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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Review—(Mn,Co) 3 O 4 -Based Spinels for SOFC Interconnect Coating Application

With the reduction of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) operating temperature to the range of 600 °C–800 °C, Cr-containing ferritic alloys have become the preferred interconnect material, which unfortunately are susceptible to continuous scale growth and Cr volatility at the SOFC operating temperatures. The (Mn,Co) 3 O 4 spinel system is widely regarded as the most effective coating for SOFC interconnect protection, due to its high thermal and electrical conductivity, adequate coefficient of thermal expansion, and excellent Cr blocking capability. This article reviews the physical and chemical properties of the (Mn,Co) 3 O 4 -based spinels; different types of coating precursors and deposition techniques; and the effects of spinel composition, quality and thickness on the coating performance. Furthermore, it is concluded that the spinel coating composition, quality, and thickness are more critical than the coating process in affecting the overall coating performance.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2020

Evaluating Trade-offs in Potential Exascale Interconnect Technologies

This report details work to study trade-offs in topology and network bandwidth for potential interconnects in the exascale (2021-2022) timeframe. The work was done using multiple interconnect models across two parallel discrete event simulators. Results from each independent simulator are shown and discussed and the areas of agreement and disagreement are explored.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Interconnections Seam Study [Slides]

The Interconnections Seam Study analyzes the grid impacts of increased connections between the Eastern and Western Interconnections in North America.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

An Overview of Inverter-based Resource Interconnection Standards

For the past century, electric power systems have primarily been bulk power systems consisting of generation, transmission, and distribution networks. Now the rapid expansion of distributed renewable power sources (RESs) and the shift from large, conventional synchronous machine resources to smaller-sized resources with diverse generation characteristics become the most significant change in modern power systems. With the increasing penetration of RESs, which are inverter-based resources (IBRs), it is important to develop interconnection standards that define performance and capability criteria for these IBRs. This is necessary to ensure the stable and reliable operation of power systems. This report summarizes the standards for IBRs interconnection in North America.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Queued Up: 2024 Edition, Characteristics of Power Plants Seeking Transmission Interconnection As of the End of 2023 [Slides]

Electric transmission system operators (ISOs, RTOs, or utilities) require projects seeking to connect to the grid to undergo a series of impact studies before they can be built. This process establishes what new transmission equipment or upgrades may be needed before a project can connect to the system and assigns the costs of that equipment. The lists of projects in this process are known as “interconnection queues”. The amount of new electric capacity in these queues is growing dramatically, with nearly 2,600 gigawatts (GW) of total generation and storage capacity now seeking connection to the grid (over 95% of which is for zero-carbon resources like solar, wind, and battery storage). However, most projects that apply for interconnection are ultimately withdrawn, and those that are built are taking longer on average to complete the required studies and become operational. Data from these queues nonetheless provide a general indicator for mid-term trends in developer interest.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Western Interconnection Baseline Study

The purpose of the baseline study is to evaluate the degree to which current industry planning processes meet the national 2035 decarbonization goals for the Western Interconnection. This analysis serves as a comparative baseline for the scenario analysis conducted in the NTP Study using a Western Interconnection dataset that is readily available to industry. This baseline analysis differs from the production cost modeling analysis and power flow analysis in the main NTP Study report (forthcoming). In particular, the analysis presented in this report reflects a business-as-usual future with an optimistic build out of specific planned transmission projects and foreseeable generation. In contrast, the NTP Study models a future generation and transmission expansion based on optimization from a capacity expansion model. The analysis presented herein also reflects a 2030 timeframe, whereas the main NTP Study production cost modeling analysis and power flow analysis reflect a 2035 time frame. This baseline analysis utilizes industry’s most reliable data to account for future transmission projects across various stages of development, with a particular focus on those in the permitting stage. Additionally, it incorporates projections for changes in generation capacity (both additions and retirements). This baseline analysis outlines a probable trajectory, given current process and practice, for the future of the bulk power system with a horizon extending to 2030.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2026

A Review of Distributed Wind Interconnection Technology and Standards

The objectives of this report are to discuss the uniqueness of power converters in distributed wind (DW), identify challenges in complying with existing standards, prioritize technological innovations to facilitate interconnection of DW energy systems, and, where necessary, propose potential clarifications or revisions to standards. This report evaluates IEEE 1547-2018, IEEE 1547.1-2020, and UL 1741 SB standards and their implications for DW. A standards review and interviews of DW industry stakeholders were conducted to identify challenges in the application of current standards to DW. The study concludes with a combination of recommendations of pathways towards facilitating DW product commercialization and DW interconnection, which draws on participation from multiple stakeholders in the space. These solutions can continue to be explored to improve DW standards compliance, improve the applicability of the standards to DW, reduce certification testing barriers, and ensure the safe and reliable operation of DW energy resources and electric power systems.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Queued Up: 2026 Edition, Characteristics of Power Plants Seeking Transmission Interconnection As of the End of 2025 [Slides]

