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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,441 records · Page 80
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Noncoplanar ferrimagnetism and local crystalline-electric-field anisotropy in the quasicrystal approximant Au 70 Si 17 Tb 13

Neutron scattering experiments have been performed to elucidate magnetic properties of the quasicrystal approximant Au 70 Si 17 Tb 13 , consisting of icosahedral spin clusters in a body-centered-cubic lattice. Bulk magnetic measurements performed on the single crystalline sample unambiguously confirm long-range ordering at T C = 11.6 ± 1 K. In contrast to the simple ferromagnetic response in the bulk measurements, single crystal neutron diffraction confirms a formation of intriguing non-collinear and non-coplanar magnetic order. The magnetic moment direction was found to be nearly tangential to the icosahedral cluster surface in the local mirror plane, which is quite similar to that recently found in the antiferromagnetic quasicrystal approximant Au 72 Al 14 Tb 14 . Inelastic neutron scattering on the powdered sample exhibits a very broad peak centered at hω ≃ 4 meV. The observed inelastic spectrum was explained by the crystalline-electric-field model taking account of the chemical disorder at the fractional Au/Si sites. The resulting averaged anisotropy axis for the crystalline-electric-field ground state is consistent with the ordered moment direction determined in the magnetic structure analysis, confirming that the non-coplanar magnetic order is stabilized by the local uniaxial anisotropy.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
NASA NTRS1989

The evolution and discharge of electric fields within a thunderstorm

An analysis of the present three-dimensional thunderstorm electrical model and its finite-difference approximations indicates unconditional stability for the discretization that results from the approximation of the spatial derivatives by a box-schemelike method and of the temporal derivative by either a backward-difference or Crank-Nicholson scheme. Lightning propagation is treated through numerical techniques based on the inverse-matrix modification formula and Cholesky updates. The model is applied to a storm observed at the Kennedy Space Center in 1978, and numerical comparisons are conducted between the model and the theoretical results obtained by Wilson (1920) and Holzer and Saxon (1952).

Hager, William W.↗
NASA NTRS1953

Report on the special field "Interference" to the wind-tunnel committee in February 1945

Contains an outline of investigations dealing with interference effects on the static stability of various airplane configurations that were conducted, were being conducted, and were started at the time of this report. Results of several investigations are presented and discussed briefly. A supplement is attached showing the configurations tested and outlining the various test programs. Suggestions for future investigations are also included.

AIRFOILS - NACA 0010-0 825-40↗
NASA NTRS2015

Vibroacoustic Tailoring of a Rod-Stiffened Composite Fuselage Panel with Multidisciplinary Considerations

An efficient multi-objective design tailoring procedure seeking to improve the vibroacoustic performance of a fuselage panel while maintaining or reducing weight is presented. The structure considered is the pultruded rod stitched efficient unitized structure, a highly integrated composite structure concept designed for a noncylindrical, next-generation flight vehicle fuselage. Modifications to a baseline design are evaluated within a six-parameter design space including spacing, flange width, and web height for both frame and stringer substructure components. The change in sound power radiation attributed to a design change is predicted using finite-element models sized and meshed for analyses in the 500 Hz, 1 kHz, and 2 kHz octave bands. Three design studies are carried out in parallel while considering a diffuse acoustic field excitation and two types of turbulent boundary-layer excitation. Kriging surrogate models are used to reduce the computational costs of resolving the vibroacoustic and weight objective Pareto fronts. The resulting Pareto optimal designs are then evaluated under a static pressurization ultimate load to assess structural strength and stability. Results suggest that choosing alternative configurations within the considered design space can reduce weight and improve vibroacoustic performance without compromising strength and stability of the structure under the static load condition considered, but the tradeoffs are significantly influenced by the spatial characteristics of the assumed excitation field.

Allen, Albert R.↗
DOE OSTI2022

DIII-D research advancing the physics basis for optimizing the tokamak approach to fusion energy

