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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Rapidly changing high-latitude seasonality: Implications for the 21st century carbon cycle in Alaska: Modeling Archive

This Modeling Archive is in support of an NGEE Arctic publication "Rapidly changing high-latitude seasonality: Implications for the 21st century carbon cycle in Alaska" DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ac4362.The dataset contains "ecosys" model outputs reported in Shirley et al. (2022) that explored how climate warming will shift carbon cycle seasonality in Alaska. The study used analysis of seasonal dynamics to support the prediction that high-latitude ecosystems are carbon sinks and will continue to accumulate carbon throughout the century. The study predicts surprisingly large increases in spring net carbon uptake that result in larger net carbon uptake in spring than in summer by year 2100. Included as *.nc files are modeled daily net ecosystem exchange (NEE), net primary productivity (NPP), heterotrophic respiration (Rh), autotrophic respiration (Ra), gross primary productivity (GPP), and plant nitrogen uptake. The output is provided (1) at 25 km resolution across Alaska; (2) for years 2010 through 2100. Scripts to generate publication figures included as text files (*.m) from MATLAB. A user guide included as *.pdf.The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments: Arctic (NGEE Arctic), was a research effort to reduce uncertainty in Earth System Models by developing a predictive understanding of carbon-rich Arctic ecosystems and feedbacks to climate. NGEE Arctic was supported by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research. The NGEE Arctic project had two field research sites: 1) located within the Arctic polygonal tundra coastal region on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) and the North Slope near Utqiagvik (Barrow), Alaska and 2) multiple areas on the discontinuous permafrost region of the Seward Peninsula north of Nome, Alaska. Through observations, experiments, and synthesis with existing datasets, NGEE Arctic provided an enhanced knowledge base for multi-scale modeling and contributed to improved process representation at global pan-Arctic scales within the Department of Energy's Earth system Model (the Energy Exascale Earth System Model, or E3SM), and specifically within the E3SM Land Model component (ELM).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2009

Expolanet community report

The Exoplanet Community Report surveys the rapidly emerging field of exoplanet science. This survey is intended to assess the state of the art and also support the Committee and panels of the 2010 astronomy and astrophysics decadal survey, organized by the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences. Each of the eight chapters in this volume summarizes the issues, scientific potential, state-of-the-art, and technology needed for the respective observational technique. Our tempered optimism in each area springs from our belief that exoplanet science is the most exciting new area in astrophysics, for scientists and the public alike.

Unwin, S. C.↗
DOE OSTI2014

Executive Summary of Scientific and Technical Metrics at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (Spring 2014)

Publishing research results in the peer-reviewed literature is a key to advancing the frontiers of science and engineering. LLNL scientists and engineers have established a strong record by publishing innovative and impactful journal papers and engaged an impressive array of external collaborators as coauthors. LLNL’s more than 1,100 journal publications in 2012 went up sharply, topping 2011 numbers by 14%. Significantly, this followed a 10% increase in 2011 over 2010. Publication rates in 2013 have kept pace with last year’s extremely strong performance.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2021

The size of the Proton: Recent Results from the PRad Experiment

Two new extremely high precision measurements of the proton rms charge radius performed in 2010-2013 with muonic hydrogen atom demonstrated up to six standard deviations smaller values than the accepted average from all previous experiments performed with different methods (scattering and atomic spectroscopy) on ordinary hydrogen. This discrepancy triggered the well-known ?proton radius puzzle? in hadronic physics. To address this puzzle, the PRad collaboration in spring of 2016 performed a novel magnetic-spectrometer-free ep-scattering experiment in Hall B at Jefferson Lab accumulating high statistics and a rich experimental data set. The specifics of the PRad experiment and the final physics results, including the extracted proton radius, as well as, the current status of the puzzle will be presented and discussed in this talk.

Gasparian, Ashot↗
DOE OSTI2012

Performance Validation of Refrigeration Recovery for Experimental Hall High Target Loads

The Qweak experiment at Jefferson Lab (JLab) is a 3000 W hydrogen target scheduled to run until the planned shutdown in the spring of 2012 for the 12 GeV installation. As detailed in previous proceedings, support of this target's cryogenic load was made possible by incorporating modifications to the End Station Refrigerator (ESR) to recover the refrigeration supplied by the Central Helium Liquefier (CHL). Testing and commissioning for these modifications was performed in January and February 2010 demonstrating that the performance met or exceeded projected expectations. In this paper, we present the analysis of the test results in regards to the actual loads capable of being supported and the process boundaries encountered, as well as a discussion of the commissioning results for the cryogenic support of the Qweak target.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2018

