Calibration Setup & CST Modeling
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Aponte, Ivan A.↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Simplifying Reactor Setup for Cell‐Free Biofuel Production
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09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
Setup and Testing of PSEC5 ASIC Boards
The PSEC5 ASIC is a high-speed waveform sampling chip developed for precise measurements. This report presents the design review, test board configurations, and results from functional validation of the PSEC5 device. Key aspects examined include power integrity, voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) behavior, SPI register functionality, clock division characteristics, readout performance, and analog biasing response. Tests were conducted across two boards under varied voltage conditions and signal configurations. Notable observations include robust VCO output, SPI communication irregularities, and anomalous readout conditions. The findings support design iterations for improved ASIC operability and firmware integration.
Fahey, Alexander [North Central Coll.]↗
Temperature-Dependent Benchmark Testing for H2O and D2O Using Experiments Performed with the New IPEN/MB-01 Setup
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Leal, Luiz [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000274880667)↗
MiniDAQ-3: Providing concurrent independent subdetector data-taking on CMS production DAQ resources
The data acquisition (DAQ) of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at CERN, collects data for events accepted by the Level-1 Trigger from the different detector systems and assembles them in an event builder prior to making them available for further selection in the High Level Trigger, and finally storing the selected events for offline analysis. In addition to the central DAQ providing global acquisition functionality, several separate, so-called “MiniDAQ” setups allow operating independent data acquisition runs using an arbitrary subset of the CMS subdetectors. During Run 2 of the LHC, MiniDAQ setups were running their event builder and High Level Trigger applications on dedicated resources, separate from those used for the central DAQ. This cleanly separated MiniDAQ setups from the central DAQ system, but also meant limited throughput and a fixed number of possible MiniDAQ setups. In Run 3, MiniDAQ-3 setups share production resources with the new central DAQ system, allowing each setup to operate at the maximum Level-1 rate thanks to the reuse of the resources and network bandwidth. Configuration management tools had to be significantly extended to support the synchronization of the DAQ configurations needed for the various setups. We report on the new configuration management features and on the first year of operational experience with the new MiniDAQ-3 system.
Amoiridis, Vassileios↗
Drive-pressure optimization in ramp-wave compression experiments through differential evolution
Ramp-wave dynamic-compression experiments are used to examine quasi-isentropic loading paths in materials. The gradual and continuous increase in pressure created by ramp waves make these types of experiments ideal for studying nonequilibrium material behavior, such as solidification kinetics. In ramp-wave compression experiments, the input drive pressure to the experimental setup may be exerted through one of a number of different mechanisms (e.g., magnetic fields, gas-gun-driven impactors, or high-energy lasers) and is generally required for simulating such experiments. Yet, regardless of the specific mechanism, this drive pressure cannot be measured directly (measurements are generally taken at a location near the back of the experimental setup through a transparent window), leading to an inverse problem where one must determine the drive pressure at the front of the experimental setup (i.e., the input) that corresponds to the particle velocity (the output) measured near the back of the experimental setup. Furthermore, we solve this inverse problem using a heuristic optimization algorithm, known as differential evolution, coupled with a multiphysics, hydrodynamics code that simulates the compression of the experimental setup. By running many rounds of forward simulations of the experimental setup, our optimization process iteratively searches for a drive pressure that is optimized to closely reproduce the experimentally measured particle velocity near the back of the experimental setup. While our optimization methodology requires a significant number of hydrodynamics simulations to be conducted, many of these can be performed in parallel, which greatly reduces the time cost of our methodology. One novel aspect of our method for determining the drive pressure is that it does not require physical modeling of the drive mechanism and can thus be broadly applied to many types of ramp-compression experiments, regardless of the drive mechanism.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
The 2024 Run in the Injectors
The injectors provided polarized protons to RHIC for most of Run 24. That was followed by 3 weeks of Gold at 9.8 GeV/n using Tandem. Physics with PP was first declared on May 1 st and the PP portion of the run ended on Sept. 30 th . The standard BU4/AU4 setup was used for most of it. Although, from Sept. 7 th to 30 th the AGS skew quad setup (BU4/AU6) was used instead. More work was done on the Split/Merge setup (BU3/AU3) initially developed in Run 22. A two Linac pulse setup was also developed this run (BU4/AU2). As far as PP work in the injectors goes this note will focus on the standard, Split/Merge, and Two Linac pulse setups. The 9.8 GeV/n Tandem Au setup was essentially the same as in Run 23. The injector setup for Helium-3 from EBIS (BU7/AU7), which was used for an APEX study in RHIC on August 7 th , will be covered as well.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
