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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Assessment of the polygeneration approach in wastewater treatment plants for enhanced energy efficiency and green hydrogen/ammonia production

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) offer opportunities to optimize resource utilization and enhance energy efficiency. Here, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of using the polygeneration approach in WWTPs to reduce grid energy dependence, optimize energy distribution, and utilize surplus energy for hydrogen (H 2 ) and ammonia (NH 3 ) production. Several models were employed, including photovoltaic (PV) cells, parabolic trough collectors (PTCs), steam methane reforming, and polymer electrolyte membranes, to assess the feasibility of this approach. Three scenarios were evaluated and compared: Scenario 1 (Baseline) represents the current situation, Scenario 2 maximizes the Net Present Value (NPV), and Scenario 3 minimizes NH 3 production costs. Real data from As-Samra WWTP in Jordan was used to accurately assess the feasibility of each scenario. The results show that Scenario 2 offers the highest profitability and efficiency, with a NPV of 87.48 million USD and an annual NH 3 production of 15,417 tons, reducing both grid dependency and biogas fuel consumption. Both Scenarios 2 and 3 demonstrate the ability to meet thermal demands efficiently while generating significant revenue from NH 3 production. Scenario 3, in particular, achieves competitive H 2 and NH 3 production costs. Environmentally, Scenario 2 significantly reduces annual greenhouse gas emissions by 12.66 kilotons of CO 2eq , with near-zero carbon intensity for thermal energy due to solar reliance. In conclusion, the polygeneration approach offers a promising pathway for WWTPs to achieve greater sustainability, economic gains, and reduced environmental impact, providing valuable insights for decision-makers.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Machine-learning-assisted high-temperature reservoir thermal energy storage optimization

High-temperature reservoir thermal energy storage (HT-RTES) has the potential to become an indispensable component in achieving the goal of the net-zero carbon economy, given its capability to balance the intermittent nature of renewable energy generation. In this study, a machine-learning-assisted computational framework is presented to co-optimize the performance metrics of HT-RTES by combining physics-based simulation with stochastic hydrogeologic formation and thermal energy storage operation parameters, artificial neural network regression of the simulation data, and genetic algorithm-enabled multi-objective optimization. A doublet well configuration with a layered (aquitard-aquifer-aquitard) generic reservoir is simulated for cases of continuous operation and seasonal-cycle operation scenarios. Further, neural network-based surrogate models are developed for the two scenarios and applied to generate the Pareto fronts of the HT-RTES performance for four potential HT-RTES sites. The developed Pareto optimal solutions indicate the performance of HT-RTES is operation-scenario (i.e., fluid cycle) and reservoir-site dependent, and the performance metrics have competing effects for a given site and a given fluid cycle. The developed neural network models can be applied to identify suitable sites for HT-RTES, and the proposed framework sheds light on the design of resilient HT-RTES systems.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Electrodialysis: An effective methodology to purify the leachate of spent Li-ion batteries

The electrification of transportation and the transition of society towards low or net-zero carbon emissions has led to a skyrocketing global demand for Li-ion batteries. After a service life of three to ten years, Li-ion batteries have less than 80 % of their initial capacities and draw near to the end of their lives for practical utilization. Due to potential supply chain shortages and the value embodied in Li-ion batteries, it is imperative to recycle them, to recover the materials, and to improve the circularity and the sustinability of the industry. How to cost-effectively purify spent batteries while reducing time, energy, and waste emissions is a challenge faced by Li-ion battery recyclers. The first electrochemical membrane reactor reported in our group hasa high selectivity towards lower Cu 2+ , Al 3+ and Fe 3+ ions (<5 ppm) and retains >95% of the Ni 2+ , Co 2+ and Mn 2+ ions in the leachate. An advanced electrochemical membrane reactor was developed in this study. Further, not only does the new reactor have the same selectivity as the original reactor, but other advantages including a faster leachate processing rate (up to 10X faster). The advanced reactor can also directly generate acid at the anode side; eliminating the reactor restoration step. The prominent advantages that this electrodialysis technology has over chemical-precipitation methods include: (1) ion recovery efficiencies do not diminish after removing the impurities, Ni 2+ , Co 2+ and Mn 2+ , even at a higher initial Ni 2+ ion concentrations; in comparison, chemical precipitation has Ni 2+ , Co 2+ and Mn 2+ ion recovery efficiencies reduced significantly when the initial Ni 2+ , Co 2+ and Mn 2+ ion concentrations increase. (2) electrodialysis does not change the concentrations of Ni 2+ , Co 2+ and Mn 2+ ions significantly, but chemical precipitation could reduce Ni 2+ and Co 2+ ions to less than half of their initial values. Through electro-dialyzing the leachate, the H 2 evolution reaction mechanism was found to switch from the Volmer-acid Heyrovsky mechanism to the Volmer-alkaline Heyrovsky mechanism at a pH of around 3.7.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Physics-Informed Machine-Learning Prediction of Curie Temperatures and Its Promise for Guiding the Discovery of Functional Magnetic Materials

