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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1996

X-ray digital imaging petrography of lunar mare soils: modal analyses of minerals and glasses

It is essential that accurate modal (i.e., volume) percentages of the various mineral and glass phases in lunar soils be used for addressing and resolving the effects of space weathering upon reflectance spectra, as well as for their calibration such data are also required for evaluating the resource potential of lunar minerals for use at a lunar base. However, these data are largely lacking. Particle-counting information for lunar soils, originally obtained to study formational processes, does not provide these necessary data, including the percentages of minerals locked in multi-phase lithic fragments and fused-soil particles, such as agglutinates. We have developed a technique for modal analyses, sensu stricto, of lunar soils, using digital imaging of X-ray maps obtained with an energy-dispersive spectrometer mounted on an electron microprobe. A suite of nine soils (90 to 150 micrometers size fraction) from the Apollo 11, 12, 15, and 17 mare sites was used for this study. This is the first collection of such modal data on soils from all Apollo mare sites. The abundances of free-mineral fragments in the mare soils are greater for immature and submature soils than for mature soils, largely because of the formation of agglutinitic glass as maturity progresses. In considerations of resource utilization at a lunar base, the best lunar soils to use for mineral beneficiation (i.e., most free-mineral fragments) have maturities near the immature/submature boundary (Is/FeO approximately or = 30), not the mature soils with their complications due to extensive agglutination. The particle data obtained from the nine mare soils confirm the generalizations for lunar soils predicted by L.A. Taylor and D.S. McKay (1992, Lunar Planet Sci. Conf. 23rd, pp. 1411-1412 [Abstract]).

NASA Discipline Exobiology↗
NASA NTRS2011

Asteroid Return Mission Feasibility Study

This paper describes an investigation into the technological feasibility of finding, characterizing, robotically capturing, and returning an entire Near-Earth Asteroid (NEA) to the International Space Station (ISS) for scientific investigation, evaluation of its resource potential, determination of its internal structure and other aspects important for planetary defense activities, and to serve as a testbed for human operations in the vicinity of an asteroid. Reasonable projections suggest that several dozen candidates NEAs in the size range of interest (approximately 2-m diameter) will be known before the end of the decade from which a suitable target could be selected. The conceptual mission objective is to return an approximately 10,000-kg asteroid to the ISS in a total flight time of approximately 5 years using a single Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle. Preliminary calculations indicate that this could be accomplished using a solar electric propulsion (SEP) system with high-power Hall thrusters and a maximum power into the propulsion system of approximately 40 kW. The SEP system would be used to provide all of the post-launch delta V. The asteroid would have an unrestricted Earth return Planetary Protection categorization, and would be curated at the ISS where numerous scientific and resource utilization experiments would be conducted. Asteroid material brought to the ground would be curated at the NASA Johnson Space Center. This preliminary study identified several areas where additional work is required, but no show stoppers were identified for the approach that would return an entire 10,000-kg asteroid to the ISS in a mission that could be launched by the end of this decade.

near Earth asteriods (NEA)↗
DOE OSTI2026

Lahaina Energy Partnership: Technical Assistance Task Updates and Discussion Part 1 [Slides]

The Lahaina Energy Partnership (LEP) is an initiative funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) to support energy planning and rebuilding efforts in Hawaii's historic town of Lahaina on Maui as the community recovers from a devastating fire on August 8, 2023, with technical assistance provided by the National Laboratory of the Rockies. NLR has partnered with Hawaii-based community organizations to engage with Lahaina the community on energy priorities and inform the technical assistance scope. This virtual workshop presentation is the first in a two-part series to provide progress updates and request community input to guide next steps. Workshop 1 on November 18 (this presentation) will focus on Hydropower resource potential, building energy modeling, workforce development. Workshop 2 on December 11 (presentation forthcoming) will focus on microgrids, electric grid hardening, policy and regulation.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Evolve CAPP Final Report