The 2022 Polarized Proton Run in the Injectors
The previous polarized proton (PP) run was in 2017. During the start up process this run the injectors were set up in the same configuration using Booster and AGS PPM user 4 (BU4/AU4). Concurrently with this a new setup was established on Booster and AGS user 3 (BU3/AU3) called the split/merge. This new setup splits a single bunch into 2 in the Booster and recombines them on the AGS flattop in an attempt to improve polarization mainly by reducing the transverse emittance growth thought to be associated with higher peak beam current. Although Gold beam from EBIS was used at times in RHIC for LEReC and CeC development, from the injector perspective there is little noteworthy about it and so this note will focus solely on PP. According to the OC log, STAR Physics was first declared on Dec. 22, 2021 and the run ended on April 18, 2022. Initially, BU4/AU4 was used for RHIC. Then the split/merge setup was used from Dec. 27 until the Siemens motor generator failed on Jan. 12 and the Westinghouse motor generator had to be used in its place. The peak dB/dt available using the Westinghouse is half what it is with Siemens so the AGS required a different setup. Since the split/merge setup is more complicated than the standard one, and any benefit from it to polarization had not been demonstrated, a cycle was developed on AU6 for RHIC based on the AU4 setup but with a longer ramp. The split/merge was also set up with Westinghouse on BU3/AU7, but it was never used for RHIC. The switch back to the Siemens occurred on March 8 th once again using BU4/AU4.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
The 2023 Gold Run in the Injectors
RHIC Run 23 used Gold beam from Tandem with an AGS extraction energy of 9.8 GeV. The same basic setup, 8 single bunch transfers from the Booster and a 12-6 merge in the AGS to provide 4 bunches at extraction, had been used before to deliver Tandem Au to RHIC. But in those cases, it was used for low energy runs (3.85 GeV in 2021 and 5.75 GeV in 2020) where extraction was below transition energy (7.9 GeV). Tandem beam was used for this run because the intensity and stability of EBIS Au did not meet the requirements for RHIC. Physics was first declared in RHIC on May 22 nd and on August 1 st the run was cut short by about 2 months due to a major failure in RHIC. Prior to the advent of EBIS as the preinjector in 2012, 9.8 GeV Tandem Au was regularly delivered to RHIC but the setup in the Booster and AGS was quite different: Four Booster transfers of 6 bunches each were merged into 4 bunches using a 24-12-4 merge scheme. The supercycle length was 6.0 sec before June 29 th when it was extended to 6.6 sec to accommodate EBIS commissioning. The Tandem, Booster, and AGS were on user 1 for the 9.8 GeV setup. Some work with EBIS Au 32+ took place on EBIS, Booster, and AGS user 5 using the standard 9.8 GeV injector setup with a 4 to 1 merge in Booster and a 6-3-1 type merge in AGS. The Siemens motor generator was used for the entire run. An intensity limit of 8.0e9 Au 77+ ions in the AGS was in effect during the run to protect the J7 plunging stripping foil and the Copper absorber of the AGS beam dump. This corresponds to a merged bunch intensity limit of 2.0e9 Au 77+ ions for 4 equal intensity bunches. The per bunch intensity limit can be increased to 2.67e9 by reducing the number of BtA transfers from 8 to 6. There was also a Booster Late intensity limit of 16e9 Au ions in effect to protect the BtA stripping foil from damage due to overheating. Lowering the number of transfers also makes this limit less of a constraint. BtA foil 5, which was installed in 2020 and had not been used regularly prior to this run was used all run and showed no obvious signs of deterioration. In May, a Tandem Au 3.85 GeV setup from 2021 was also re-established on AGS user 2. It was used for APEX on May 24 and July 26. Initial work with 3.85 GeV beam was on May 19. Proton beam was also set up during the run and extracted to W dump on July 10. It was used for APEX on July 12. Although the OPPIS source was used the AGS setup was without snakes.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
High-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering at the high energy density scientific instrument at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser
We introduce a setup to measure high-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering at the High Energy Density scientific instrument at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL). The setup uses the Si (533) reflection in a channel-cut monochromator and three spherical diced analyzer crystals in near-backscattering geometry to reach a high spectral resolution. An energy resolution of 44 meV is demonstrated for the experimental setup, close to the theoretically achievable minimum resolution. The analyzer crystals and detector are mounted on a curved-rail system, allowing quick and reliable changes in scattering angle without breaking vacuum. The entire setup is designed for operation at 10 Hz, the same repetition rate as the high-power lasers available at the instrument and the fundamental repetition rate of the European XFEL. Among other measurements, it is envisioned that this setup will allow studies of the dynamics of highly transient laser generated states of matter.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
Precision gyroscope from the helicity of light