Contribution of environmental forcings to US runoff changes for the period 1950–2010

Runoff in the United States is changing, and this study finds that the measured change is dependent on the geographic region and varies seasonally. Specifically, observed annual total runoff had an insignificant increasing trend in the US between 1950 and 2010, but this insignificance was due to regional heterogeneity with both significant and insignificant increases in the eastern, northern, and southern US, and a greater significant decrease in the western US. Trends for seasonal mean runoff also differed across regions. By region, the season with the largest observed trend was autumn for the east (positive), spring for the north (positive), winter for the south (positive), winter for the west (negative), and autumn for the US as a whole (positive). Based on the detection and attribution analysis using gridded WaterWatch runoff observations along with semi-factorial land surface model simulations from the Multi-scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP), we found that while the roles of CO 2 concentration, nitrogen deposition, and land use and land cover were inconsistent regionally and seasonally, the effect of climatic variations was detected for all regions and seasons, and the change in runoff could be attributed to climate change in summer and autumn in the south and in autumn in the west. It was also found that the climate-only and historical transient simulations consistently underestimated the runoff trends, possibly due to precipitation bias in the MsTMIP driver or within the models themselves.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Trans-Pacific transport and evolution of aerosols: spatiotemporal characteristics and source contributions

Aerosols in the middle and upper troposphere have a long enough lifetime for trans-Pacific transport from East Asia to North America to influence air quality on the west coast of the United States (US). Here, we conduct quasi-global simulations (180 °W–180 °E and 70 °S–75 °N) from 2010 to 2014 using an updated version of WRF-Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting model fully coupled with chemistry) to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics and source contributions of trans-Pacific aerosol transport. We find that trans-Pacific total aerosols have a maximum mass concentration (about 15 µg m –3 ) in the boreal spring with a peak between 3 and 4 km above the surface around 40 °N. Sea salt and dust dominate the total aerosol mass concentration below 1 km and above 4 km, respectively. About 80.8 Tg of total aerosols (48.7 Tg of dust) are exported annually from East Asia, of which 26.7 Tg of aerosols (13.4 Tg of dust) reach the west coast of the US. Dust contributions from four desert regions in the Northern Hemisphere are analyzed using a tracer-tagging technique. About 4.9, 3.9, and 4.5 Tg year –1 of dust aerosol emitted from north Africa, the Middle East and central Asia, and East Asia, respectively, can be transported to the west coast of the US. The trans-Pacific aerosols dominate the column-integrated aerosol mass (~65.5 %) and number concentration (~80 %) over western North America. Radiation budget analysis shows that the inflow aerosols could contribute about 86.4 % (–2.91 W m –2 ) at the surface, 85.5 % (+1.36 W m –2 ) in the atmosphere, and 87.1 % (–1.55 W m –2 ) at the top of atmosphere to total aerosol radiative effect over western North America. However, near the surface in central and eastern North America, aerosols are mainly derived from local emissions, and the radiative effect of imported aerosols decreases rapidly. This study motivates further investigations of the potential impacts of trans-Pacific aerosols from East Asia on regional air quality and the hydrological cycle in North America.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2010

Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Climate Research Facility Operation quarterly report July 1 - September 30, 2010.