The Evolve Central Appalachia (Evolve CAPP) project is investigating the rare earth and critical mineral resource potential of the Central Appalachian basin, spanning Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee. This initiative aims to advance clean energy technologies, strengthen sustainable industries critical to national security, and foster economic growth through downstream value-added industries. Innovative policy incentives, stakeholder collaboration, and responsible sourcing practices are identified as pivotal to overcoming barriers. The project seeks to align environmental stewardship with economic imperatives. These efforts aim to position the Central Appalachian region as a leader in responsible critical mineral sourcing, contributing to a resilient, secure, and future-ready supply chain for critical minerals.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2026

Lahaina Energy Partnership: Technical Assistance Task Updates and Discussion Part 2

The Lahaina Energy Partnership (LEP) is an initiative funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) to support energy planning and rebuilding efforts in Hawaii's historic town of Lahaina on Maui as the community recovers from a devastating fire on August 8, 2023, with technical assistance provided by the National Laboratory of the Rockies. NLR has partnered with Hawaii-based community organizations to engage with Lahaina the community on energy priorities and inform the technical assistance scope. This virtual workshop presentation is the second in a two-part series to provide progress updates and request community input to guide next steps. Workshop 1 on November 18 focused on hydropower resource potential, building energy modeling, and workforce development. Workshop 2 on December 11 (this presentation) will focus on microgrids, electric grid hardening, policy and regulation.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Distribution of rare earth elements in fly ash derived from the combustion of Illinois Basin coals

This study examined rare earth element (REE) trends for Illinois Basin coal-sourced fly ashes, with the goal of understanding the elemental composition and resource potential for various fly ash fractions. Illinois Basin coals have a high volatile C through A bituminous rank with a moderate ash content (slightly>12% ash (dry basis)), about 3% sulfur, and, in general, lower concentrations of hazardous and other trace elements than many Central Appalachian coals. Fly ash from the combustion of Illinois Basin coals tends to have a high Fe 2 O 3 content owing to the amount of pyrite in the feed coals. The rare earth element (REE) concentrations in Illinois Basin coal-sourced fly ashes are less than that for fly ashes from the combustion of Central Appalachian coals. The Upper continental crust-corrected fly ashes show an H-type enrichment, a positive Eu N /Eu N * , and, in some cases, a sharp Gd peak. For comparison, a suite of fly ashes from the combustion of a blend of eastern Kentucky coals had an H-type enrichment, a positive Eu N /Eu N * , but only a minimal Gd peak. In contrast, fly ash from the combustion of the Fire Clay coal, a REE-rich coal, had a negative Eu N /Eu N * and a sharp Gd peak. Finally, these results highlight the importance of feed coal composition on trace element contents of respective combustion fly ash fractions and also the unique REE enrichment patterns of the Illinois Basin fly ashes relative to the better studied fly ashes of eastern Kentucky and Central Appalachia.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2024

Harnessing the potential of oilcane waste mud for recovering biobased waxes

Abstract Oilcane is an engineered sugarcane with the ability to hyper‐accumulate vegetative lipids. It is processed to obtain juice and bagasse as a potential substrate for the production of biofuels and biochemicals. The juice comprises solid particles that are separated as waste mud before the fermentation of the juice. In this study, the oilcane waste mud (OWM) generated from 1000 liters of oilcane juice was quantified and evaluated as a potential resource for recovering biobased waxes. Hexane and ethyl acetate were evaluated as two different solvents for extracting waxes from OWM followed by its purification using acetone. The extracted biobased wax samples were characterized for their chemical and thermal profiles which were then compared with commercial natural waxes. Detailed mass balance shows that 53.6 ± 2.6 kg (dry basis) of solid OWM gets generated upon processing 1000 L (~1068 kg) of oilcane juice. Hexane and ethyl acetate led to a crude wax yield of 25.6 ± 0.2% and 16.6 ± 0.4% (wt/wt, dry basis) respectively from OWM at the end of 8 h. The relative purification of the wax samples was reported in the range of 58%–65% (wt/wt). The purified OWM wax has a melting point of 74.7°C. The waste mud was valorized as a source of biobased waxes with characteristic chemical and thermal profiles comparable to commercial natural waxes (carnauba and beeswax). Considering the decline in the supply of petroleum wax in the future coupled with the switch to “greener” alternative products by consumers, OWM could be a valuable source of natural wax in the industrial sector reducing the dependence on petroleum waxes. Eventually, recovering biobased wax as a co‐product from OWM would bring in an additional stream of revenue leading to the development of a zero‐waste biorefinery based on bioenergy crops.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Assessing pore network heterogeneity across multiple scales to inform CO2 injection models