We describe a gyroscope that measures rotation based on the effects of the rotation on the polarization of light. Rotation induces a differential phase shift in the propagation of left- and right-circularly polarized light and this phase shift can be measured in suitably designed interferometric setups. The signal in this setup is independent of the frequency of light, unlike various sources of noise such as vibrations, which cause phase shifts that depend on the frequency. Such vibrations are the practical limit on the sensitivity of conventional Sagnac-style optical interferometers that are typically used as gyroscopes. In the proposed setup, one can potentially mitigate this source of noise by simultaneously using two (or more) sources of light that have different frequencies. The signal in this setup scales with the total storage time of the light. Due to its frequency independence, it is thus most optimal to measure the signal using superconducting radio-frequency systems where the high finesse of the available cavities enables considerably longer storage times than is possible in an optical setup.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
A Comparison of High Intensity Proton Efficiencies for Rf Harmonics 1 and 2
There have been many changes to the Booster setup over the past seven years, but the most fundamental physical change is probably the change from an Rf harmonic of 2 to 1. By looking at the intensity data over this period it is possible to compare the running efficiencies in each case. The harmonic change occurred at the beginning of the 1998 run. Another fundamental, though administrative, change that occurred after the 1998 run was the advent of ALARA alarms that limit the amount of beam loss that is allowed to occur during different parts of the cycle. These ALARA alarm limits also depend on the AGS repetition period since it is the amount of beam energy lost per unit time that is used as the criterion for these alarms. The 1998 h=1 run did not have an ALARA constraint, but subsequent h=1 runs did have that constraint. The highest Booster proton intensity was obtained in the h=2 mode (about 23 Tp). At best, the h=1 mode only yielded about 20 Tp per cycle. Is it because the h=2 setup can produce higher intensity than the h=1 setup that the h=2 intensity was higher, or is it because other factors are responsible? This note seeks to shed some light on this question. In order to compare the two setups (h=1 vs. h=2) intensity scaler data was taken from the setup books over the past seven years. In general, this data was taken when the Booster was in an optimized state. What ‘optimized’ means is not so clearly defined, but would typically mean that the Booster configuration was ‘optimized’ so that it yields the highest intensity late in the AGS given physical and other constraints.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Measuring a Fiber-Optic Delay Line Using a Mode-Locked Laser
The figure schematically depicts a laboratory setup for determining the optical length of a fiber-optic delay line at a precision greater than that obtainable by use of optical time-domain reflectometry or of mechanical measurement of length during the delay-line-winding process. In this setup, the delay line becomes part of the resonant optical cavity that governs the frequency of oscillation of a mode-locked laser. The length can then be determined from frequency-domain measurements, as described below. The laboratory setup is basically an all-fiber ring laser in which the delay line constitutes part of the ring. Another part of the ring - the laser gain medium - is an erbium-doped fiber amplifier pumped by a diode laser at a wavelength of 980 nm. The loop also includes an optical isolator, two polarization controllers, and a polarizing beam splitter. The optical isolator enforces unidirectional lasing. The polarization beam splitter allows light in only one polarization mode to pass through the ring; light in the orthogonal polarization mode is rejected from the ring and utilized as a diagnostic output, which is fed to an optical spectrum analyzer and a photodetector. The photodetector output is fed to a radio-frequency spectrum analyzer and an oscilloscope. The fiber ring laser can generate continuous-wave radiation in non-mode-locked operation or ultrashort optical pulses in mode-locked operation. The mode-locked operation exhibited by this ring is said to be passive in the sense that no electro-optical modulator or other active optical component is used to achieve it. Passive mode locking is achieved by exploiting optical nonlinearity of passive components in such a manner as to obtain ultra-short optical pulses. In this setup, the particular nonlinear optical property exploited to achieve passive mode locking is nonlinear polarization rotation. This or any ring laser can support oscillation in multiple modes as long as sufficient gain is present to overcome losses in the ring. When mode locking is achieved, oscillation occurs in all the modes having the same phase and same polarization. The frequency interval between modes, often denoted the free spectral range (FSR), is given by c/nL, where c is the speed of light in vacuum, n is the effective index of refraction of the fiber, and L is the total length of optical path around the ring. Therefore, the length of the fiber-optic delay line, as part of the length around the ring, can be calculated from the FSRs measured with and without the delay line incorporated into the ring. For this purpose, the FSR measurements are made by use of the optical and radio-frequency spectrum analyzers. In experimentation on a 10-km-long fiber-optic delay line, it was found that this setup made it possible to measure the length to within a fractional error of about 3 10(exp -6), corresponding to a length error of 3 cm. In contrast, measurements by optical time-domain reflectometry and mechanical measurement were found to be much less precise: For optical time-domain reflectometry, the fractional error was found no less than 10(exp -4) (corresponding to a length error of 1 m) and for mechanical measurement, the fractional error was found to be about 10(exp -2) (corresponding to a length error of 100 m).
