Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Software development tools”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,441 records · Page 80

PIPER: Performance Insights for Programmers and Exascale Runtimes

During the lifetime of the project, the PIPER at the University of Utah worked in collaboration with the team from the partner institutions to establish a set of software tools for analyzing and improving the performance parallel computing tools. These activities complement and complete the work performed by the other X-Stack 2 projects with the definition of a common data models and computing infrastructures, which have been a central element in the targeted performance analysis pipeline and new programming models. The University of Utah team have focused mainly on developing data analysis and visualization systems to facilitate exploration, comparison and evaluation of the behavior and performance of complex algorithms in modern HPC infrastructures. This is involved several demonstrations of the performance achieved and presentation of the results in a way that facilitates the users understand bottlenecks and ways to overcome them. One major focus of the University of Utah activities has been the analysis of the performance characteristics of Fat-Tree and Dragonfly topology networks. The work involved the development of practical visualization systems especially in collaboration with the team at LLNL, and published several papers and gave invited talks at prestigious venues such as the Salishan Conference on High-Speed Computing or the International Conference on High Performance Computing, Data, and Analytics. In addition, the university of Utah team has advanced the core activities on analyzing the performance characteristics of I/O and other data movement systems and their practical use for scaling Uintah and other simulation codes poised for use in the exascale computing environments of the future.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Optimizing Viral Detection: Creating Fluorescent Chikungunya Virus Infectious Clones

Human infection with Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) results in debilitating joint pain and arthritis that can persist for months or even years. CHIKV is a re-emerging virus responsible for large epidemics in Asia, Africa, Europe, and most recently South and Central America. Yet, CHIKV has no specific treatment or vaccine. Therefore, steps towards eradicating the virus are important to public safety. Tools to facilitate drug screens are especially important when searching for viable treatments. Therefore, our lab sought to create reporter CHIKV encoding fluorescent markers, to detect infection in cells. Cloning was used to develop a CHIKV infectious clone encoding GFP. Creation of this tool required use of PCR, Gibson assembly, and the CRISPR Cas9 system. We are also working to create a CHIKV expressing mCherry. Next steps include determining the efficiency of these infectious clones compared to wildtype virus and performing drug screen studies. I also made contributions to other projects including development of a CRISPR Cas9 guide RNA library, a bioinformatics project using new software, and CRISPR Cas9 expressing cell line, that will be used in Zika virus studies. Finally, I assisted in development of a market survey focused on biodefense technologies for DHS.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

MAPSTER: Automated Geospatial Data Sharing – Version 1.4.0

The US Department of Energy’s (DOE) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) developed MAPSTER which is a geospatial data management tool that aggregates, organizes, and shares data from dispersed sources such as unmanned aerial systems (UAS). Built specifically for use in environments where communications may be limited, MAPSTER utilizes two key technologies to effectively manage data in the field and enable easy data sharing with authorized partners: Observer and Checkpoint. Observer is a lightweight software package on an edge device, such as a laptop, that automatically detects newly processed UAS data and sends to a central server called Checkpoint. Checkpoint is a centralized server at ORNL that receives and manages data from all Observer instances. Even in a very low bandwidth environment, Observer can still send information about the UAS data product almost instantly as it generates its own metadata package on the size of KB (kilobytes). MAPSTER is not only for UAS data but for any geospatial data collected at the austere edge and dispersed sources.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Probabilistic Error Bounds for Low-Rank Tensor Decompositions Used in Large-Scale Data Analysis Applications (LDRD Final Report)

This report documents a research project on analyzing low-rank tensor models for data analysis that took place at Sandia National Laboratories from October 2023–September 2025. The focus of this work was to extend theoretical frameworks from statistics and probability theory for use with models for scalar, vector, and matrix data to models with tensor, or general multi-dimensional array, data. Through this work, we have provided a new set of tools for bounding errors on low-rank tensor models of both complete and sampled data. The remainder of this report is organized as follows. In Section 1, we describe the proposed work at the start of the project. Section 2 describes the research advances made as part of the project. Other research contributions in the form of conference presentations and software development is provided in Section 3. Workforce development at Sandia and Florida Atlantic University (via a subcontract on this project) is provided in Section 4.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Incident Management Preparedness and Coordination Toolkit