Geologic heterogeneity is a key feature that must be considered when translations of scaled data are performed. This paper presents the assessment of geologic heterogeneity using a multiscale workflow that includes image analysis-based methods coupled with well log analysis to provide data in which fractals and machine learning methods estimate the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) storage resource potential of a reservoir. The heterogeneity of rock properties of the complex Bell Creek reservoir in Montana, USA, was explored at the pore scale (~nm to mm), core scale (~mm to m), and well scale (~cm to m). The data used in this study included advanced image analysis of micro-CT (computed tomography) images (pore scale), thin sections (pore scale), plugs and core images (core scale) and well logs (well scale). The micro-CT images were segmented using a U-net segmentation approach into objects of pores and grains. Further, the segmented images were reconstructed into subvolumes of different sizes. Physical properties (porosity and permeability) and fractal dimensions were calculated for the various subvolumes, and Lorenz coefficient (Lc) values, a single parameter to describe the degree of heterogeneity within a pay zone section, were calculated from thin-section images and well logs. Porosity and fractal dimension values were used to estimate the 188-µm threshold of representative elementary volume (REV) in this study. Both the Lc and fractal dimension values were found to be negatively correlated. When these two parameters are combined, it is possible to discern differences in the complex porous networks of the samples analyzed in this study.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2022

Edaphic controls on genome size and GC content of bacteria in soil microbial communities

Nutrient limitation has been shown to reduce bacterial genome size and influence nucleotide composition; however, much of this work has been conducted in marine systems and the factors which shape soil bacterial genomic traits remain largely unknown. Here, for this work, we determined average genome size, GC content, codon usage, and amino acid content from 398 soil metagenomes across a broad geographic range and used machine-learning to determine the environmental parameters that most strongly explain the distribution of these traits. We found that genomic trait averages were most related to pH, which we suggest is primarily due to the correlation of pH with several environmental parameters, particularly soil carbon content. Low pH soils had higher carbon to nitrogen ratios (C:N) and tended to have communities with lower GC content and larger genomes, potentially a response to increased physiological stress and a requirement for metabolic diversity. Conversely, communities in high pH and low soil C:N had smaller genomes and higher GC content—indicating potential resource driven selection against AT base pairs, which have a higher C:N than GC base pairs. Similarly, we found that nutrient conservation also applied to amino acid stoichiometry, where bacteria in soils with low C:N ratios tended to code for amino acids with lower C:N. Together, these relationships point towards fundamental mechanisms that underpin genome size, and nucleotide and amino acid selection in soil bacteria.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Predictive Assessment of the Chemical Composition of Coal Ash in Reserve at U.S. Disposal Sites

In the United States, more than 2 Gt of coal combustion residuals (i.e., coal ash) are stored in hundreds of disposal units. Recent federal regulations mandate the closure or retrofitting of most coal ash impoundments, presenting significant challenges for waste management. These regulatory pressures also present opportunities to reuse coal ash. However, the quality and quantity of discarded coal ash across the U.S. are not well known, even though this information is crucial for spurring its reuse for conventional and new material applications. This study describes a predictive model for the major element composition of coal ash in reserve at disposal sites of major U.S. coal-fired power plants. This model was constructed from coal purchase records of 705 power stations from 1973 to 2022 and was trained on coal ash composition data, showing that coal ash elemental composition is strongly associated with the source of feedstock coal. The model showed regional shifts in the major element contents of ash produced by power plants in the last 50 years, particularly for calcium and iron (expressed as %CaO and %Fe2O3), as power stations changed their source of coal over this time frame. Our approach enables an estimation of chemical composition for ash stored in waste impoundments at individual power stations. Such information can help to delineate the regional market resource potential of supplementary cements for concrete and other material innovations that would utilize coal ash harvested from disposal sites across the U.S.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2023

