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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community responses to drought and nitrogen fertilization in switchgrass stands

Anthropogenic global change is increasing the severity and frequency of abiotic stresses such as drought that are likely to affect soil communities. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play important roles in many soil processes, so it is important to understand how drought affects AMF biodiversity. This is especially relevant in agricultural systems where crops rely on AMF associations for water and nutrient uptake, and where management decisions such as crop selection and fertilizer application may influence how the AMF community responds to drought. In this study, we examined the effects of reduced precipitation and nitrogen fertilization on AMF richness, community composition, and root and soil colonization in monocultures of two cultivars of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) grown for bioenergy feedstock. We conducted a two-year field experiment using rain-out shelters to manipulate precipitation in mature stands of switchgrass growing in a long-term nitrogen fertilization (0 or 56 kg N ha –1 ) experiment at the W.K. Kellogg Biological Station Long-Term Ecological Research site in Michigan, USA. We expected that AMF richness and colonization would decrease due to drought, as predicted by the stress exclusion hypothesis. Contrary to our expectations, we found that drought stress increased AMF species richness in fertilized plots by 15%; there was no effect of drought on AMF richness in unfertilized plots. Drought also significantly altered AMF community composition, primarily due to increases in Rhizophagus taxa abundance, and reduced AMF root colonization in switchgrass by 6%. We also found variation in AMF richness and colonization across switchgrass cultivars as well as sampling dates. Furthermore, the changes in AMF richness and composition that we observed in this study may have implications for perennial bioenergy feedstock selection and management as changes in AMF communities may feedback to affect host plants.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1965

Contact stresses calculated for miniature slip rings

Using mathematical formulations to plot the graphs of the contact preload versus the Hertzian load, calculations of unit loading of the preloaded brushes on slip rings can be made. This optimizes the design of contact brushes and miniature slip rings.

Albright, F. G.↗
NASA NTRS1973

SSME structural computer program development. Volume 3: BOPACE demonstration analysis of the SSME thrust chamber liner

The application of a structural computer program for analysis of a thrust chamber liner is discussed. Two objectives were accomplished as follows: (1) exercise of the full capabilities of the computer program and (2) definition of thermal and mechanical boundary conditions to reflect the emergency power level operating conditions for the SSME 47OK engine at a station just upstream of the thrust chamber throat. Creep information on the thrust chamber is presented as a reference curve of creep strain versus time for various temperatures. Contour plots of the effective plastic strain, effective stress, and effective creep strain are developed.

Spring, A. H.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Interpolation and extrapolation of creep rupture data by the Minimum Commitment Method. I - Focal-point convergence. II - Oblique translation. III - Analysis of multiheats

The framework in which minimum-commitment analyses of creep-rupture data can be implemented is outlined. The approach is termed the focal point convergence method (FPCM) because the basic parameter A, also known as stability factor, is geometrically the (imaginary) focal point of convergence of all isothermals when extended to the very long or very short times necessary for such convergence to occur. The method can be implemented either by manual-graphical analysis or by computer code. The method is illustrated in detail for the nickel-base alloy Astroloy, as well as for steels, other nickel-base alloys, and aluminum alloys. The minimum-commitment concept is extended to the analysis of creep-rupture data where each isothermal is generated by an oblique translation of the 'master curve' when plotted on log rupture time and log stress axes. The oblique translation method uses the same types of functions in the FPCM. Approaches for treating multiheats on the basis of the FPCM are discussed in detail.

Manson, S. S.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Early thermal profiles and lithospheric strength of Ganymede from extensional tectonic features

The early thermal profiles and the lithospheric stability and strength of Ganymede are quantitatively determined on the basis of brittle lithosphere thickness estimates derived from the width and spacing of extensional tectonic features, together with lithospheric strength envelopes for ice. Plots of the brittle and ductile yield stress vs. depth for the icy lithosphere of Ganymede exhibit a linear increase in brittle strength with depth to a maximum at the brittle-ductile transition that is followed by an exponential decrease in ductile yield stress with depth. The results obtained imply that the thermal gradient and lithospheric strength have varied laterally by factor as great as 5, and that Ganymede underwent cooling in a highly inhomogeneous fashion with lateral thermal anomalies. The present analysis furnishes reasons for the stability of large cratered terrain remnants.