As with many professions, safety planners and first responders tend to be specialists in certain areas. To be truly useful, tools should be tailored to meet their specific needs. Thus, general software suites aimed at the professional geographic information system (GIS) community might not be the best solution for a first responder with little training in GIS terminology and techniques. On the other hand, commonly used web-based map viewers may not have the capability to be customized for the planning, response, and recovery (PR&R) mission. Data formats should be open and foster easy information flow among local, state, and federal partners. Tools should be free or low-cost to address real-world budget constraints at the local level. They also need to work both with and without a network connection to be robust. The Incident Management Preparedness and Coordination Toolkit (IMPACT) can satisfy many of these needs while working in harmony with established systems at the local, state, and federal levels. The IMPACT software framework, termed the Geospatial Integrated Problem Solving Environment (GIPSE), organizes tasks, tools, and resources for the end user. It uses the concept of software wizards to both customize and extend its functionality. On the Tasks panel are a number of buttons used to initiate various operations. Similar to macros, these task buttons launch scripts that utilize the full functionality of the underlying foundational components such as the SQL spatial database and ORNL-developed map editor. The user is presented with a series of instruction pages which are implemented with HTML for interactivity. On each page are links which initiate specific actions such as creating a map showing various features. Additional tasks may be quickly programmed and added to the panel. The end user can customize the graphical interface to faciltate its use during an emergency. One of the major components of IMPACT is the ORNL Geospatial Viewer (OGV). It is used to provide various map displays for the Tasks and Maps panels. Unlike typical maps however, the OGV display is highly interactive and can be customized, automated, and animated to meet the needs of the user. It is also a means to both import and export geospatial data from or to existing GIS systems. The built-in simulation capability can be used as the basis of table-top exercises.

Koch, Daniel B.↗

Hardening of DOE UQ Codes for Ultra-Deep Proactive Geosteering in Oilfield Service

The primary objective of this project was to harden the DOE uncertainty quantification (UQ) code to solve the inverse problem for the geosteering service in the oilfield drilling and exploration. The primary focus is to verify the feasibility of using QUESO to solve geosteering inverse problems through statistical inversion. QUESO is a software library developed by QUEST, a DOE's Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) institute. In the process of drilling a borehole, geosteering is the act of adjusting the well trajectory on the fly to reach the geological targets or to keep the wellbore within desired formation. Geosteering inversion is to infer underground formation structure using measurements such as azimuthal resistivity logging data. The geosteering process relies on the real-time reconstruction of the subsurface earth model, and a robust and efficient inversion algorithm is always necessary to satisfy the job requirement. The new generation of azimuthal resistivity geosteering tool is capable of detecting multiple formation boundaries 20-100 ft away, and the corresponding geosteering inversion problem can be very challenging as many parameters need to be inverted within such a large depth of investigation. The success of the project will support US energy security by helping to advance subsurface modeling and characterization technologies in oilfield applications. An effective subsurface inversion algorithm and the implementation as a software package will promote the usage of ultra-deep azimuthal resistivity measurements, which can help well placement in complicated underground environments, reduce costs and risks of drilling, and increase oil and gas production. It will help medium and small size independent service companies and tool manufactures to enter the more advanced and lucrative directional drilling area. In addition, by hardening the QUESO code and building a transparent interface for easy manipulation of the QUESO functions, we provide a user-friendly tool for a larger scientific and industry communities that rely heavily on modeling and simulation tools for forecasting, parameter studies, design, and decision making. These are all activities that can strongly benefit from meaningful representations of modeling uncertainty supported by our product.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

An LCA model for waste incineration enhanced with new technologies for metal recovery and application to the case of Switzerland