DIII-D physics research addresses critical challenges for the operation of ITER and the next generation of fusion energy devices. This is done through a focus on innovations to provide solutions for high performance long pulse operation, coupled with fundamental plasma physics understanding and model validation, to drive scenario development by integrating high performance core and boundary plasmas. Substantial increases in off-axis current drive efficiency from an innovative top launch system for EC power, and in pressure broadening for Alfven eigenmode control from a co-/counter-I p steerable off-axis neutral beam, all improve the prospects for optimization of future long pulse/steady state high performance tokamak operation. Fundamental studies into the modes that drive the evolution of the pedestal pressure profile and electron vs ion heat flux validate predictive models of pedestal recovery after ELMs. Understanding the physics mechanisms of ELM control and density pumpout by 3D magnetic perturbation fields leads to confident predictions for ITER and future devices. Validated modeling of high-Z shattered pellet injection for disruption mitigation, runaway electron dissipation, and techniques for disruption prediction and avoidance including machine learning, give confidence in handling disruptivity for future devices. For the non-nuclear phase of ITER, two actuators are identified to lower the L–H threshold power in hydrogen plasmas. With this physics understanding and suite of capabilities, a high poloidal beta optimized-core scenario with an internal transport barrier that projects nearly to Q = 10 in ITER at ~8 MA was coupled to a detached divertor, and a near super H-mode optimized-pedestal scenario with co-I p beam injection was coupled to a radiative divertor. The hybrid core scenario was achieved directly, without the need for anomalous current diffusion, using off-axis current drive actuators. Also, a controller to assess proximity to stability limits and regulate β N in the ITER baseline scenario, based on plasma response to probing 3D fields, was demonstrated. Finally, innovative tokamak operation using a negative triangularity shape showed many attractive features for future pilot plant operation.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS1989

Short-range forecasting and nowcasting, using a simple, isentropic prediction model

A numerical advection model which can be run on a local computer in a real-time forecast environment is described. This isentropic forecast model provides the local forecast office with easy access to temporally and spatially detailed estimates of atmospheric temperature, moisture, and wind field changes between 12-h rawinsonde observations. Case studies are presented based on the use of the model to predict the preconvective environment in spring and summer situations. Short-term forecasts of midtropospheric static stability patterns and stability index changes are traced for several severe storm events with and without the inclusion of surface data observed during the day. Forecast images of VAS low- and midlevel moisture fields and vertical moisture gradients are compared with the observations to determine the utility of the combined model/VAS imagery as a nowcasting guide.

Petersen, Ralph A.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Organic thin-film transistors with a bottom bilayer gate dielectric having a low operating voltage and high operational stability

This study reports on p-channel bottom-gate organic thin-film transistors (OTFT) that achieve low-voltage operation with a thin bilayer gate dielectric of CYTOP/HfO 2 that also leads to high operational stability. A bottom-gate geometry allows the thickness of the gate dielectric to be reduced to 17 nm, thereby increasing the gate dielectric capacitance density to a value of up to 258 nF/cm 2 . All OTFTs yielded threshold voltages (V TH ) lower than -1 V, thereby providing minimum operating voltage (gate to source voltage ~ V TH ) of -1 V with field-effect mobility values in the range from 0.3 to 0.8 cm 2 /Vs and subthreshold swing values below 100 mV/dec. Operational stability during DC bias stress was found similar to that measured in devices with a top-gate geometry, with about 1% of drain current change after 6 h. Here, using a double-stretched exponential function, the operational stability characteristics were modeled. It was found that by increasing the metal oxide layer thickness, the threshold voltage can shift toward positive values under DC stress tests. For CYTOP layer thicknesses above 15 nm, a thicker CYTOP layer was found to shift the threshold voltage in the opposite direction toward negative values. Furthermore, these p-channel bottom-gate organic transistor with a bilayer gate dielectric of CYTOP/HfO 2 combine high mobility, high operational stability, and lower voltage operation of -1 V compared to top-gate OTFTs.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Mitigating electrochemical degradation in CsPbBr{sub 3} gamma detectors by organic and inorganic encapsulation.

CsPbBr3 perovskite semiconductors have emerged as a leading candidate for nextgeneration radiation detectors because of their exceptional charge transport properties, defect tolerance, and record-breaking sensitivity and energy resolution. Their long-term stability, however, is hindered by electrode-driven electrochemical decomposition, which is accelerated by moisture- and oxygen-assisted ion migration during operation. Here, we investigated organic and inorganic encapsulation strategies as both environmental barriers and means to suppress interfacial degradation pathways. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 provided a conformal passivation layer that blocked environmental ingress, suppressed ionic diffusion, reduced leakage current, enhanced energy resolution and expanded the operational electric-field window beyond 5 kV∙cm1 . By contrast, organic encapsulants such as paraffin wax and polystyrene slowed moisture diffusion but did not suppress interfacial reactions, with wax extending stability to over 90 days. These results show that ALD-Al2O3 suppresses dominant interfacial degradation pathways, enabling stable, high-field operation and advancing the practical deployment of CsPbBr3 γ-ray detectors.