Investigating and Optimizing the Lysate-Based Expression of Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases Using a Reporter System

Lysate-based cell-free expression (CFE) systems are accessible platforms for expressing proteins that are difficult to synthesize in vivo, such as nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs). NRPSs are large (>100 kDa), modular enzyme complexes that synthesize bioactive peptide natural products. This synthetic process is analogous to transcription/translation (TX/TL) in lysates, resulting in potential resource competition between NRPS expression and NRPS activity in cell-free environments. Moreover, CFE conditions depend on the size and structure of the protein. Here, a reporter system for rapidly investigating and optimizing reaction environments for NRPS CFE is described. This strategy is demonstrated in E. coli lysate reactions using blue pigment synthetase A (BpsA), a model NRPS, carrying a C-terminal tetracysteine (TC) tag which forms a fluorescent complex with the biarsenical dye, FlAsH. A colorimetric assay was adapted for lysate reactions to detect the blue pigment product, indigoidine, of cell-free expressed BpsA-TC, confirming that the tagged enzyme is catalytically active. An optimized protocol for end point TC/FlAsH complex measurements in reactions enables quick comparisons of full-length BpsA-TC expressed under different reaction conditions, defining unique requirements for NRPS expression that are related to the protein’s catalytic activity and size. Importantly, these protein-dependent CFE conditions enable higher indigoidine titer and improve the expression of other monomodular NRPSs. Notably, these conditions differ from those used for the expression of superfolder GFP (sfGFP), a common reporter for optimizing lysate-based CFE systems, indicating the necessity for tailored reporters to optimize expression for specific enzyme classes. In conclusion, the reporter system is anticipated to advance lysate-based CFE systems for complex enzyme synthesis, enabling natural product discovery.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Timescales and Processes of Methane Hydrate Formation and Breakdown, With Application to Geologic Systems

Abstract Gas hydrate is an ice‐like form of water and low molecular weight gas stable at temperatures of roughly −10°C to 25°C and pressures of ~3 to 30 MPa in geologic systems. Natural gas hydrates sequester an estimated one sixth of Earth's methane and are found primarily in deepwater marine sediments on continental margins, but also in permafrost areas and under continental ice sheets. When gas hydrate is removed from its stability field, its breakdown has implications for the global carbon cycle, ocean chemistry, marine geohazards, and interactions between the geosphere and the ocean‐atmosphere system. Gas hydrate breakdown can also be artificially driven as a component of studies assessing the resource potential of these deposits. Furthermore, geologic processes and perturbations to the ocean‐atmosphere system (e.g., warming temperatures) can cause not only dissociation, but also more widespread dissolution of hydrate or even formation of new hydrate in reservoirs. Linkages between gas hydrate and disparate aspects of Earth's near‐surface physical, chemical, and biological systems render an assessment of the rates and processes affecting the persistence of gas hydrate an appropriate Centennial Grand Challenge. This paper reviews the thermodynamic controls on methane hydrate stability and then describes the relative importance of kinetic, mass transfer, and heat transfer processes in the formation and breakdown (dissociation and dissolution) of gas hydrate. Results from numerical modeling, laboratory, and some field studies are used to summarize the rates of hydrate formation and breakdown, followed by an extensive treatment of hydrate dynamics in marine and cryospheric gas hydrate systems.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Harnessing the Power of Machine Learning and Omics to Identify Environmental Regulation on Microbial Functional Composition for Soil C, N, and P Cycling