Tu, Meirong↗
Comparison of Orion Flywheel to Commercially Available Flywheel Device
INTRODUCTION: The chosen exercise device for the Orion Multi-purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) for Artemis missions is the Orion Flywheel (OFW), which was selected in 2017 from a pool of exercise devices. The Orion Flywheel is to be installed in the MPCV for its first use during the Artemis II mission and will be utilized for subsequent Artemis missions. The OFW provides the capability to perform both resistive and aerobic exercises while taking up a small volume and not requiring power. Aerobic exercise consists of rowing while resistive exercise includes the deadlift, harness squat, and deadlift high pull among others. The efficacy of the OFW as an exercise countermeasure to spaceflight deconditioning has not yet been fully evaluated. A future HRP-funded study using head-down tilt bed rest is planned to evaluate the efficacy of the OFW to mitigate aerobic and muscular deconditioning. The OFW, made by KBR, is a specialized device that poses high costs for purchase and maintenance. The aim of the study is to determine if a commercially available alternative could be used as a backup for the OFW during the bed rest study or as an alternative in other studies. This study seeks to compare the loading profile and mechanics of a commercial flywheel device (kBox Pro) with the three resistance settings of the OFW using a controlled, instrumented setup to validate its acceptability as a backup. METHODS: An experimental setup was designed to simulate human use of the OFW. Flywheel devices can have varied actuated inertial mass and strap length. The inertial mass refers to the flywheel itself or the object that spins as the result of the movement of the strap. The OFW has three gears actuated with a lever, with the low gear used for aerobic rowing and the medium and high gears used for resistance exercises. These gears correspond to increasing flywheel inertia, which corresponds to a certain number and sizes of inertial plates on a commercial flywheel. The kBox Pro has varied sizes of inertial discs that are installed to the external shaft of the device and can be configured to roughly match the inertia seen in the OFW per gear setting. The strap length can be adjusted to allow for different ranges of motion. The experimental setup allows for the simulation of rowing, harness squats, and deadlift high pulls with corresponding exercise strap lengths. All three OFW gears are to be tested, as well as multiple combinations of kBox discs. The setup was created using a system of pulleys and cables to minimize friction loss. The system is actuated through the dropping of a connected mass which, through the pulley system, pulls the strap of the exercise device upwards as if a human was exercising. A string potentiometer and tensile force transducer are used to measure strap displacement and strap force, respectively. The masses dropped are exercise chains that simulate the decrease in force observed throughout a typical exercise. As the chains are lowered to the ground, they begin to spool and therefore are no longer subjecting the exercise device’s strap to their load. This setup was designed to provide realistic loads and protect the OFW from damage, an important precaution because it’s the only available unit for research and ground operations. Data is to be collected across simulated exercises and with different strap lengths, with the same conditions collected on both the OFW and the kBox Pro. RESULTS: Data collection is ongoing for the kBox and the Orion Flywheel. CONCLUSIONS: Study results will inform if the OFW and a kBox Pro device can be deemed mechanically similar. Depending on the results, additional data collection may be required to assess the user experience between the devices. A key result of this study is a mechanical characterization of the OFW device, demonstrating the load and force profile using a repeatable test method. This data will guide next steps on potential kBox Pro modifications needed to produce a comparable exercise experience to the OFW.