Golombek, Matthew P.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Using NASTRAN To Analyze Vibrations Of Rotor Blades

Report gives information on use of NASTRAN computer program in finite-element analysis of rotating flexible blades like in compressors and on turboprop engines. Predicts steady-state components of deflections and stresses under centrifugal forces, generates data for plots of natural frequency versus rotational speed, and provides vibration-mode data for calculations of flutter. Describes use of NASTRAN solution sequence 64 for geometrical nonlinear analysis and solution sequence 63 for determination of frequencies and vibrational-mode shapes. Includes sample problem with NASTRAN input data. Emphasizes key factors in analysis of rotating blades, such as setting angle and centrifugal softening effects. Combined analyses of solution sequences 64 and 63 reduces computer time and number of output listings, in comparison with separate analyses. In central-processing-unit time cut in half.

Lawrence, Charles↗
NASA NTRS1990

Measurements Of Shock-Separated Turbulent Boundary Layers

Report documents surface and flow-field measurements of two- and three-dimensional, shock-separated, turbulent boundary layers. Data tabulated to facilitate comparison with other measurements and computations. Shows shock-interaction shadowgraph and oil-flow pattern for each angle. Plotted profiles given for pressures, velocities, Reynolds stresses, and turbulent kinetic energies.

Brown, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1991

High strain rate properties of unidirectional composites, part 1

Experimental methods were developed for testing and characterization of composite materials at strain rates ranging from quasi-static to over 500 s(sup -1). Three materials were characterized, two graphite/epoxies and a graphite/S-glass/epoxy. Properties were obtained by testing thin rings 10.16 cm (4 in.) in diameter, 2.54 cm (1 in.) wide, and six to eight plies thick under internal pressure. Unidirectional 0 degree, 90 degree, and 10 degree off-axis rings were tested to obtain longitudinal, transverse, and in-plane shear properties. In the dynamic tests internal pressure was applied explosively through a liquid and the pressure was measured with a calibrated steel ring. Strains in the calibration and specimen rings were recorded with a digital processing oscilloscope. The data were processed and the equation of motion solved numerically by the mini-computer attached to the oscilloscope. Results were obtained and plotted in the form of dynamic stress-strain curves. Longitudinal properties which are governed by the fibers do not vary much with strain rate with only a moderate (up to 20 percent) increase in modulus. Transverse modulus and strength increase sharply with strain rate reaching values up to three times the static values. The in-plane shear modulus and shear strength increase noticeably with strain rate by up to approximately 65 percent. In all cases ultimate strains do not vary significantly with strain rates.

Daniel, I. M.↗
NASA NTRS2015

Investigation of Micro-Scale Architectural Effects on Damage of Composites

This paper presents a three-dimensional, energy based, anisotropic, stiffness reduction, progressive damage model for composite materials and composite material constituents. The model has been implemented as a user-defined constitutive model within the Abaqus finite element software package and applied to simulate the nonlinear behavior of a damaging epoxy matrix within a unidirectional composite material. Three different composite microstructures were considered as finite element repeating unit cells, with appropriate periodicity conditions applied at the boundaries. Results representing predicted transverse tensile, longitudinal shear, and transverse shear stress-strain curves are presented, along with plots of the local fields indicating the damage progression within the microstructure. It is demonstrated that the damage model functions appropriately at the matrix scale, enabling localization of the damage to simulate failure of the composite material. The influence of the repeating unit cell geometry and the effect of the directionality of the applied loading are investigated and discussed.

damage↗
NASA NTRS1985

Effects of a high mean stress on the high cycle fatigue life of PWA 1480 and correlation of data by linear elastic fracture mechanics

High-cycle fatigue tests using 5-mm-diameter smooth specimens were performed on the single crystal alloy PWA 1480 (001 axis) at 70F (room temperature) in air and at 100F (538C) in vacuum (10 to the -6 power torr). Tests were conducted at zero mean stress as well as at high tensile mean stress. The results indicate that, although a tensile mean stress, in general, reduces life, the reduction in fatigue strength, for a given mean stress at a life of one million cycles, is much less than what is predicted by the usual linear Goodman plot. Further, the material appears to be significantly more resistant to mean stress effects at 1000F than at 70F. Metallographic examinations of failed specimens indicate that failures in all cases are initiated from micropores of sizes of the order of 30 to 40 microns. Since the macroscopic stress-strain response in all cases was observed to be linear elastic, linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) analyses were carried out to determine the crack growth curves of the material assuming that crack initiation from a micropore (a sub o = 40 microns) occurs very early in life. The results indicate that the calculated crack growth rates at an R (defined as the ratio between minimum stress to maximum stress) value of zero are approximately the same at 70F as at 1000F. However, the calculated crack growth rates at other R ratios, both positive and negative, tend to be higher at 70F than at 1000F. Calculated threshold effects at large R values tend to be independent of temperature in the temperature regime studied. They are relatively constant with increasing R ratio up to a value of about 0.6, beyond which the calculated threshold stress intensity factor range decreases rapidly with increasing R ratios.

