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DOE OSTI2024

Magnetoelectric Coupling in a Mn 4 Na–Organic Complex under Pulsed Magnetic Fields up to 73 T

Research on the magnetoelectric (ME) effect (or spin-electric coupling) in molecule-based magnetic materials is a relatively nascent but promising topic. Molecule-based magnetic materials have diverse magnetic functionalities that can be coupled to electrical properties. Here, in this study, we investigate a realization of ME coupling that is fundamental but not heavily studied─the coupling of magnetic spin level crossings to changes in electric polarization. A mixed-valence Mn 4 Na complex with a total ground-state spin S = 5/2 under zero magnetic field and S = 17/2 under high magnetic field undergoes a cascade of ground-state level crossings of the S z states with increasing magnetic field. Magnetization and electrical polarization measurements under pulsed magnetic fields up to 73 T show that each spin level crossing is accompanied by a significant change in electric polarization that is an even function of the applied magnetic field. A molecular Hamiltonian describing antiferromagnetic exchange in a distorted tetrahedron of three Mn III and one Mn II ions matches the data well. We conclude that the ME coupling is caused by magnetostriction within the polar molecule as it distorts to lower its magnetic exchange energy.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2026

Torsional Flexibility Tuning of Hexa-Carboxylate Ligands to Unlock Distinct Topological Access to Zirconium Metal–Organic Frameworks

Zirconium-based metal–organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) exhibit remarkable structural diversity and functionality. However, uncovering new topological types within this family remains a considerable challenge today. Herein, we report two new hexa-topic ligands designed through the introduction of torsional flexibility, which enable the construction of two Zr-MOFs featuring rare network topologies. The (4,4′,4″,4‴,4‴′,4‴′′-((2-carboxybenzene-1,3,5-triyl)tris(9H-carbazole-9,3,6-triyl))hexabenzoic acid ligand (BTCH)) was obtained by replacing the rigid triptycene core in the H6PET-1 ligand (4,4′,4″,4‴,4‴′,4‴′′-(9,10-dihydro-9,10-[1,2]benzenoanthracene-2,3,6,7,14,15-hexayl)hexabenzoic acid) with a benzene-tricarbazole unit. Owing to its torsionally flexible core that allows rotational freedom to the arms, this ligand directs the construction of NU-2620 (NU represents Northwestern University), a Zr-MOF with 8-connected Zr6 clusters and the rare nuh topology. Further flexibilization of the carbazole units to benzene rings yielded the even more torsionally flexible 5′,5‴-bis(4-carboxyphenyl)-5″-(4,4″-dicarboxy-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-5′-yl)-[1,1′:3′,1″:3″,1‴:3‴,1‴′-quinquephenyl]-4,4‴′-dicarboxylic acid ligand (CCTT), which forms NU-2630 featuring 6-connected clusters and the pcu topology. Both frameworks exhibit good chemical stability, prompting evaluation of their performance in CO2 photoreduction catalysis. Under low-concentration CO2 conditions, NU-2620 displays markedly higher catalytic activity than its benzene-based analogue, NU-2630, thanks to the abundance of photoactive carbazole units within its structure. These results demonstrate that introducing torsional flexibility in high-connected linkers can unlock access to new topologies and accelerates the reticular expansion of Zr-MOFs.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2024

Rapid discovery and evolution of nanosensors containing fluorogenic amino acids

Binding-activated optical sensors are powerful tools for imaging, diagnostics, and biomolecular sensing. However, biosensor discovery is slow and requires tedious steps in rational design, screening, and characterization. Here we report on a platform that streamlines biosensor discovery and unlocks directed nanosensor evolution through genetically encodable fluorogenic amino acids (FgAAs). Building on the classical knowledge-based semisynthetic approach, we engineer ~15 kDa nanosensors that recognize specific proteins, peptides, and small molecules with up to 100-fold fluorescence increases and subsecond kinetics, allowing real-time and wash-free target sensing and live-cell bioimaging. An optimized genetic code expansion chemistry with FgAAs further enables rapid (~3 h) ribosomal nanosensor discovery via the cell-free translation of hundreds of candidates in parallel and directed nanosensor evolution with improved variant-specific sensitivities (up to ~250-fold) for SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Altogether, this platform could accelerate the discovery of fluorogenic nanosensors and pave the way to modify proteins with other non-standard functionalities for diverse applications.

Biosensors↗

DOE OSTI2026

Supramolecular assembly of molecular wires alternating crown ethers and metal–halide complexes

Metal–halide complexes serve as key emissive centres in halide perovskites; however, precise control over their spatial organization through bottom-up assembly is challenging. Here we show that a crown-ether-assisted supramolecular assembly strategy can alternatingly connect metal–halide complexes and (crown ether@A) 2+ (where ‘A’ is an alkaline earth metal cation) complexes into a one-dimensional molecular wire, which can then be packed into a hexagonal crystal structure. This process resulted in the creation of an (18C6@Ba)MnBr 4 single crystal with green emission, achieving over 80% photoluminescence quantum yield and a narrow full width at half maximum. In addition, the non-centrosymmetric crystal structure gave rise to strong nonlinear optical responses, including second-harmonic generation. This versatile supramolecular assembly approach could be generalized to create various [M(I)X 2 ] − , [M(I)X 3 ] 2− , [M(II)X 4 ] 2− and [M(III)X 5 ] 2− molecular wires, broadening the potential for diverse emission colours and distinct optical properties. This strategy provides a general design principle for constructing supramolecular metal–halide building blocks with diverse optical functionalities.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2025