Highlights: • An enhanced process-based LCA model for MSWI is featured and applied in case study. • LCA modeling of recent technological developments for metal recovery from fly ash. • Net release from Swiss MSWI 133 kg CO{sub 2}-eq/tonne waste from attributional LCA perspective. • Net savings from a consequential LCA perspective reach up to 303 kg CO{sub 2}-eq/tonne waste. • Impacts according to ReCiPe and CExD show similar pattern to climate change. - Abstract: A process model of municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) and new technologies for metal recovery from combustion residues was developed. The environmental impact is modeled as a function of waste composition as well as waste treatment and material recovery technologies. The model includes combustion with a grate incinerator, several flue gas treatment technologies, electricity and steam production from waste heat recovery, metal recovery from slag and fly ash, and landfilling of residues and can be tailored to specific plants and sites (software tools can be downloaded free of charge). Application of the model to Switzerland shows that the treatment of one tonne of municipal solid waste results on average in 425 kg CO{sub 2}-eq. generated in the incineration process, and 54 kg CO{sub 2}-eq. accrue in upstream processes such as waste transport and the production of operating materials. Downstream processes, i.e. residue disposal, generates 5 kg CO{sub 2}-eq. Savings from energy recovery are in the range of 67 to 752 kg CO{sub 2}-eq. depending on the assumptions regarding the substituted energy production, while the recovery of metals from slag and fly ash currently results in a net saving of approximately 35 kg CO{sub 2}-eq. A similar impact pattern is observed when assessing the MSWI model for aggregated environmental impacts (ReCiPe) and for non-renewable resource consumption (cumulative exergy demand), except that direct emissions have less and no relevance, respectively, on the total score. The study illustrates that MSWI plants can be an important element of industrial ecology as they provide waste disposal services and can help to close material and energetic cycles.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Flow matching meets biology and life science: a survey

Over the past decade, advances in generative modeling, such as generative adversarial networks, masked autoencoders, and diffusion models, have significantly transformed biological research and discovery, enabling breakthroughs in molecule design, protein generation, catalysis discovery, drug discovery, and beyond. At the same time, biological applications have served as valuable testbeds for evaluating the capabilities of generative models. Recently, flow matching has emerged as a powerful and efficient alternative to diffusion-based generative modeling, with growing interest in its application to problems in biology and life sciences. This paper presents the first comprehensive survey of recent developments in flow matching and its applications in biological domains. We begin by systematically reviewing the foundations and variants of flow matching, and then categorize its applications into three major areas: biological sequence modeling, molecule generation and design, and peptide and protein generation. For each, we provide an in-depth review of recent progress. We also summarize commonly used datasets and software tools, and conclude with a discussion of potential future directions.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

CaveMan Enterprise version 1.0 Software Validation and Verification.

The U.S. Department of Energy Strategic Petroleum Reserve stores crude oil in caverns solution-mined in salt domes along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Texas. The CaveMan software program has been used since the late 1990s as one tool to analyze pressure mea- surements monitored at each cavern. The purpose of this monitoring is to catch potential cavern integrity issues as soon as possible. The CaveMan software was written in Microsoft Visual Basic, and embedded in a Microsoft Excel workbook; this method of running the CaveMan software is no longer sustainable. As such, a new version called CaveMan Enter- prise has been developed. CaveMan Enterprise version 1.0 does not have any changes to the CaveMan numerical models. CaveMan Enterprise represents, instead, a change from desktop-managed work- books to an enterprise framework, moving data management into coordinated databases and porting the numerical modeling codes into the Python programming language. This document provides a report of the code validation and verification testing.