Microbial enzyme-mediated soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition regulates many key ecosystem functions, such as elemental cycling, soil carbon sequestration, and soil fertility. However, representing microbial processes in Earth system models (ESMs) remains challenging due to a limited understanding of the spatial patterns of diverse microbial functions responsible for soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling as well as the underlying mechanisms regulating their relative abundances across various environments. We collected published metagenomics data across the continental US (CONUS) to identify hundreds of microbial genes involved in soil C, N, and P cycling and grouped them into eight enzyme functional classes (EFCs). Each EFC represented a group of gene-encoded potential enzymes that decompose similar soil compounds. By integrating the abundances of omics-informed EFCs with the corresponding environmental information, we trained a machine learning (ML) model to identify key edaphic, climate, and vegetation factors regulating the abundances of each EFC. Quantitative analysis of effects of these factors revealed that the spatial distribution of eight EFCs for soil C, N, and P cycling across CONUS reflected potential resource optimization strategies of microbial communities under nutrient limitation, preferential organic-mineral associations, and climatological stresses. This insight, together with the interpreted ML tool and the CONUS-level benchmark for EFCs abundances, paves the way for parameterizing environmental-regulated microbial functional dynamics in biogeochemical models.

machine learning↗
DOE OSTI2023

Impact of Siting Ordinances on Land Availability for Wind and Solar Development

In the United States, many siting regulations for wind and solar developments are created at the county or township level. Here we survey local zoning ordinances across the contiguous United States to understand the types and frequency of ordinances that might impact wind and solar development. We identify over 1,800 ordinances for wind and more than 800 ordinances for solar in 2022. To understand the impact of ordinances on anticipated land availability, we use spatial modelling on the setbacks specified in the ordinances. Extrapolating the setbacks throughout the country can reduce wind and solar resources by up to 87% and 38%, respectively, depending on the size of the setbacks applied. These results indicate the importance of capturing setback ordinances in resources assessments so as to not overstate resource potential, especially when considering highly decarbonized futures.

county↗
DOE OSTI2025

FAIR Ecosystems for Science at Scale

High Performance Computing (HPC) centers provide resources to users who require greater scale to “get science done”. They deploy infrastructure with singular hardware architectures, cutting-edge software environments, and stricter security measures as compared with users’ own resources. As a result, users often create and configure digital artifacts in ways that are specialized for the unique infrastructure at a given HPC center. Each user of that center will face similar challenges as they develop specialized solutions to take full advantages of the center’s resources, potentially resulting in significant duplication of effort. Much duplicated effort could be avoided, however, if users of these centers found it easier to discover others’ solutions and artifacts as well as share their own. The FAIR principles address this problem by presenting guidelines focused around metadata practices to be implemented by vaguely defined “communities”; in practice, these tend to gather by domain (e.g. bioinformatics, geosciences, agriculture). Domain-based communities can unfortunately end up functioning as silos that tend both to inhibit sharing of solutions and best practices as well as to encourage fragile and unsustainable improvised solutions in the absence of best-practice guidance. We propose that these communities pursuing “science at scale” be nurtured both individually and collectively by HPC centers so that users can take advantage of shared challenges across disciplines and potentially across HPC centers. We describe an architecture based on the EOSC-Life FAIR Workflows Collaboratory, specialized for use with and inside HPC centers such as the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF), and we speculate on user incentives to encourage adoption. We note that a focus on FAIR workflow components rather than FAIR workflows is more likely to benefit the users of HPC centers.

Wilkinson, Sean [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000214437479)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Electrochemical Recovery of Iron from Spent Pickle Liquor by Chloride-Based Molten Salt Electrolysis