High-performance permanent magnets with a high Curie temperature, containing less critical materials, are integral to zero-carbon energy solutions. We built a machine-learning model trained over available experimentally measured Curie temperature values to predict the T C of multicomponent magnetic materials. We chose two compositions from a pseudo-binary (Zr 1–x Ce x )Fe 2 system, namely, (Zr 0.16 Ce 0.84 )Fe 2 and (Zr 0.94 Ce 0.06 )Fe 2 , to experimentally validate the ability of our model to predict the Curie temperature of novel compounds. We also provided a detailed discussion on the correlation of the Curie temperature with the de Gennes scaling factor in rare-earth intermetallic compounds and its breakdown below a certain rare-earth content. The electronic structure calculations (density of states and Fermi surface) were performed using the density functional theory on selected compounds (Zr 0.16 Ce 0.84 )Fe 2 and (Zr 0.94 Ce 0.06 )Fe 2 to understand the electronic origin of a strong magnetic exchange. We found that the change in the electronic density of states and electron/hole fillings at the Fermi level directly correlate with the Curie temperature. Notably, our model was able to capture these key electronic structure trends, which show that physics-informed machine learning can play a crucial role in designing new high-performance magnets with improved properties for environmentally sustainable applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Theoretical Kinetics Predictions for Reactions on the NH 2 O Potential Energy Surface

Recent modeling studies of ammonia oxidation, which are motivated by the prospective role of ammonia as a zero-carbon fuel, have indicated significant discrepancies among the existing literature mechanisms. In this study, high-level theoretical kinetics predictions have been obtained for reactions on the NH 2 O potential energy surface, including the NH 2 + O, HNO + H, and NH + OH reactions. These reactions have previously been highlighted as important reactions in NH 3 oxidation with high sensitivity and high uncertainty. The potential energy surface is explored with coupled cluster calculations, including large basis sets and high-level corrections to yield high-accuracy (~0.2 kcal/mol 2σ uncertainty) estimates of the stationary point energies. Variational transition state theory is used to predict the microcanonical rate constants, which are then incorporated in master equation treatments of the temperature- and pressure-dependent kinetics. For radical–radical channels, the microcanonical rates are obtained from variable reaction coordinate transition state theory implementing directly evaluated multireference electronic energies. The analysis yields predictions for the total rate constants as well as the branching ratios. We find that the NO + H 2 channel contributes 10% of the total NH 2 + O flux at combustion temperatures, although this channel is not included in modern NH 3 oxidation mechanisms. Modeling is used to illustrate the ramifications of these rate predictions on the kinetics of NH 3 oxidation and NO x formation. Finally, the present results for NH 2 + O are important for predicting the chain branching and formation of NO in the oxidation of NH 3 and thermal DeNO x .