Unal, Mustafa↗
NASA NTRS1990

Theory of electrohydrodynamic instabilities in electrolytic cells

The paper develops the theory of the hydrodynamic stability of an electrolytic cell as a function of the imposed electric current. A new electrohydrodynamic instability is encountered when the current is forced to exceed the Nernst limit. The convection is driven by the volume force exerted by the electric field on space charges in the electrolyte. This intrinsic instability is found to be easily masked by extrinsic convection sources such as gravity or stirring. A linear stability analysis is performed and a dimensionless number Le is derived whose value determines the convection pattern.

Bruinsma, R.↗
DOE OSTI2024

The Role and Substitution of Cobalt in the Cobalt‐Lean/Free Nickel‐Based Layered Transition Metal Oxides for Lithium Ion Batteries

Here, the Nickel-based layered transition metal oxide cathode represented by NCM (LiNi x Co y Mn z O 2 , x+y+z=1) and NCA (LiNi x Co y Al z O 2 , x+y+z=1) is widely used in the electric vehicle market due to its specific capacity and high working potential, in which Cobalt (Co) plays a huge role in improving the structural stability during the cycle. However, the limited supply of Co, due to its scarcity and the influence of geopolitics, poses a significant constraint on the further advancement of the Nickel-based layered transition metal oxide cathode in the field of energy storage. In this paper, the mechanism of Co in the Nickel-based layered transition metal oxides is reviewed, including its critical role for structural stability such as the inhibition of cationic mixing and the release of lattice oxygen et al. Subsequently, it outlines various strategies to enhance the performance of Co-lean/free materials, such as ion doping, including single-ion doping and multi-ion co-doping, and various surface coating strategies, so as to eliminate the adverse effects of Co loss on materials. Ultimately, this paper offers a glimpse into the promising future of Cobalt-free strategies for high performance of Nickel-based layered transition metal oxides.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Structural Instability in Electrically Stressed, Oxygen Deficient BaTiO 3 Nanocrystals

The dynamics of oxygen vacancies under external stimuli dominates the performance of many solid-state devices, including capacitors, oxide memristors, anionic conductors, etc. By means of in-situ Transmission Electron Microscopy, we found in BaTiO 3 perovskite nanocrystals that formation of oxygen vacancies due to electrical stressing renders the oxide amorphizable under electron beam illumination, suggesting the presence of a threshold concentration of oxygen vacancy affecting the structural stability of BaTiO 3 crystals upon high energy radiation. In contrast to the structural change, the resistivity of the nanocrystal seems not liable to the amorphization prior to dielectric breakdown at higher voltage bias. Here, we propose that an increase in oxygen vacancy content promotes oxygen mobility in the perovskite structure allowing electron beam induced electric field to modify the local structural and composition. Our in-situ observations reveal the central role of oxygen vacancies in the structural stability of perovskites which is of paramount importance to their applications in extreme environments and suggest a potential new route to micro-processing perovskite oxides using the electron beam via oxygen vacancy management without severely compromising the electric property.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1981

Investigation of geomagnetic field forecasting and fluid dynamics of the core

An additional approach is being taken to address the problem of how to decide where to truncate spherical harmonic representations of geomagnetic data. The idea is to simply evaluate some aspect of interest at successively higher levels of truncation and then to chose that value of truncation level (N) which gives the most reasonable appearance of convergence. The preliminary determination of the onset of relative numerical stability at a truncation level of N=7 in two independent studies is thought to be a potentially significant result of practical value for field modeling. It requires further substantiation and explanation before dissemination.

Benton, E. R.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Fully Coupled Aeroelastic Stability Analysis of Adaptive Shape Memory Alloy Structural Technologies for Airframe Noise Reduction

The objective of this work is the development of computational models and analysis of the coupled fluid-structure response of a slat gap filler (SGF) noise treatment applied to the leading-edge-slat component of a high-lift system typical of modern transport aircraft. The representative airframe chosen for this work is NASA’s High-lift Common Research Model (CRM-HL) in a baseline high-lift configuration. Superelastic shape memory alloys (SMAs) have been identified as enabling materials for these structural treatments. Since the technology elements rely upon having a highly reconfigurable structure, designs must be assessed for static aeroelastic deflection as well as dynamic aeroelastic stability using coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and nonlinear computational structural dynamics (NL CSD) tools. The technical approach consists of solving for the flow field around the entire vehicle using a global CFD model, followed by extraction of relevant local subdomain data for CFD and NL-CSD co-simulations. The SGF design is assessed using both 2D and 3D co-simulations to predict quasi-static aeroelastic deformations and to assess dynamic aeroelastic stability.