Hart, David↗

Model Package Report: Hanford Soil Inventory Model SIM v.2 Build 1

The Hanford Soil Inventory Model (SIM) is a tool for the estimation of inventory of contaminants that were released to soil from liquid discharges during the U.S. Department of Energy’s Hanford Site operations. This model package report documents the construction and development of a second version of SIM (SIM-v2) to support the needs of Hanford Site Composite Analysis. The SIM-v2 is implemented using GoldSim Pro® 1 software with a new model architecture that preserves the uncertainty in inventory estimates while reducing the computational burden (compared to the previous version) and allowing more traceability and transparency in calculation methodology. The calculation architecture is designed in such a manner that future updates to the waste stream composition along with addition or deletion of waste sites can be performed with relative ease. In addition, the new computational platform allows for continued hardware upgrade.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

A computational modeling framework for pre-clinical evaluation of cardiac mapping systems

There are a variety of difficulties in evaluating clinical cardiac mapping systems, most notably the inability to record the transmembrane potential throughout the entire heart during patient procedures which prevents the comparison to a relevant “gold standard”. Cardiac mapping systems are comprised of hardware and software elements including sophisticated mathematical algorithms, both of which continue to undergo rapid innovation. The purpose of this study is to develop a computational modeling framework to evaluate the performance of cardiac mapping systems. The framework enables rigorous evaluation of a mapping system’s ability to localize and characterize (i.e., focal or reentrant) arrhythmogenic sources in the heart. The main component of our tool is a library of computer simulations of various dynamic patterns throughout the entire heart in which the type and location of the arrhythmogenic sources are known. Our framework allows for performance evaluation for various electrode configurations, heart geometries, arrhythmias, and electrogram noise levels and involves blind comparison of mapping systems against a “silver standard” comprised of computer simulations in which the precise transmembrane potential patterns throughout the heart are known. A feasibility study was performed using simulations of patterns in the human left atria and three hypothetical virtual catheter electrode arrays. Activation times (AcT) and patterns (AcP) were computed for three virtual electrode arrays: two basket arrays with good and poor contact and one high-resolution grid with uniform spacing. The average root mean squared difference of AcTs of electrograms and those of the nearest endocardial action potential was less than 1 ms and therefore appears to be a poor performance metric. In an effort to standardize performance evaluation of mapping systems a novel performance metric is introduced based on the number of AcPs identified correctly and those considered spurious as well as misclassifications of arrhythmia type; spatial and temporal localization accuracy of correctly identified patterns was also quantified. This approach provides a rigorous quantitative analysis of cardiac mapping system performance. Proof of concept of this computational evaluation framework suggests that it could help safeguard that mapping systems perform as expected as well as provide estimates of system accuracy.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Waste Estimation from a Wide-Area Radiological Incident: The Impact of Geography and Urban Footprint - 16256

In the planning and preparedness stages for a response to a radiological incident, it is important to include waste management considerations when developing the decontamination/demolition/cleanup approach because waste management can be a driver for time and cost for return to normalcy. Waste management is also inextricably linked to the geography and urban footprint of the impacted area. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Waste Estimation Support Tool (WEST) is a novel application based on the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Hazus-MH software. WEST enables users to estimate the characteristics, amount, and residual radioactivity of waste generated from remediation and cleanup activities after a radiological incident, including incidents caused by radiological dispersal devices and improvised nuclear devices, as well as nuclear power plant accidents. These waste estimates are generated as a function of user-defined decontamination strategies and are specific to a geographic location. This paper will describe the recently released version 3 update to WEST, and how differences in geography and urban footprints can impact the waste that is generated. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

MDSplus Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow

MDSplus is a data acquisition and analysis system used worldwide predominantly in the fusion research community. Development began 31 years ago by a collaboration of software developers who were charged with providing a data acquisition system for three new fusion experiments under construction: CMOD at MIT, ZTH at LANL and RFX at Padova, Italy. The design of MDSplus combined the functionality of MDS (MIT/Model Data System developed at MIT for the Alcator and Tara fusion experiments) with new features suggested by the developers from the other laboratories. The development of MDSplus used a RAD (rapid application development) approach before RAD became a mainstream methodology. MDSplus was implemented and ready for the initial operation of CMOD in 1991. Since that time, many other fusion facilities started using MDSplus for data acquisition and/or for exporting their data to other sites. Today MDSplus is still used around the world for fusion energy research, space exploration and other fields of science and technology. Work on MDSplus continues to enhance its capabilities, support more platforms, and improve its reliability. It is anticipated that MDSplus will continue to provide valuable tools for the fusion energy research community. This paper describes some of the history of the MDSplus software, the work that is currently underway, and the plans to enable MDSplus to continue to be available and supported long into the future.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Creating Apptainer Workflows with Docker-Compose-like Utilities