Individual raw datastreams from instrumentation at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility fixed and mobile sites are collected and sent to the Data Management Facility (DMF) at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) for processing in near real-time. Raw and processed data are then sent approximately daily to the ARM Archive, where they are made available to users. For each instrument, we calculate the ratio of the actual number of data records received daily at the Archive to the expected number of data records. The results are tabulated by (1) individual datastream, site, and month for the current year and (2) site and fiscal year (FY) dating back to 1998. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) requires national user facilities to report time-based operating data. The requirements concern the actual hours of operation (ACTUAL); the estimated maximum operation or uptime goal (OPSMAX), which accounts for planned downtime; and the VARIANCE [1-(ACTUAL/OPSMAX)], which accounts for unplanned downtime. The OPSMAX time for the fourth quarter of FY2010 for the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site is 2097.60 hours (0.95 2208 hours this quarter). The OPSMAX for the North Slope of Alaska (NSA) locale is 1987.20 hours (0.90 2208) and for the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) locale is 1876.80 hours (0.85 2208). The first ARM Mobile Facility (AMF1) deployment in Graciosa Island, the Azores, Portugal, continues, so the OPSMAX time this quarter is 2097.60 hours (0.95 x 2208). The differences in OPSMAX performance reflect the complexity of local logistics and the frequency of extreme weather events. It is impractical to measure OPSMAX for each instrument or datastream. Data availability reported here refers to the average of the individual, continuous datastreams that have been received by the Archive. Data not at the Archive are caused by downtime (scheduled or unplanned) of the individual instruments. Therefore, data availability is directly related to individual instrument uptime. Thus, the average percentage of data in the Archive represents the average percentage of the time (24 hours per day, 92 days for this quarter) that the instruments were operating this quarter. Table 1 shows the accumulated maximum operation time (planned uptime), actual hours of operation, and variance (unplanned downtime) for the period July 1-September 30, 2010, for the fixed sites. Because the AMF operates episodically, the AMF statistics are reported separately and not included in the aggregate average with the fixed sites. This fourth quarter comprises a total of 2208 possible hours for the fixed and mobile sites. The average of the fixed sites exceeded our goal this quarter. The Site Access Request System is a web-based database used to track visitors to the fixed and mobile sites, all of which have facilities that can be visited. The NSA locale has the Barrow and Atqasuk sites. The SGP site has historically had a Central Facility, 23 extended facilities, 4 boundary facilities, and 3 intermediate facilities. Beginning in the second quarter of FY2010, the SGP began a transition to a smaller footprint (150 km x 150 km) by rearranging the original instrumentation and new instrumentation made available through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA). The Central Facility and 4 extended facilities will remain, but there will be up to 12 new surface characterization facilities, 4 radar facilities, and 3 profiler facilities sited in the smaller domain. This new configuration will provide observations at scales more appropriate to current and future climate models. The transition to the smaller footprint is ongoing through this quarter. The TWP locale has the Manus, Nauru, and Darwin sites. These sites will also have expanded measurement capabilities with the addition of new instrumentation made available through ARRA funds. It is anticipated that the new instrumentation at all the fixed sites will be in place by the end of calendar year 2011. AMF1 continues its 20-month deployment in Graciosa Island, the Azores, Portugal, that began on May 1, 2009. The AMF will also have additional observational capabilities by the end of 2011. The second ARM Mobile Facility (AMF2) was deployed this quarter to Steamboat Springs, Colorado, in support of the Storm Peak Lab Cloud Property Validation Experiment (STORMVEX). The first field deployment of the second ARM Mobile Facility will be used to validate ARM-developed algorithms that convert the remote sensing measurements to cloud properties for liquid and mixed phase clouds. Although AMF2 is being set up this quarter, the official start date of the field campaign is not until November 1, 2010. This quarterly report provides the cumulative numbers of scientific user accounts by site for the period October 1, 2009-September 30, 2010.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Basal Melting and Oceanic Observations Beneath Central Fimbulisen, East Antarctica

Abstract Basal melting of ice shelves is fundamental to Antarctic ice sheet mass loss, yet direct observations remain sparse. We present the first year‐round melt record (2017–2021) from a phase‐sensitive radar on Fimbulisen, one of the fastest flowing ice shelves in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. The observed long‐term mean ablation rate at 350 m depth below the central ice shelf was 1.0 ± 0.5 m yr −1 , marked by substantial sub‐weekly variability ranging from 0.4 to 3.5 m yr −1 . 36‐h filtered basal melt rate fluctuations closely align with ocean velocity. On seasonal time scales, melt rates peak during austral spring to autumn (September–March), driven by both elevated ocean velocities and thermal driving near the base. The combined effect of thermal driving and current speed explains the majority of the melt rate variability ( r = 0.84), highlighting the dominant role of shear‐driven turbulence. This relationship enables parameterization of melt rates for the decade‐long ocean record (2010–2021), although deviations appear under low and high forcing conditions. Both observed and parameterized melt rates show similar yearly mean magnitudes compared to satellite‐derived melt rates but with a tenfold lower seasonal amplitude and a 3‐month delay in seasonality. These detailed concurrent ice–ocean observations provide essential validation data for remote sensing and numerical models that aim to quantify and project ice‐shelf response to a change in ocean forcing. In situ measurements and continued monitoring are crucial for accurately assessing and modeling future basal melt rates, and for understanding the complex dynamics driving ice‐shelf stability and sea‐level change.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2010