Exercise↗
Results of FY 2023 Alloy 617 and Alloy 709 High-Temperature Crack-Growth Testing
This report summarizes the work performed at Idaho National Laboratory under the “Creep, fatigue and creep-fatigue crack growth tests” task of the “Long-Term VHTR Material Qualification – INL” work package. Work was performed this year to validate the crack growth monitoring setup used with the test frames against both continuous crack length monitoring using an optical camera, as well as post-mortem analysis of marker bands on the fracture surface. Delays prevented the use of a gauge to measure load-line displacement for early tests, and so the creep-fatigue crack growth setup was evaluated using the actuator displacement for a load-line displacement setup. While not ideal, this allowed examination of the shortcomings with the current software setup that was originally designed for performing stress corrosion crack growth rate studies. The method for data collection was modified to link the crack growth monitoring software with Instron’s Wave Matrix software. Once the load-line displacement gauge arrived, the crack growth equipment was successfully modified to permit continuous monitoring of both load-line displacement and crack length. This is critical for creep-fatigue and creep crack growth rate studies for ductile material, as it permits the C* and Ct analyses. Test results are shown for Alloy 617 fatigue and creep-fatigue (without the gauge for load-line displacement measurements), as well as creep-fatigue of Alloy 709, which was performed with the completed test setup, allowing for crack length and load-line displacement monitoring.
11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
Towards a new generation of solid total-energy detectors for neutron-capture time-of-flight experiments with intense neutron beams
Challenging neutron-capture cross-section measurements of small cross sections and samples with a very limited number of atoms require high-flux time-of-flight facilities. In turn, such facilities need innovative detection setups that are fast, have low sensitivity to neutrons, can quickly recover from the so-called γ-flash, and offer the highest possible detection sensitivity. In this paper, we present several steps towards such advanced systems. Specifically, we describe the performance of a high-sensitivity experimental setup at CERN n_TOF EAR2. It consists of nine sTED detector modules in a compact cylindrical configuration, two conventional used large-volume C 6 D 6 detectors, and one LaCl 3 (Ce) detector. The performance of these detection systems is compared using 93 Nb(n, γ) data. We also developed a detailed G EANT small4 Monte Carlo model of the experimental EAR2 setup, which allows for a better understanding of the detector features, including their efficiency determination. This Monte Carlo model has been used for further optimization, thus leading to a new conceptual design of a γ detector array, STAR, based on a deuterated-stilbene crystal array. Finally, the suitability of deuterated-stilbene crystals for the future STAR array is investigated experimentally utilizing a small stilbene-d12 prototype. The results suggest a similar or superior performance of STAR with respect to other setups based on liquid-scintillators, and allow for additional features such as neutron-gamma discrimination and a higher level of customization capability.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Predicting chatter using machine learning and acoustic signals from low-cost microphones
Machining chatter is a phenomenon resulting from self-oscillation between a machining tool and workpiece. This self-oscillation results in variation on the machined product that reduces the ability to meet desired specifications. Chatter is a widely studied topic as it directly relates to the quality of machined products. Here, this study details the application of a Random Forest (RF) classifier with Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) to machining audio collected by a single microphone during down-milling operations. This approach allows straightforward feature elimination that results in an easily understood set of analyzed dimensions. Stability is predicted solely based on the classification output of the RF classifier. Our approach proves highly predictive with consistent machining setup and a small sample set. We also review transferability between machining setups and present key findings. Our RF approach demonstrates the ability to analyze and classify chatter through a low-cost approach with limited training data required. The motivation for using a single microphone is to enable detection on machines without other sensors, such as accelerometers, present in the machining setup. The value of the in-process sensor and chatter classifier is highlighted because the machining setup included asymmetric dynamics that reduced the accuracy of the traditional analytical stability solution. We see a natural progression to deploying this audio-only methodology with real-time processing and classification using either a laptop or smartphone. This progression will allow visual indicators during the machining process that can alert machinists of progression into unstable machining processes.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Shock tube simulations for the three-layer Richtmyer–Meshkov instability with single-mode and multimode perturbations
While the canonical two-component, single-mode Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI) has been extensively studied, relatively less work has focused on the effects of an additional intermediate-density middle layer. This work investigates such three-material RMI configurations at two Atwood number scenarios using the ARES hydrodynamics code. After validation against previous experimental and computational studies, setups corresponding to recent three-layer shock tube experiments are simulated. Cases with both single-mode and multimode perturbations are studied to quantify mixing across the interface between the materials with highest and intermediate density. In particular, this work is able to comprehensibly examine differences between two- and three-dimensional setups for the single-mode and multimode problems. Observations from previous two-layer investigations still apply in the three-layer setup, but over the time horizons considered, there appears to be insufficient nonlinear mode coupling to create significant differences between two- and three-dimensional simulations following the first passage of a shock. Finally, additional reshock simulations have additional nonlinear growth that does result in expected differences between two- and three-dimensional cases in this three-layer setup, but significant differences do not manifest during the time horizon studied.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