Majumdar, S.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Study of a flight monitor for jet engine disk cracks using the critical length criterion of fracture mechanics

A disk crack detector is discussed which is intended to operate while in flight. The crack detector monitors the disk rim for radial surface cracks emanating from the blade root interface. An eddy current type sensor with a remotely located capacitance-resistance bridge and signal analyzer is able to detect reliably a simulated crack 1/8 in. long. The sensor was tested at rim velocities of 600 fps and at 1000 F. Fracture mechanics is used to calculate the critical crack length. Knowledge of the crack growth rate permits the calculation of the number of stress cycles remaining for the detected crack to grow to critical size. A plot is presented of the remaining life as a function of the critical crack length and the operating stress. It is shown that for a disk of Inconel 718 a through-the-thickness crack operating under a rim stress of 50 kpsi has a critical length of 0.7-in. and a remaining life of 130 flights.

Barranger, J. P.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Continuum modeling of catastrophic collisions

A two dimensional hydrocode based on 2-D SALE was modified to include strength effects and fragmentation equations for fracture resulting from tensile stress in one dimension. Output from this code includes a complete fragmentation summary for each cell of the modeled object: fragment size (mass) distribution, vector velocities of particles, peak values of pressure and tensile stress, and peak strain rates associated with fragmentation. Contour plots showing pressure and temperature at given times within the object are also produced. By invoking axial symmetry, three dimensional events can be modeled such as zero impact parameter collisions between asteroids. The code was tested against the one dimensional model and the analytical solution for a linearly increasing tensile stress under constant strain rate.

Ryan, Eileen V.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

X-Ray Diffraction Measurements of Residual Stress in a Cold Sprayed Ni Coating

X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to investigate the residual stress in a cold sprayed Ni coating which failed to form a bimetallic joint with NASA HR-1. The objective was to apply pure Ni by cold spray as a diffusion barrier between the Ni-based alloy NASA HR-1 and the Cu-based GRCop-42 for a thrust cell assembly. After additive manufacturing of the GRCop-42 cylinder, the commercially pure Ni coating was cold sprayed onto the cylinder. It was intended to have NASA HR-1 applied directly onto the Ni coating by Directed Energy Deposition (DED), however the bond failed during the first layer of DED. Residual stress measurements were collected via the Sin²ψ method in three equally spaced locations on the top surface of the Ni coating in both as-cold sprayed and heat-treated conditions. The results revealed both compressive and tension stresses on the as-cold sprayed sample and compressive stresses in the heat-treated sample. The results were illuminated when plotted at their respective positions and with their respective orientation angles around a circle. This showed rotational symmetry in the residual stress measurements, which correlated to the processing method used during application of the Ni coating.

Laura Wilson↗
DOE OSTI2018

Influence of a Stationary Heat Source on the Stress State of a Half Space with Rigidly, Smoothly, or Flexibly Fastened Boundary

By using the thermoelastic potential of displacements and the Love biharmonic function, we determine the temperature, displacements, and stresses caused by a stationary heat source in a semiinfinite body whose boundary is rigidly, smoothly, or flexibly fastened either under the conditions of zero temperature kept on it or under the conditions of heat insulation. The plots of the dependences of axial, radial, circular, and tangential stresses on the boundary of the body on the distance between the heat source and this boundary are presented.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2018

Analysis of the Stress State of Hollow Cylinders with Concave Corrugated Cross Sections

In the three-dimensional statement, by the method of approximation of functions by discrete Fourier series, we perform the analysis of the dependence of the stress state of a hollow cylinder whose cross section has the form of joined concave semicorrugations subjected to the action of internal pressure under certain conditions imposed on the end faces on the thicknesses and curvatures of the cross sections of the cylinders caused by the changes in the number of semicorrugations. The results of the solution of the problem are presented in the form of the plots of distributions of the fields of displacements and stresses.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Drought increases microbial allocation to stress tolerance but with few tradeoffs among community-level traits

We leverage the Kellogg Biological Station Long Term Ecological Research Main Cropping System Experiment (KBS MCSE) field experiment to test trade-offs among high growth yield (Y), resource acquisition (A), and stress tolerance (S) traits using metagenomic data from plots with different land use, drought manipulation, and C addition.

Jones, Jennifer M. [WK Kellogg Biological Station,↗