Fluid structure interaction↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Perspective on ferroelectricity in hafnium oxide: Mechanisms and considerations regarding its stability and performance

Ferroelectric hafnium oxides are poised to impact a wide range of microelectronic applications owing to their superior thickness scaling of ferroelectric stability and compatibility with mainstream semiconductors and fabrication processes. For broad-scale impact, long-term performance and reliability of devices using hafnia will require knowledge of the phases present and how they vary with time and use. In this Perspective article, the importance of phases present on device performance is discussed, including the extent to which specific classes of devices can tolerate phase impurities. Following, the factors and mechanisms that are known to influence phase stability, including substituents, crystallite size, oxygen point defects, electrode chemistry, biaxial stress, and electrode capping layers, are highlighted. Herein, discussions will focus on the importance of considering both neutral and charged oxygen vacancies as stabilizing agents, the limited biaxial strain imparted to a hafnia layer by adjacent electrodes, and the strong correlation of biaxial stress with resulting polarization response. Areas needing additional research, such as the necessity for a more quantitative means to distinguish the metastable tetragonal and orthorhombic phases, quantification of oxygen vacancies, and calculation of band structures, including defect energy levels for pure hafnia and stabilized with substituents, are emphasized.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Studies to Improve the Sensitivity to Low Energy Interactions in Dual-Phase Xenon Dark Matter Detectors. Department of Energy Office of Science Graduate Student Research (SCGSR) Program, Final project report

Noble liquid time projection chambers (TPCs) are some of the most sensitive particle detectors ever developed. They see use in searches for new physics with neutrinos, or for new particles like dark matter. They work by sensing light and charge signals left behind by particle interactions in a volume of liquified xenon or argon. TPCs are so sensitive that even a single electron liberated in an interaction can be readily detected. However this sensitivity to signals comes with a sensitivity to background noise, with one example being single electrons that arrive long after the signals from a true particle interaction. This type of noise has been the subject of multiple studies, which have concluded that single electron backgrounds are well correlated with prior events in the TPC, as well as impurities in the detection medium. At Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), the XeNu TPC is a testbed for a novel study of these backgrounds by generating data with new components made of aluminum and Shapal--the latter being an exotic ceramic which can be machined using standard tools. These materials were selected to replace plastic components which introduce impurities in the TPC during operation. Without plastic, the hope is that electron backgrounds will be reduced, leaving new opportunities for studying their origins and dependence on impurities. The SCGSR fellowship served as a springboard to help meet these objectives. Over the course of a year, the new components were designed, fabricated, and installed in XeNu. Following their installation, data was taken for use in a future study that will enable the electron background contributions from plastic components to be studied directly. In the interim, preliminary analysis results indicate that electron backgrounds with the new components are roughly 50% lower. This has established the efficacy of Shapal as a low-background replacement for plastic components where electrical and thermal stability are needed

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRS1986

A study of the relationship among wind speed, sea state, and the drag coefficient for a developing wave field

Controlled laboratory experiments are reported which demonstrate directly and quantitatively the influence of wave conditions in determining the drag law at the air-sea interface under neutral stability conditions. It is concluded that the analytic form first proposed by Kitaigorodskii (1970) models the roughness scale very well when the sea is dominated by the locally generated waves. It is demonstrated that, by using a unified two-parameter wave spectral model by Huang et al. (1981), Kitaigorodskii's result can be shown to contain the formulas of Charnock (1955) and Hsu (1974) as special cases. The results also identify two wind and wave-related parameters as important in determining the drag coefficient for developing wave fields.

Huang, N. E.↗
DOE OSTI2026

A tale of two extremes: Temperature sensitivity of carbon loss from cool and hot soils

Soils represent the largest terrestrial carbon (C) pool, and the flux of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from soils to the atmosphere is ~ 6-10 times more than anthropogenic emissions. Understanding responses of soil CO 2 emissions to warming is crucial for evaluating feedback to ongoing environmental changes. The relationship between microbial respiration and temperature is typically modeled using a Q 10 function. Generally, observations of the apparent Q 10 of soil respiration are higher for cold vs. warm ecosystems, reflecting expected biophysical controls of Arrhenius kinetics. However, results from two field warming experiments in the tropics contradict this expectation, both observing extraordinarily high soil respiration responses to in situ warming. Our overall objective for the proposed work is to reduce uncertainty in temperature sensitivity of soil C loss by systematically synthesizing underlying mechanisms related to soil C turnover and stabilization. We are evaluating the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in ecosystems across temperature extremes (e.g., arctic/boreal and tropical systems) by integrating data collected from field warming experiments with machine learning and biogeochemical models.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