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Solvent-Free Dimerization of Isoprene at Ambient Temperature: A Green Route to Biofuel-Range Hydrocarbons

In order to achieve a net-zero carbon footprint by 2050, the global aviation industry must reduce its dependence on fossil fuels. In this regard, there is a global challenge to produce sufficient sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) from renewable sources. Isoprene is an intermediate molecule that can be derived from multiple biomass-based or biosynthetic routes. Here, in this work, we report a green route for the catalytic conversion of isoprene to hydrocarbons that are suitable for aviation fuel. By using an Amberlyst-15 catalyst without metal loading at ambient temperature (19–23 °C), as well as 40 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C, isoprene was converted into olefinic precursors for SAF and/or blending with conventional aviation fuels. Specifically, at ambient temperature, the process achieved approximately 70 wt % conversion of isoprene with over 50 mol % carbon selectivity toward the aviation fuel range. The resulting SAF-range hydrocarbons were composed of iso-alkenes, branched olefinic monocyclic compounds, and bicyclic compounds, covering a wide range of aviation fuel components. Our work demonstrates, for the first time, the formation of diverse hydrocarbon families for SAF and/or aviation fuel blending at ambient temperature from isoprene.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2021

The Implications of Global Change for the Co-Evolution of Argentina's Integrated Energy-Water-Land Systems

This study seeks to understand how Argentina’s energy, water, and land (EWL) systems will co-evolve under a representative array of human and earth system influences, including socioeconomic change, climate change, and climate policy. To capture Argentina’s sub-national EWL dynamics in the context of global change, we couple the Global Change Analysis Model with a suite of consistent, gridded sectoral downscaling models to explore multiple stakeholder-engaged scenarios. Across scenarios, Argentina has the economic opportunity to use its vast land resources to satisfy growing domestic and international demand for crops, such as oil (e.g., soy) and biomass. The human (rather than earth) system produces the most dominant changes in mid-century EWL resource use. A Reference scenario characterized by modest socioeconomic growth projects a 40% increase in Argentina’s agricultural production by 2050 (relative to 2020) by using 50,000 km 2 of additional cropland and 40% more water. A Climate Policy scenario designed to achieve net-zero carbon emissions globally shortly after mid-century projects that Argentina could use 100,000 km 2 of additional land (and 65% more water) to grow biomass and other crops. The burden of navigating these national opportunities and challenges could fall disproportionately on a subset of Argentina’s river basins. The Colorado and Negro basins could experience moderate-to-severe water scarcity as they simultaneously navigate substantial irrigated crop demand growth and climate-induced declines in natural water availability. Argentina serves as a generalizable testbed to demonstrate that multi-scale EWL planning challenges can be identified and managed more effectively via integrated analysis of coupled human-earth systems.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2021

High thermoelectric figure of merit of porous Si nanowires from 300 to 700 K.

Thermoelectrics operating at high temperature can cost-effectively convert waste heat and compete with other zero-carbon technologies. Among different high-temperature thermoelectrics materials, silicon nanowires possess the combined attributes of cost effectiveness and mature manufacturing infrastructures. Despite significant breakthroughs in silicon nanowires based thermoelectrics for waste heat conversion, the figure of merit (ZT) or operating temperature has remained low. Here, we report the synthesis of large-area, wafer-scale arrays of porous silicon nanowires with ultra-thin Si crystallite size of ~4 nm. Concurrent measurements of thermal conductivity (κ), electrical conductivity (σ), and Seebeck coefficient (S) on the same nanowire show a ZT of 0.71 at 700 K, which is more than ~18 times higher than bulk Si. This ZT value is more than two times higher than any nanostructured Si-based thermoelectrics reported in the literature at 700 K. Experimental data and theoretical modeling demonstrate that this work has the potential to achieve a ZT of ~1 at 1000 K.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Coordination environment tuning of nickel sites by oxyanions to optimize methanol electro-oxidation activity