Electric transmission system operators (ISOs, RTOs, or utilities) require proposed power plants seeking to connect to the transmission grid to undergo a series of impact studies before they can be built. This process establishes what new transmission equipment or upgrades may be needed before a project can connect to the system and assigns the costs of that equipment. The lists of projects in this process are known as “interconnection queues”. In collaboration with https://www.interconnection.fyi. Berkeley Lab compiled, aggregated, and cleaned interconnection queue data from >50 transmission grid operators (7 ISO/RTOs and 50 non-ISO balancing areas), which collectively represent ~98% of currently installed U.S. electric generating capacity.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Solar permitting, inspection, and interconnection cycletimes and requirements

Twenty three small-to-large residential, commercial, and industrial PV installers submitted project-level data for analysis, which included timestamps for major components of the permitting, inspection, and interconnection process as well as contract and installation dates. NREL calculated median timelines for these processes across the authorities having jurisdiction (AHJs) and utilities represented in the data. Also included are relevant permitting requirements for AHJs and interconnection process requirements for utilities. This dataset represents the underlying results shown in the Solar Time-based Residential Analytics and Cycle time Estimator (SolarTRACE) viewer. This dataset has been reviewed but errors may exist, and it may not be comprehensive. Errors in the sources (e.g., AHJ permitting requirements lists from data partners) may be duplicated in the dataset.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Properties of the Inter-area Modes of the U.S. Eastern Interconnection System

With an increase in the oscillation events observed in the U.S. Eastern Interconnection (EI), it has become increasingly important to have a good understanding of the EI system oscillatory behavior. However, as compared to the Western Interconnection system (WI), not much work has been done in this regard for the EI system. Therefore, in this paper, a thorough analysis is carried out to identify inter-area modes and their properties for the EI system using model-based approach. Multi-channel Prony method is used in this paper for estimating system modes and mode-shapes.

Agrawal, Urmila↗
DOE OSTI2023

Online Tracking of Two Dominant Inter-Area Modes of Oscillation in the Eastern Interconnection

Reliable power system operation requires that small-signal stability be maintained at all times. Mode meters are measurement-based tools that provide operators with situational awareness of the system's stability margin. They operate by continually tracking the inter-area modes of oscillation that govern small-signal stability. This paper reports on the deployment of mode meters for online monitoring of two dominant modes of oscillation in the United States' Eastern Interconnection (EI). The use of measurements from system operators across the interconnection to provide continuous tracking is novel in the EI. Results from over four months of analysis reveal diurnal patterns in the modes and demonstrate that they can be tracked through a variety of system conditions. The results from this study continue to build an understanding of the EI's modes that will inform future modeling and monitoring efforts.

Follum, James D.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Method of additively manufacturing an integrated circuit of an interconnect packaging structure

A method of manufacturing an interconnect packaging structure is provided. In one aspect, the method includes forming a first body defining a cavity around at least one integrated circuit using an additive manufacturing machine, depositing a conductive transmission line on the first body and electrically coupling the conductive transmission line and the at least one integrated circuit with a conductive interconnect.

Papapolymerou, Ioannis↗
DOE OSTI2023

Experimental review of the performances of protective coatings for interconnects in solid oxide fuel cells

Ferritic stainless-steel interconnects are used in solid oxide fuel cells; however, coatings are required to improve their performance. Although several types of coatings have been proposed, they have been scarcely investigated under similar conditions. This study compares the characteristics of uncoated Crofer 22 APU and eight different coatings on Crofer 22 APU for up to 3,000 hours at 800°C. The coatings were deposited at various research laboratories around the world, and the experiments were performed at Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden. Cross-sections of the samples were analysed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The (Co,Mn)-based coated steels showed more than 50-fold lower chromium evaporation and at least 3 times thinner Cr 2 O 3 scale thickness compared to uncoated steel. The coated steel samples showed lower area-specific resistance (ASR) values than the uncoated steel after 3,000 hours of exposure, irrespective of the coating thickness, composition and deposition method.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Grid Strength Analysis for Integrating 30 GW of Offshore Wind Generation by 2030 in the U.S. Eastern Interconnection

Offshore wind is a key player in the transition to a decarbonized electric gird, and the United States has set ambitious goals of integrating 30 GW of offshore wind capacity by 2030 and 110 GW by 2050. To facilitate this integration, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory are conducting the Atlantic Offshore Wind Transmission Study to assess transmission solutions. To achieve the 110-GW target by 2050, meticulous planning for network expansion and resource allocation is essential; however, meeting the 2030 goals requires integrating offshore wind power with minimal system upgrades, thus necessitating a careful study of grid strength and stability. The study team developed the Automated System-wide Strength Evaluation Tool (ASSET) to assess system strength under various operating conditions and contingencies, focusing on the proposed integration of 30 GW of offshore wind power by 2030. In this paper, we provide a summary of key features of the ASSET software and results of the grid strength analysis for integrating 30 GW of offshore wind generation by 2030 in the U.S. Eastern Interconnection.