Spent pickle liquor (SPL) is a waste stream generated in the steel industry that presents both a disposal challenge and a potential resource for metal recovery. This study investigates the electrochemical extraction of high-purity iron metal from SPL using chloride-based molten salt electrolysis (CMSE). Electrochemical characterization of diluted SPL confirmed Fe 2+ as the dominant species. Thermal dehydration of SPL under inert atmosphere yielded FeCl 2 -rich solids, which were directly employed as feedstock for electrolysis in LiCl–KCl eutectic melts at 500 °C. Cyclic voltammetry of FeCl 2 in this melt revealed well-defined Fe 2+ /Fe 0 redox behavior within the electrochemical stability window of the supporting electrolyte. High coulombic efficiency (>85%) electrodeposition was achieved demonstrating that iron metal can be produced from dehydrated SPL by CMSE. The electrodeposited iron exhibited >98 wt% purity, which was further enhanced to 99.9 wt% via arc melting. The resulting iron powder was ferromagnetic, and its size distribution was found to be suitable for powder metallurgy applications. This work demonstrates a scalable, energy-efficient pathway for valorizing SPL into high-purity iron metal, advancing circular economy strategies in the steel industry.

Materials science↗
DOE OSTI2024

Data for Harnessing the Potential of Oilcane Waste Mud for Recovering Biobased Waxes

Oilcane is an engineered sugarcane with the ability to hyper-accumulate vegetative lipids. It is processed to obtain juice and bagasse as a potential substrate for the production of biofuels and biochemicals. The juice comprises solid particles that are separated as waste mud before the fermentation of the juice. In this study, the oilcane waste mud (OWM) generated from 1000 liters of oilcane juice was quantified and evaluated as a potential resource for recovering biobased waxes. Hexane and ethyl acetate were evaluated as two different solvents for extracting waxes from OWM followed by its purification using acetone. The extracted biobased wax samples were characterized for their chemical and thermal profiles which were then compared with commercial natural waxes. Detailed mass balance shows that 53.6 ± 2.6 kg (dry basis) of solid OWM gets generated upon processing 1000 L (~1068 kg) of oilcane juice. Hexane and ethyl acetate led to a crude wax yield of 25.6 ± 0.2% and 16.6 ± 0.4% (wt/wt, dry basis) respectively from OWM at the end of 8 h. The relative purification of the wax samples was reported in the range of 58%–65% (wt/wt). The purified OWM wax has a melting point of 74.7°C. The waste mud was valorized as a source of biobased waxes with characteristic chemical and thermal profiles comparable to commercial natural waxes (carnauba and beeswax). Considering the decline in the supply of petroleum wax in the future coupled with the switch to “greener” alternative products by consumers, OWM could be a valuable source of natural wax in the industrial sector reducing the dependence on petroleum waxes. Eventually, recovering biobased wax as a co-product from OWM would bring in an additional stream of revenue leading to the development of a zero-waste biorefinery based on bioenergy crops.

Biomass Analytics↗
DOE OSTI2020

Performance Assessments of Demand Flexibility from Grid-Interactive Efficient Buildings: Issues and Considerations

This SEE Action Network report explains basic concepts and fundamental considerations for assessing the actual demand flexibility performance of buildings participating in demand flexibility programs and responding to time-varying retail rates. Demand flexibility is the capability of distributed energy resources (DERs) to adjust a building’s load profile across different timescales. Assessments determine the timing, location, quantity, and quality of grid services provided. The results can be used for financial settlements and to improve performance of demand flexibility, support its consideration in resource potential studies and electricity system planning, and contribute to cost-effectiveness evaluations. While practitioners and regulators regularly find opportunities to improve performance assessments of demand-related services, to a large degree current best practices are sufficient for basic service offerings as demand flexibility is implemented today. However, advances in assessment practices will be required in a future with grid-interactive efficient buildings (GEBs) that provide continuous demand flexibility by integrating multiple DERs and flexibility modes (load shed, load shift, modulate, and generate). Example practices include using new baseline constructs—including whether baselines are even required for certain building flexibility modes or configurations, deploying more advanced metering and analytics, further developing cybersecurity standards, improving communication standards for increased interoperability, and establishing performance metrics and assessment procedures for load modulation as it is more fully defined and implemented. This report provides information on prioritizing and designing performance assessment elements for demand flexibility programs and time-varying retail rates, assessment protocols, and research and development needs. Additional research sponsored by DOE’s Building Technologies Office offers more detailed technical information on assessing performance of demand flexibility, including definition of performance metrics.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