To achieve zero-carbon economy, advanced anode catalysts are desirable for hydrogen production and biomass upgrading powered by renewable energy. Ni-based non-precious electrocatalysts are considered as potential candidates because of intrinsic redox attributes, but in-depth understanding and rational design of Ni site coordination still remain challenging. Here, we perform anodic electrochemical oxidation of Ni-metalloids (NiP x , NiS x , and NiSe x ) to in-situ construct different oxyanion-coordinated amorphous nickel oxyhydroxides (NiOOH-TO x ), among which NiOOH-PO x shows optimal local coordination environment and boosts electrocatalytic activity of Ni sites towards selective oxidation of methanol to formate. Experiments and theoretical results demonstrate that NiOOH-PO x possesses improved adsorption of OH* and methanol, and favors the formation of CH 3 O* intermediates. The coordinated phosphate oxyanions effectively tailor the d band center of Ni sites and increases Ni-O covalency, promoting the catalytic activity. This study provides additional insights into modulation of active-center coordination environment via oxyanions for organic molecules transformation.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Development of a micro-combined heat and power powered by an opposed-piston engine in building applications

Residential homes and light commercial buildings usually require substantial heat and electricity simultaneously. A combined heat and power system enables more efficient and environmentally friendly energy usage than that achieved when heat and electricity are produced in separate processes. However, due to financial and space constraints, residential and light commercial buildings often limit the use of traditional large-scale industrial equipment. Here we develop a micro–combined heat and power system powered by an opposed-piston engine to simultaneously generate electricity and provide heat to residential homes or light commercial buildings. The developed prototype attains the maximum AC electrical efficiency of 35.2%. The electrical efficiency breaks the typical upper boundary of 30% for micro–combined heat and power systems using small internal combustion engines (i.e., <10 kW). Moreover, the developed prototype enables maximum combined electrical and thermal efficiencies greater than 93%. The prototype is optimally designed for natural gas but can also run renewable biogas and hydrogen, supporting the transition from current conventional fossil fuels to zero carbon emissions in the future. The analysis of the unit’s decarbonization and cost-saving potential indicate that, except for specific locations, the developed prototype might excel in achieving decarbonization and cost savings primarily in US northern and middle climate zones.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Hydrogen generation via ammonia decomposition on highly efficient and stable Ru-free catalysts: approaching complete conversion at 450 °C

We report Hydrogen (H 2 ) is a prospective zero-carbon and high-energy-density fuel alternative to fossil fuels for generating power and clean energy. Ammonia (NH 3 ) is a promising H 2 (17.7%) carrier, which can easily overcome the challenges associated with H 2 storage and transportation. Thermocatalytic ammonia decomposition reaction (ADR) is an effective way to produce clean H 2 but it relies on the use of expensive and rare ruthenium (Ru)-based catalysts at elevated temperatures (>500 °C), hence is not sustainable and economically feasible. Herein, we report a synergistic strategy to design a heterostructured Ru-free catalyst, consisting of CoNi alloy nanoparticles well-dispersed on a MgO–CeO 2 –SrO mixed oxide support with potassium promotion. The resulting K–CoNi alloy –MgO–CeO 2 –SrO catalyst presents 97.7% and 87.5% NH 3 conversion efficiency at 450 °C at gas hourly space velocities (GHSVs) of 6000- and 12 000-mL h -1 g cat -1 , respectively. At 500 °C, the H 2 production rate (57.75 mmol g cat -1 min -1 ) becomes comparable to that of most of the reported Ru-based catalysts. The catalyst stability has been successfully demonstrated in both a fixed-bed reactor under high pressure (120 h at 5.0 bar) and a membrane reactor prototype (600 h at 1.5 bar) at 500 °C. High-temperature in situ XPS analysis, temperature-programmed desorption/reduction, and density functional theory calculations have been carried out to elucidate the possible active sites and performance enhancement mechanisms. This work highlights the importance of constructing optimal interfaces between active metal nanoparticles and oxide support for boosting the NH 3 to H 2 conversion efficiency and long-term stability.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

In situ formed catalysts for active, durable, and thermally stable ammonia protonic ceramic fuel cells at 550 °C

