity film exchanger) and horizontal. The heat recovery performance of the exchangers was quantified using sensible effectiveness and characteristic curves following the ε-NTU approach. Depending on the flow conditions, heat exchangers with a vertical configuration offered higher heat transfer effectiveness compared with the horizontal configuration under similar operating conditions. Furthermore, the results showed that properly designed and sized heat exchangers can effectively recover considerable amounts of waste heat from drains, depending on flow rates. Additionally, in the vertical heat exchanger configuration, low flow rates result in partially wet conditions, resulting in lower heat transfer effectiveness. Therefore, two distributor configurations are proposed to improve the heat transfer performance of vertically configured heat exchangers at low flow rates. The proposed distributor configurations and data presented in this paper will be useful in the design and development of drain water heat recovery systems in building applications.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2018

Toxicity and trophic transfer of P25 TiO2 NPs from Dunaliella salina to Artemia salina: Effect of dietary and waterborne exposure

Highlights: • Toxicity and uptake of P25 NPs into Dunaliella salina. • Waterborne exposure of NPs on Artemia salina was more toxic than dietary exposure. • No observed bio-magnification (BMF) from algae to Artemia through dietary exposure. • Accumulated NPs caused morphological and physiological changes in Artemia. The recent increase in nanoparticle (P25 TiO{sub 2} NPs) usage has led to concerns regarding their potential implications on environment and human health. The food chain is the central pathway for nanoparticle transfer from lower to high trophic level organisms. The current study relies on the investigation of toxicity and trophic transfer potential of TiO{sub 2} NPs from marine algae Dunaliella salina to marine crustacean Artemia salina. Toxicity was measured in two different modes of exposure such as waterborne (exposure of TiO{sub 2} NPs to Artemia) and dietary exposure (NP-accumulated algal cells are used to feed the Artemia). The toxicity and accumulation of TiO{sub 2} NPs in marine algae D. salina were also studied. Artemia was found to be more sensitive to TiO{sub 2} NPs (48 h LC{sub 50} of 4.21 mg L{sup −1}) as compared to marine algae, D. salina (48 h LC{sub 50} of 11.35 mg L{sup −1}). The toxicity, uptake, and accumulation of TiO{sub 2} NPs were observed to be more in waterborne exposure as compared to dietary exposure. Waterborne exposure seemed to cause higher ROS production and antioxidant enzyme (SOD and CAT) activity as compared to dietary exposure of TiO{sub 2} NPs in Artemia. There were no observed biomagnification (BMF) and trophic transfer from algae to Artemia through dietary exposure. Histopathological studies confirmed the morphological and internal damages in Artemia. This study reiterates the possible effects of the different modes of exposure on trophic transfer potential of TiO{sub 2} NPs and eventually the consequences on aquatic environment.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

3D interface size effects on slip transfer in Ti/Nb nanolaminates

Two-phase nanolaminates are well-renowned for achieving extraordinarily high strengths but at the sacrifice of reduced toughness and strain to failure. Recently ”thick” interfaces, or so called 3D interfaces, in Cu/Nb nanolaminates were experimentally shown to improve both of these mechanical properties. Here, in this work, we study the effect of 3D interfaces in the hexagonal close packed (HCP)/body centered cubic (BCC) Ti/Nb nanolaminate system. Nanoindentation hardness testing suggests increased strength with the introduction of a 3D Ti–Nb interface and a positive size effect with increases in 3D interface thickness from 5 nm to 20 nm. To understand this effect from a single dislocation perspective, we present a phase-field dislocation dynamics (PFDD) model for multi-phase HCP/BCC systems. We employ the model to simulate stress-driven transfer of single dislocations across 3D Ti/Nb interfaces of various thicknesses. Our results show that the critical stress for slip transfer increases with the thickness of the interface. This positive size effect is stronger for transfer from basal or prismatic dislocations in the Ti layer to 110$\langle$111$\rangle$ dislocations in the Nb layer than the reverse. For this Ti/Nb system, a critical thickness of 2 nm is identified at which the asymmetry in slip transfer is minimized. This work showcases 3D interfaces as a beneficial microstructure modification to strengthen as well as reduce anisotropy in nanocrystalline materials containing HCP phases.

Dislocations↗
DOE OSTI2021

Flow condensation heat transfer performance of natural and emerging synthetic refrigerants