Creating Apptainer Workflows with Docker-Compose-like Utilities In this presentation, I will explore the utilization of a tool called process-compose, inspired by docker-compose, to create Apptainer-based services. This approach allows for easy deployment and management of fully containerized applications on High Performance Computing (HPC) systems without requiring elevated privileges. Benefits to the Ecosystem: By incorporating process-compose and Apptainer, I aim to address several key challenges in the HPC ecosystem: Simplified Workflow Management: Process-compose provides a user-friendly interface for defining and managing complex containerized application services, reducing the setup time and lowering the barrier to entry for new users. Enhanced Portability: Apptainer ensures that containerized applications can run consistently across different HPC environments, promoting greater portability and reducing compatibility issues. Process-compose is also a single binary that does not need to be installed by admin level users. Community Driven Solutions: This approach aligns with the goals of the High Performance Software Foundation (HPSF) to advance community-driven solutions. By sharing our experiences and insights, I hope to foster collaboration and innovation within the HPC community. Increased Productivity: The combination of process-compose and Apptainer streamlines the serve deployment process, allowing researchers and developers to focus more on their scientific work rather than the intricacies of system or service administration. Through this presentation, attendees will gain valuable insights into the practical implementation of containerized workflows on HPC systems, learn about the benefits of using process-compose and Apptainer, and understand how these tools can contribute to a more efficient HPC ecosystem.

97 - MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

PyApprox: A software package for sensitivity analysis, Bayesian inference, optimal experimental design, and multi-fidelity uncertainty quantification and surrogate modeling

PyApprox is a Python-based one-stop-shop for probabilistic analysis of numerical models such as those used in the earth, environmental and engineering sciences. Easy to use and extendable tools are provided for constructing surrogates, sensitivity analysis, Bayesian inference, experimental design, and forward uncertainty quantification. The algorithms implemented represent a wide range of methods for model analysis developed over the past two decades, including recent advances in multi-fidelity approaches that use multiple model discretizations and/or simplified physics to significantly reduce the computational cost of various types of analyses. An extensive set of Benchmarks from the literature is also provided to facilitate the easy comparison of new or existing algorithms for a wide range of model analyses. Here, this paper introduces PyApprox and its various features, and presents results demonstrating the utility of PyApprox on a benchmark problem modeling the advection of a tracer in groundwater.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

MaterialsMap: A CALPHAD-based tool to design composition pathways through feasibility map for desired dissimilar materials, demonstrated with resistance spot welding joining of Ag-Al-Cu

Assembly of dissimilar metals can be achieved by different methods, for example, casting, welding, and additive manufacturing (AM). However, undesired phases formed in liquid-phase assembling processes due to solute segregation during solidification diminish mechanical and other properties of the processed parts. In the present work, an open-source software named MaterialsMap, has been developed based on the CALculation of Phase Diagrams (CALPHAD) approach. The primary objective of MaterialsMap is to facilitate the design of an optimal composition pathway for assembling dissimilar alloys with liquid-phases based on the formation of desired and undesired phases along the pathway. In MaterialsMap, equilibrium thermodynamic calculations are used to predict equilibrium phases formed at slow cooling rate, while Scheil-Gulliver simulations are employed to predict non-equilibrium phases formed during rapid cooling. Additionally, by combining these two simulations, MaterialsMap offers a thorough guide for understanding phase formation in various manufacturing processes, assisting users in making informed decisions during material selection and production. As a demonstration of this approach, a compositional pathway was designed from pure Al to pure Cu through Ag using MaterialsMap. The design was experimentally verified using resistance spot welding (RSW).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