Ammonia protonic ceramic fuel cells (NH 3 -PCFCs) are promising and attractive energy-conversion devices owing to their high energy density, zero-carbon emission, and safety. The development of NH 3 -PCFCs, however, depends largely on the insufficient activity and poor durability of typical Ni-based anodes for ammonia decomposition, especially at low temperatures such as 550 °C. Herein, we report a self-assembled heterostructured Ru 0.95 Cu 0.05 Ni x (RCN) catalyst obtained through an in situ reaction between the surface-decorated Ru 0.95 Cu 0.05 nanoparticles and the Ni grain in the anode under typical processing conditions. At 550 °C, Ni–BaZr 0.1 Ce 0.7 Y 0.1 Yb 0.1 O 3 anode-supported PCFCs with RCN catalysts exhibit a high peak power density of 0.732 W cm -2 and a significantly enhanced durability of 100 h in NH 3 . Moreover, the cells demonstrate improved thermal stability compared with the bare cell during a 31-cycle thermal cycling test in NH 3 between 550 and 700 °C. In conclusion, the enhanced performance is likely attributed to the synergistic effects of Ru and Cu in RCN for NH 3 decomposition, resulting in a more vital interaction of NH 3 than that of the bare anode surfaces, as confirmed by NH 3 thermal conversion, electrochemical performance, and theoretical simulations.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Discerning molecular-level CO 2 adsorption behavior in amine-modified sorbents within a controlled CO 2 /H 2 O environment towards direct air capture

Sorbents designed for direct air capture (DAC) play a crucial role in the pursuit of achieving net-zero carbon dioxide emissions. This study elucidates CO 2 adsorption from dilute, humidified CO 2 streams onto an amine-modified benchmark DAC adsorbent via solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Various NMR techniques, including 1D 1 H MAS, 13 C MAS, 2D 1 H– 13 C HETCOR NMR, and 1 H R 2 and R 1ρ relaxometry reveal the impact of CO 2 partial pressure and H 2 O on CO 2 adsorption behavior. Here we find that CO 2 concentration governs the stepwise formation of ammonium carbamate, carbamic acid, and physisorbed CO 2 , where relative humidity (RH) at a desired low (<400 ppm) CO 2 loading affects total CO 2 uptake. The relaxation studies reveal the cooperative or competitive nature of H 2 O–CO 2 sorption in CO 2 -dilute humid gas, and in particular polymer swelling upon humidification. From those results, we demonstrate that the observed absorption capacity enhancement by humidity is caused by pore opening due to sorbent swelling, and not by bicarbonate formation. This NMR-discerned speciation provides insights into sorption behavior at different RHs in dilute CO 2 gas streams, simulating real-world atmospheric conditions, and governs the design of efficient and adaptable material-process combinations for solid sorbent DAC.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Type 5 Wind Turbine Technology: How Synchronised, Synchronous Generation Avoids Uncertainties About Inverter Interoperability under IEEE 2800:2022

Degradation of system strength because of inverter-based resources (IBRs) is a major concern facing the zero-carbon transition. A new standard released this year, IEEE Standard 2800, attempts to codify the relationship between IBRs and the Transmission System Operator (TSO). It is apparent from IEEE 2800:2022 that there remain fundamental problems with quantifying whether source impedance (the measure of "system strength" with which the standard is concerned) will present a problem for allowing an IBR to connect. This is "because of complex interdependencies between IBR and power system characteristics". So developers are increasingly required to adopt mitigation options such as adding synchronous condensers or curtailing IBRs. A proven Type 5 (synchronous) wind turbine exists and has been running at 0.5 MW scale in a 46 MW wind farm in New Zealand since 2006 and eight turbines in Scotland since 2013. The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is conducting a study of the impacts on grid reliability, stability, and resilience of Type 5 wind turbines. The project has both simulation and testing tasks and will result in proposing a variable generation solution that will help system operators and utilities address all reliability and most resilience challenges in the evolving grid.