There is great interest in predicting flow condensation heat transfer for lower global warming potential (GWP) fluids. This paper analyzes the efficacy of common flow condensation correlations developed for particular fluids in order to identify their suitability to predict heat transfer performance of low GWP fluids. Condensation heat transfer data were extracted from the literature, including 19 papers and 1,473 data points for natural refrigerants [i.e., ammonia (R717), CO 2 (R744), propane (R290), isobutane (R600a)] and 35 papers and 5,030 data points for synthetic refrigerants [i.e., R12, R1234yf, R1234ze(E), R1234ze(Z), R22, R32, R41, R123, R125, R134a, R142b, R152a, R161, R404A, R410A, R448A, R449A, R450A, R452B, R454C, R455A, R513A] encompassing tube diameters of 0.1–11.5 mm, mass fluxes of 55–1200 kg/m2s, and saturation temperatures of -25°C–65°C. Correlations analyzed included Akers et al. (1959), Cavallini et al. (2006, 2011), Kim and Mudawar (2013), Macdonald and Garimella (2016), Shah (1979, 2009, 2013, 2016) and Traviss et al. (1973) for smooth tubes and Chamra et al. (2005) and Kedzierski and Goncalves (1999) for enhanced tubes. Since most studies did not report wall temperature, correlations which relied on wall temperature directly or indirectly were excluded from the analysis. For synthetic refrigerants, mean average error (MAE) ranged from 6%–257%, and Cavallini et al. (2011) and Kim and Mudawar (2013) were the best predictors for emerging synthetic refrigerants. Furthermore, the Kim and Mudawar (2013) correlation was found to best predict the heat transfer performance for propane and R600a data, but most correlations did not accurately predict ammonia and CO 2 flow condensation.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2014

Synthesis and energy band characterization of hybrid molecular materials based on organic–polyoxometalate charge-transfer salts

A cationic amphiphilic molecule was synthesized and employed to encapsulate Lindqvist ([M{sub 6}O{sub 19}]{sup 2−}) and Keggin polyoxometalates ([SiM{sub 12}O{sub 40}]{sup 4−}, M=Mo, W) to form hybrid molecules through electrostatic interaction. The X-ray diffraction results illustrate that the former hybrids possess lamellar nanostructures in their solid states, while the latter hybrids show a cubic Im3m packing model with low intensities and poor long-range order. These hybrids have clear charge-transfer characters as shown in their deeper colors and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra. According to the reported reduction potentials of the POM acceptors and the band gaps deduced from their diffuse reflectance spectra, we have calculated the theoretical values of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) position similar to the electron affinity (E{sub A}) of solid materials. Such energy level parameters are comparable to those of electroluminescence and electron-transport materials commonly used in organic electroluminescence devices. These organic–polyoxometalate charge-transfer salts have more advantages, such as higher decomposition temperatures, easier film fabrication and better electron affinities, which presumably would be used for electron-transport materials in the area of the electroluminescence. - Graphical abstract: Hybrid molecular materials with charge-transfer characters formed by a positively charged donor L and acceptors of the Lindqvist-type and Keggin-type POMs have lamellar and cubic structures in their solid state. - Highlights: • Charge-transfer salts are obtained by self-assembling POMs with an anthracene cation. • Their energy parameters are comparable to those of optoelectronic materials in OLEDs. • These POM-based hybrids could be applied in the area of optoelectronic devices.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2013

Transfer of microstructure pattern of CNTs onto flexible substrate using hot press technique for sensing applications

Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • Successfully transfer of microstructure patterned CNTs on PET substrate. • Demonstrate as resistor-based NH{sub 3} gas sensor in the sub-ppm range. • Excellent photodetector having instantaneous response and recovery characteristics. • An effective technique to grow and produce flexible electronic device. - Abstract: In this work, we report the successful and efficient transfer process of two- dimensional (2-D) vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate by hot pressing method with an aim to develop flexible sensor devices. Carbon nanotubes are synthesized by cold wall thermal chemical vapor deposition using patterned SiO{sub 2} substrate under low pressure. The height of the pattern of CNTs is controlled by reaction time. The entire growth and transfer process is carried out within 30 min. Strong adhesion between the nanotube and polyethylene terephthalate substrate was observed in the post-transferred case. Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies are used to analyze the microstructure of carbon nanotube film before and after hot pressing. This technique shows great potential for the fabrication of flexible sensing devices. We report for the first time, the application of patterned microstructure developed by this technique in the development of gas sensor and optoelectronic device. Surface resistive mode is used for detection of ammonia (NH{sub 3}) gas in the sub-ppm range. An impressive photoconducting response is also observed in the visible wavelength. The reproducibility of the sample was checked and the results indicate the possibility of use of carbon nanotube as gas sensor, photodetector, CCDs etc.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Dynamic condensation model of rolling droplets for high-performance heat transfer

Condensation is a critical process during vapor-liquid phase change in relation to heat transfer. To achieve a high heat transfer coefficient, the classical model for dropwise condensation requires a low contact angle and low contact angle hysteresis, failing to align with experimental observations on a hydrophobic and slippery quasi-liquid surface (QLS). Here, we report a dynamic condensation model that incorporates high-frequency condensate removal by emphasizing the role of timescale during droplet growth and shedding. Our model agrees well with the experimental result that a surface with high contact angle and low contact angle hysteresis promotes condensation, particularly during rolling-propelled condensate removal. Particle image velocimetry reveals that rolling droplets on a hydrophobic QLS exhibit 4-fold higher shedding speeds than the sliding droplets on a hydrophilic QLS, leading to significant heat transfer enhancement. This work deepens our theoretical understanding of condensation heat transfer and provides advanced physics-informed design rationales for water and energy systems.

42 ENGINEERING↗