Sun-Earth Day: Reaching the Education Audience by Informal Means

For ten years the Sun-Earth Day program has promoted Heliophysics education to ever larger audiences through events centered on attractive annual themes. What originally started out as a one day event quickly evolved into a series of programs and events that occur throughout the year culminating with a celebration on or near the Spring Equinox. The events are often formal broadcasts or webcasts seeking to convey the science behind the latest solar-terrestrial mission discoveries. This has been quite successful, but it is clear that the younger generation increasingly depends on social networking approaches and informal news transmission for learning what is happening in the world around them. For 2010, the Sun-Earth Day team put emphasis on using informal approaches to bring the theme to the audience. The main event, a webcast from the NASA booth at the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) annual meeting by the NASA EDGE group, took a lighthearted and offbeat approach to interviewing scientists and educators about Heliophysics news. NASA EDGE programs are unscripted and unpredictable, and that represents a different approach to getting the message across. The webcast was supplemented by a number of social networking avenues. The Sun-Earth Day program explored a wide range of social media applications including Facebook, Twitter, NING, podcasting, iPhone apps, etc. Each of these offers unique and effective methods to promote Heliophysics content and mission related highlights. The facebook site was quite popular and message posting there told the Sun-Earth Day story piece by piece. The same could be said of twittering and the tweetup held at the NSTA site. Has all of this been effective? Results are still being gathered, but anecdotal responses from the world seem very positive. What other methods might be used in the future to bring the science to a personal hands-on, interactive experience? Outcomes: Participants will: (1) Be introduced to the Sun-Earth Day program and its evolution through a decade of programs; (2) Hear about the methods used to communicate and educate through the years and how well they have worked; and (3) Be acquainted with the latest usage of social networking and informal education approaches and how well they have worked

Thieman, J.↗
DOE OSTI2019

High-Resolution Regional Wave Hindcast for the U.S. Alaska Coast

Regional long-term wave hindcast with state-of-art third-generation models is essential for characterization of regional wave resources. This report summarizes modeling efforts for the simulation of the wave climate along southern Alaska, which used an unstructured, nested-grid modeling approach that incorporates a global-regional nested grid using WAVEWATCH III ® and the high-resolution SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore) model. Wave resource and wave bulk parameters were simulated for a 32-year period from 1979 to 2010 and were subsequently validated with wave buoy data in the model domain. Error statistics of model skills were calculated at all buoy stations. Overall, model results, both resource and bulk parameters, match observations well. The model hindcast was able to reproduce the seasonal variation of the sea state with large waves that occur in the winter and early spring months when wind forcing is strong and the calm sea state during the summer when wind forcing is weak. The hindcast also considers the effect of sea ice on wave growth, which affects the southern Bering Sea. The hindcast results, including resource and bulk parameters, were archived at every model grid point for the entire model domain at three-hour intervals. In addition, spectral results were saved at National Data Buoy Center buoy stations and selected virtual buoy locations at hourly intervals. The nested-grid modeling framework employed in this study provides a powerful and efficient modeling approach for accurately simulating wave climate at regional and long-term temporal scales with sufficiently fine resolutions in the nearshore region.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2013

Researcher-driven Campaigns Engage Nature's Notebook Participants in Scientific Data Collection

One of the many benefits of citizen science projects is the capacity they hold for facilitating data collection on a grand scale and thereby enabling scientists to answer questions they would otherwise not been able to address. Nature's Notebook, the plant and animal phenology observing program of the USA National Phenology Network (USA-NPN) suitable for scientists and non-scientists alike, offers scientifically-vetted data collection protocols and infrastructure and mechanisms to quickly reach out to hundreds to thousands of potential contributors. The USA-NPN has recently partnered with several research teams to engage participants in contributing to specific studies. In one example, a team of scientists from NASA, the New Mexico Department of Health, and universities in Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and California are using juniper phenology observations submitted by Nature's Notebookparticipants to improve predictions of pollen release and inform asthma and allergy alerts. In a second effort, researchers from the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science are engaging Nature's Notebookparticipants in tracking leafing phenophases of poplars across the U.S. These observations will be compared to information acquired via satellite imagery and used to determine geographic areas where the tree species are most and least adapted to predicted climate change. Researchers in these partnerships receive benefits primarily in the form of ground observations. Launched in 2010, the juniper pollen effort has engaged participants in several western states and has yielded thousands of observations that can play a role in model ground validation. Periodic evaluation of these observations has prompted the team to improve and enhance the materials that participants receive, in an effort to boost data quality. The poplar project is formally launching in spring of 2013 and will run for three years; preliminary findings from 2013 will be presented. Participants in these special campaigns benefit through direct engagement in science. This form of researcher partnership has now been successfully pilot-tested and implemented in several instances, and provides a template for future research project campaigns.