Automated System-wide Strength Evaluation Tool (AS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Statistical Analysis of Inter-Area Oscillations in the U.S. Eastern Interconnection: A 2017-2023 Perspective

Recent advancements and the accumulation of high-resolution, long-term phasor measurement unit (PMU) data have provided detailed insights into inter-area oscillations in power grids. This study conducts a comprehensive statistical analysis of inter-area oscillations within the United States Eastern Interconnection from 2017 to 2023. Utilizing data captured by the advanced wide-area Frequency Monitoring Network (FNET/GridEye), this investigation examines the occurrence patterns, dominant frequencies, damping ratios, and excitation mechanisms of these oscillations. Our analysis sheds light on the evolving statistical behaviors of inter-area oscillations, offering updated and critical information for grid operators and planners. The insights gained from this study can be instrumental in enhancing the operational resilience of the power network and guiding strategic developments in grid infrastructure to accommodate future challenges. Additionally, the study discusses emerging challenges associated with the modernization of the power grid, including increased renewable penetration, dynamic load variability, and cyber-physical vulnerabilities that complicate oscillation monitoring and control.

Inter-area oscillations↗
DOE OSTI2022

SpectralFly: Ramanujan Graphs as Flexible and Efficient Interconnection Networks

In recent years, graph theoretic considerations have become increasingly important in the design of HPC interconnection topologies. One approach is to seek optimal or near-optimal families of graphs with respect to a particular graph theoretic property, such as diameter. For example, the SlimFly topology is based on a construction of McKay, Miller, and \v{S}ir\'{a}\v{n} which produces a diameter two graph on a number of nodes approaching the Moore bound, i.e. the largest possible diameter two graph with a fixed radix. Motivated by recent work of Aksoy, Bruillard, Young, and Raugas, we consider topologies which optimize the spectral gap rather than the diameter. In particular, we introduce a novel HPC topology, SpectralFly, designed around the Ramanujan graph construction of Lubotzky, Phillips, and Sarnak (LPS). In this work, we show that the combinatorial properties, such as diameter, bisection bandwidth, average path length, and resilience to link failure, of SpectralFly topologies are better than, or comparable to, similarly constrained DragonFly, SlimFly, and BundleFly topologies. Additionally, we simulate the performance of SpectralFly topologies on a representative sample of physics-inspired HPC workloads using the Structure Simulation Toolkit Macroscale Element Library simulator and demonstrate considerable benefit to using LPS construction as the basis of the SpectralFly topology.

graphs and networks, network topology, interconnec↗
DOE OSTI2021

Decentralized Filtering Adaptive Neural Network Control for Uncertain Switched Interconnected Nonlinear Systems

This article presents a novel decentralized filtering adaptive neural network control framework for uncertain switched interconnected nonlinear systems. Each subsystem has its own decentralized controller based on the established decentralized state predictor. For each subsystem, the nonlinear uncertainties are approximated by a Gaussian radial basis function (GRBF) neural network incorporated with a piecewise constant adaptive law, where the adaptive law will update adaptive parameters from the error dynamics between the host system and the decentralized state predictor by discarding the unknowns, whereas a decentralized filtering control law is derived to cancel both local and mismatched uncertainties from other subsystems, as well as achieve the local objective tracking of the host system. The achievement of global objective depends on the achievement of local objective for each subsystem. The matched uncertainties are canceled directly by adopting their opposite in the control signal, whereas a dynamic inversion of the system is required to eliminate the effect of the mismatched uncertainties on the output. By exploiting the average dwell time principle, the error bounds between the real system and the virtual reference system, which defines the best performance that can be achieved by the closed-loop system, are derived. A numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the decentralized filtering adaptive neural network control architecture by comparing against the model reference adaptive control (MRAC).

Average dwell time, decentralized, filtering adapt↗
DOE OSTI2022

Providencia Island White Papers: Overview of Technical Requirements for Interconnection

This issue brief provides an overview of key technical requirements for inverter-based resources - including distributed energy resources (DERs) - to support the reliable and safe operation of the Providencia Island electrical grid, and other island or isolated area mini-grid applications. With the planned increase in inverter-based resources and the introduction of energy storage, adopting Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Std 1547-2018, including the more advanced performance capabilities for voltage and frequency ride-through, will simplify interconnection as well as help to maintain a safe, reliable grid on Providencia Island.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