MDSplus yesterday, today and tomorrow

MDSplus is a data acquisition and analysis system used worldwide predominantly in the fusion research community. Development began 31 years ago by a collaboration of software developers who were charged with providing a data acquisition system for three new fusion experiments under construction: CMOD at MIT, ZTH at LANL and RFX at Padova, Italy. The design of MDSplus combined the functionality of MDS (MIT/Model Data System developed at MIT for the Alcator and Tara fusion experiments) with new features suggested by the developers from the other laboratories. The development of MDSplus used a RAD (rapid application development) approach before RAD became a mainstream methodology. MDSplus was implemented and ready for the initial operation of CMOD in 1991. Since that time, many other fusion facilities started using MDSplus for data acquisition and/or for exporting their data to other sites. Today MDSplus is still used around the world for fusion energy research, space exploration and other fields of science and technology. Work on MDSplus continues to enhance its capabilities, support more platforms, and improve its reliability. It is anticipated that MDSplus will continue to provide valuable tools for the fusion energy research community. In conclusion, this paper describes some of the history of the MDSplus software, the work that is currently underway, and the plans to enable MDSplus to continue to be available and supported long into the future.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE SciDAC’s Earth System Grid Center for Enabling Technologies Final Report for University of Southern California Information Sciences Institute

The mission of the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) is to provide the worldwide climate-research community with access to the data, information, model codes, analysis tools, and intercomparison capabilities required to make sense of enormous climate data sets. Its specific goals are to (1) provide an easy-to-use and secure web-based data access environment for data sets; (2) add value to individual data sets by presenting them in the context of other data sets and tools for comparative analysis; (3) address the specific requirements of participating organizations with respect to bandwidth, access restrictions, and replication; (4) ensure that the data are readily accessible through the analysis and visualization tools used by the climate research community; and (5) transfer infrastructure advances to other domain areas. For the ESGF, the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Earth System Grid Center for Enabling Technologies (ESG-CET) team has led international development and delivered a production environment for managing and accessing ultra-scale climate data. This production environment includes multiple national and international climate projects (such as the Community Earth System Model and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project), ocean model data (such as the Parallel Ocean Program), observation data (Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Best Estimate, Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Center, Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, etc.), and analysis and visualization tools, all serving a diverse user community. These data holdings and services are distributed across multiple ESG-CET sites (such as ANL, LANL, LBNL/NERSC, LLNL/PCMDI, NCAR, and ORNL) and at unfunded partner sites, such as the Australian National University National Computational Infrastructure, the British Atmospheric Data Centre, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, the German Climate Computing Centre, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The ESGF software is distinguished from other collaborative knowledge systems in the climate community by its widespread adoption, federation capabilities, and broad developer base. It is the leading source for present climate data holdings, including the most important and largest data sets in the globalclimate community, and—assuming its development continues—we expect it to be the leading source for future climate data holdings as well. Recently, ESG-CET extended its services beyond data-file access and delivery to include more detailed information products (scientific graphics, animations, etc.), secure binary data-access services (based upon the OPeNDAP Data Access Protocol), and server-side analysis. The latter capabilities allow users to request data subsets transformed through commonly used analysis and intercomparison procedures. As we transition from development activities to production and operations, the ESG-CET team is tasked with making data available to all users seeking to understand, process, extract value from, visualize, and/or communicate it to others—this is of course if funding continues at some level. This ongoing effort, though daunting in scope and complexity, would greatly magnify the value of numerical climate model outputs and climate observations for future national and international climate-assessment reports. The ESG-CET team also faces substantial technical challenges due to the rapidly increasing scale of climate simulation and observational data, which will grow, for example, from less than 50 terabytes for the last Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment to multiple Petabytes for the next IPCC assessment. In a world of exponential technological change and rapidly growing sophistication in climate data analysis, an infrastructure such as ESGF must constantly evolve if it is to remain relevant and useful.

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