Crimmins, Theresa M.↗
NASA NTRS2013

Researcher-driven Campaigns Engage Nature's Notebook Participants in Scientific Data Collection

One of the many benefits of citizen science projects is the capacity they hold for facilitating data collection on a grand scale and thereby enabling scientists to answer questions they would otherwise not been able to address. Nature's Notebook, the plant and animal phenology observing program of the USA National Phenology Network (USA-NPN) suitable for scientists and non-scientists alike, offers scientifically-vetted data collection protocols and infrastructure and mechanisms to quickly reach out to hundreds to thousands of potential contributors. The USA-NPN has recently partnered with several research teams to engage participants in contributing to specific studies. In one example, a team of scientists from NASA, the New Mexico Department of Health, and universities in Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and California are using juniper phenology observations submitted by Nature's Notebookparticipants to improve predictions of pollen release and inform asthma and allergy alerts. In a second effort, researchers from the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science are engaging Nature's Notebookparticipants in tracking leafing phenophases of poplars across the U.S. These observations will be compared to information acquired via satellite imagery and used to determine geographic areas where the tree species are most and least adapted to predicted climate change. Results/Conclusions Researchers in these partnerships receive benefits primarily in the form of ground observations. Launched in 2010, the juniper pollen effort has engaged participants in several western states and has yielded thousands of observations that can play a role in model ground validation. Periodic evaluation of these observations has prompted the team to improve and enhance the materials that participants receive, in an effort to boost data quality. The poplar project is formally launching in spring of 2013 and will run for three years; preliminary findings from 2013 will be presented. Participants in these special campaigns benefit through direct engagement in science. This form of researcher partnership has now been successfully pilot-tested and implemented in several instances, and provides a template for future research project campaigns.

Crimmins, Theresa M.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Temperature of the Troposphere [in State of the Climate in 2018]

The 2018 annual global lower troposphere temperature (LTT; surface to ~10km) ranked third to seventh highest as monitored by radiosondes since 1958 and satellites since 1979 according to nine datasets examined for this analysis. (As noted in Section 2b1, the 2018 global average surface temperature was fourth highest.) A weak La Niña event extending into early 2018 suppressed the global LTT in the 2018 boreal winter and spring. In comparison, the tropical Pacific exhibited higher-than-average temperatures in boreal autumn, indicating the eventual initiation of a weak El Niño at the end of 2018 that contributed to higher-than-average temperatures in the following seasons in 2019. Among the nine datasets, the 2018 anomaly ranged from +0.23°C to +0.47°C relative to the 1981–2010 average and was ~0.3°C lower than the record warm year of 2016.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Long-term hydrological, biogeochemical, and climatological data from Walker Branch Watershed, East Tennessee, USA

In 1967, the original Walker Branch Watershed (WBW) project was established to study elemental cycling and mass balances in a relatively unimpacted watershed. Over the next 50+ years, findings from additional experimental studies and long-term observations on WBW advanced understanding of catchment hydrology, biogeochemistry, and ecology and established WBW as a seminal site for catchment science. The 97.5-ha WBW is located in East Tennessee, USA, on the U.S. Department of Energy's Oak Ridge Reservation. Vegetation on the watershed is characteristic of an eastern deciduous, second-growth forest. The watershed is divided into two subcatchments: the West Fork (38.4 ha) and the East Fork (59.1 ha). Headwater streams draining these subcatchments are fed by multiple springs, and thus flow is perennial. Stream water is high in base cations due to weathering of dolomite bedrock and nutrient concentrations are low. Long-term observations of climate, hydrology, and biogeochemistry include daily (1969–2014) and 15-min (1994–2014) stream discharge and annual runoff (1969–2014); hourly, daily, and annual rainfall (1969–2012); daily climate and soil temperature (1993–2010); and weekly stream water chemistry (1989–2013). These long-term datasets are publicly available on the WBW website (https://walkerbranch.ornl.gov/long-term-data/). While collection of these data has ceased, related long-term measurements continue through the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), where WBW is the core terrestrial and aquatic site in the Appalachian and Cumberland Plateau region (NEON's Domain 7) of the United States. These long-term datasets have been and will continue to be important in evaluating the influence of climatic and environmental drivers on catchment processes.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

The new ECR charge breeder for the Selective Production of Exotic Species project at INFN—Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro

The Selective Production of Exotic Species (SPES) project is an ISOL facility under construction at Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare–Laboratori Nationali di Legnaro (INFN-LNL). 1+ radioactive ions, produced and extracted from the target-ion-source system, will be charge bred to high charge states by an ECR charge breeder (SPES-CB): the project will adopt an upgraded version of the PHOENIX charge breeder, developed since about twenty years by the Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC). The collaboration between LNL and LPSC started in 2010 with charge breeding experiments performed on the LPSC test bench and led, in June 2014, to the signature of a Research Collaboration Agreement for the delivery of a complete charge breeder and ancillaries, satisfying the SPES requirements. Important technological aspects were tackled during the construction phase, as, for example, beam purity issues, electrodes alignment, and vacuum sealing. This phase was completed in spring 2015, after which the qualification tests were carried out at LPSC on the 1+/q+ test stand. This paper describes the characteristics of the SPES-CB, with particular emphasis on the results obtained during the qualification tests: charge breeding of Ar, Xe, Rb, and Cs satisfied the SPES requirements for different intensities of the injected 1+ beam, showing very good performances, some of which are “best ever” for this device.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2011

2010 Dry and 2009 - 2010 Wet Season Branchiopod Survey Report, Site 300

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) requested that Condor Country Consulting, Inc. (CCCI) perform wet season surveys and manage the dry season sampling for listed branchiopods in two ponded locations within the Site 300 Experimental Test Site. Site 300 is located in Alameda and San Joaquin Counties, located between the Cities of Livermore and Tracy. The two pool locations have been identified for possible amphibian enhancement activities in support of the Compensation Plan for impacts tied to the Building 850 soil clean-up project. The Building 850 project design resulted in formal consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) as an amendment (File 81420-2009-F-0235) to the site-wide Biological Opinion (BO) (File 1-1-02-F-0062) in the spring of 2009 and requires mitigation for the California tiger salamander (AMCA, Ambystoma californiense) and California red-legged frog (CRLF, Rana draytonii) habitat loss. Both pools contain breeding AMCA, but do not produce metamorphs due to limited hydroperiod. The pool to the southeast (Pool BC-FS-2) is the preferred site for amphibian enhancement activities, and the wetland to northwest (Pool OA-FS-1) is the alternate location for enhancement. However, prior to enhancement, LLNL has been directed by USFWS (BO Conservation Measure 17 iii) to 'conduct USFWS protocol-level branchiopod surveys to determine whether listed brachiopod species are present within the compensation area.' CCCI conducted surveys for listed branchiopods in the 2009-2010 wet season to determine the presence of federally-listed branchiopods at the two pools (previous surveys with negative findings were performed by CCCI in 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 onsite). Surveys were conducted to partially satisfy the survey requirements of the USFWS 'Interim Survey Guidelines to Permittees for Recovery Permits under Section 10(a)(1)(A) of the Endangered Species Act for the Listed Vernal Pool Branchiopods' ('Guidelines, USFWS 1996 and BO Conservation Measure 17 iii). The dry sampling (included as an Appendix D) followed the wet season surveys in the summer of 2010.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Long-term measurements of submicrometer aerosol chemistry at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) using an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM)

In this study the long-term trends of non-refractory submicrometer aerosol (NR-PM1) composition and mass concentration measured by an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program's Southern Great Plains (SGP) site are discussed. NR-PM1 data was recorded at ~30 min intervals over a period of 19 months between November 2010 and June 2012. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was performed on the measured organic mass spectral matrix using a rolling window technique to derive factors associated with distinct sources, evolution processes, and physiochemical properties. The rolling window approach also allows us to capture the dynamic variations of the chemical properties in the organic aerosol (OA) factors over time. Three OA factors were obtained including two oxygenated OA (OOA) factors, differing in degrees of oxidation, and a biomass burning OA (BBOA) factor. Back trajectory analyses were performed to investigate possible sources of major NR-PM1 species at the SGP site. Organics dominated NR-PM1 mass concentration for the majority of the study with the exception of winter, when ammonium nitrate increases due to transport of precursor species from surrounding urban and agricultural areas and also due to cooler temperatures. Sulfate mass concentrations have little seasonal variation with mixed regional and local sources. In the spring BBOA emissions increase and are mainly associated with local fires. Isoprene and carbon monoxide emission rates were obtained by the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) and the 2011 U.S. National Emissions Inventory to represent the spatial distribution of biogenic and anthropogenic sources, respectively. The combined spatial distribution of isoprene emissions and air mass trajectories suggest that biogenic emissions from the southeast contribute to SOA formation at the SGP site during the summer.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