grid stability↗
DOE OSTI2022

Geographical variability of summer- and winter-dominant onshore wind

For each geographical region, one of the biggest challenges in reaching a zero-carbon grid is identifying sources of electricity that match the seasonal profile of the load. Summer-dominant solar electricity generation can often be balanced by winter-dominant wind electricity generation. Together with long-duration storage, balanced solar and wind generation are well positioned to provide reliable renewable electricity. However, in some locations the wind may not complement solar energy so well. For example, currently California's wind turbines produce more electricity during summer than winter, raising the question of whether all future wind plants in California will exhibit the same seasonality. As a response to this question, in this paper, we analyzed the generation from existing California wind plants and simulated potential onshore wind resource for the whole state using a metric that reflects the relative wind resource in winter. Our results indicate that the seasonality of the wind can vary for very small spatial difference with more than half of California showing stronger wind resource in the winter compared with the summer despite the current observation of the opposite trend. This study differentiates the seasonality of potential wind resources to inform the creation of a reliable, 100%-renewable-driven grid.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Electrochemical Proton Insertion Modulates the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on Tungsten Oxides

Development of new electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) could reduce dependence on Pt and other rare metals and enable large-scale production of hydrogen with near-zero carbon emissions. Mechanistic insight into the electrocatalytic activity of a material helps to accelerate the development of new electrocatalysts. Alternative electrocatalyst materials such as transition metal oxides and sulfides can undergo insertion reactions that change their properties. Recent reports indicate that the presence of inserted ions can influence electrocatalytic activity. In this work, we utilized a materials chemistry approach to understand the role of proton insertion on the HER activity of layered tungsten oxide hydrates (WO 3 ∙xH 2 O, x = 1, 2). We synthesized a series of tungsten oxide hydrates along with an octylamine-pillared tungsten oxide (OA-WO 3 ). We used cyclic voltammetry to study the electrochemical reactivity of each material and performed ex situ X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy to understand bulk and surface structural changes during electrochemical cycling. We show an inverse relationship between the degree of proton insertion and HER overpotential in tungsten oxides: the lack of proton insertion leads to a high overpotential for the HER. We discuss three hypotheses for how proton insertion leads to HER activity in WO 3 ∙xH 2 O: 1) proton insertion changes the electronic band structure of WO 3 ∙xH 2 O, 2) the presence of bulk protons can influence ΔG H,ads at the surface sites, and 3) inserted protons may participate in the HER mechanism on WO 3 ∙xH 2 O. Overall, this work shows the critical role of proton insertion in enabling high HER activity in tungsten oxides.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Charting C–C coupling pathways in electrochemical CO 2 reduction on Cu(111) using embedded correlated wavefunction theory

The electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) powered by excess zero-carbon-emission electricity to produce especially multicarbon (C 2+ ) products could contribute to a carbon-neutral to carbon-negative economy. Foundational to the rational design of efficient, selective CO 2 RR electrocatalysts is mechanistic analysis of the best metal catalyst thus far identified, namely, copper (Cu), via quantum mechanical computations to complement experiments. Here, we apply embedded correlated wavefunction (ECW) theory, which regionally corrects the electron exchange-correlation error in density functional theory (DFT) approximations, to examine multiple C–C coupling steps involving adsorbed CO (*CO) and its hydrogenated derivatives on the most ubiquitous facet, Cu(111). We predict that two adsorbed hydrogenated CO species, either *COH or *CHO, are necessary precursors for C–C bond formation. The three kinetically feasible pathways involving these species yield all three possible products: *COH–CHO, *COH–*COH, and *OCH–*OCH. The most kinetically favorable path forms *COH–CHO. In contrast, standard DFT approximations arrive at qualitatively different conclusions, namely, that only *CO and *COH will prevail on the surface and their C–C coupling paths produce only *COH–*COH and *CO–*CO, with a preference for the first product. This work demonstrates the importance of applying qualitatively and quantitatively accurate quantum mechanical method to simulate electrochemistry in order ultimately to shed light on ways to enhance selectivity toward C 2+ product formation via CO 2 RR electrocatalysts.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