Discovering methylated DNA motifs in bacterial nanopore sequencing data with MIJAMP

Abstract Bacterial DNA methylation is involved in diverse cellular functions, including modulation of gene expression, DNA repair, and restriction–modification systems for defense against viruses and other foreign DNA. Restriction systems hinder efforts to engineer organisms to produce fuels and chemicals from waste and renewable feedstocks by degrading DNA during transformation. Methylome analysis allows identification of motifs within a bacterial chromosome that may be targeted by native restriction enzymes. Further expression of the corresponding methyltransferases in Escherichia coli allows plasmid DNA to be protected from restriction in the target organism, thereby drastically enhancing transformation efficiency. Nanopore sequencing can detect methylated bases, but software is needed to transform modified base coordinates into methylated motifs. Here, we develop MIJAMP (MIJAMP Is Just A MethylBED Parser), a software package that was developed to discover methylated motifs from the output of ONT’s Modkit or other data in the methylBED format. MIJAMP employs a human-driven refinement strategy that empirically validates all motifs against genome-wide methylation data, thus eliminating incorrect motifs. MIJAMP also reports methylation data on specific, user-defined motifs. Using MIJAMP, we determined the methylated motifs both in a control strain (wild-type E. coli) and in Synecococcus sp. strain PCC7002, laying the foundation for improved transformation in this organism. MIJAMP is available at https://code.ornl.gov/alexander-public/mijamp/. One Sentence Summary: Here we describe software written to discover DNA methylation motifs from nanopore sequencing data.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

A distinct subpopulation of membrane vesicles in Pseudomonas putida is enriched in enzymes for lignin catabolism

Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) mediate diverse microbial processes and are emerging as powerful biomedical tools, but MV population heterogeneity remains an open question. Here, we separate, enumerate, and characterize two MV populations from the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida during growth with or without lignin-derived carbon, a major carbon source from plant cells in the rhizosphere. Small MVs (MV-S, diameter ~100 nm) were produced from all cultures, whereas large MVs (MV-L, diameter ~300 nm) were observed during the late stationary phase of lignin cultivations. MV-S contained selectively packaged proteins with diverse physiological functions, whereas the MV-L proteome was smaller and largely enriched in outer membrane proteins. Interestingly, enzymes known to mediate the catabolism of lignin-derived aromatic compounds were enriched in MV-S. Overall, this study highlights the need for careful consideration of MV populations in microbial systems.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS1998

Molecular regulation of plant cell wall extensibility

Gravity responses in plants often involve spatial and temporal changes in cell growth, which is regulated primarily by controlling the ability of the cell wall to extend. The wall is thought to be a cellulose-hemicellulose network embedded in a hydrated matrix of complex polysaccharides and a small amount of structural protein. The wall extends by a form of polymer creep, which is mediated by expansins, a novel group of wall-loosening proteins. Expansins were discovered during a molecular dissection of the "acid growth" behavior of cell walls. Expansin alters the rheology of plant walls in profound ways, yet its molecular mechanism of action is still uncertain. It lacks detectable hydrolytic activity against the major components of the wall, but it is able to disrupt noncovalent adhesion between wall polysaccharides. The discovery of a second family of expansins (beta-expansins) sheds light on the biological role of a major group of pollen allergens and implies that expansins have evolved for diverse developmental functions. Finally, the contribution of other processes to wall extensibility is briefly summarized.

Review↗

NASA NTRS1998

Cellular control lies in the balance of forces

Mechanical tension generated within the cytoskeleton of living cells is emerging as a critical regulator of biological function in diverse situations ranging from the control of chromosome movement to the morphogenesis of the vertebrate brain. In this article, we review recent advances that have been made in terms of understanding how cells generate, transmit and sense mechanical tension, as well as how they use these forces to control their shape and behavior. An integrated view of cell regulation that incorporates mechanics and structure as well as chemistry is beginning to emerge.

Review, Tutorial↗

NASA NTRS2015

Free-Energy Calculations. A Mathematical Perspective

Ion channels are pore-forming assemblies of transmembrane proteins that mediate and regulate ion transport through cell walls. They are ubiquitous to all life forms. In humans and other higher organisms they play the central role in conducting nerve impulses. They are also essential to cardiac processes, muscle contraction and epithelial transport. Ion channels from lower organisms can act as toxins or antimicrobial agents, and in a number of cases are involved in infectious diseases. Because of their important and diverse biological functions they are frequent targets of drug action. Also, simple natural or synthetic channels find numerous applications in biotechnology. For these reasons, studies of ion channels are at the forefront of biophysics, structural biology and cellular biology. In the last decade, the increased availability of X-ray structures has greatly advanced our understanding of ion channels. However, their mechanism of action remains elusive. This is because, in order to assist controlled ion transport, ion channels are dynamic by nature, but X-ray crystallography captures the channel in a single, sometimes non-native state. To explain how ion channels work, X-ray structures have to be supplemented with dynamic information. In principle, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations can aid in providing this information, as this is precisely what MD has been designed to do. However, MD simulations suffer from their own problems, such as inability to access sufficiently long time scales or limited accuracy of force fields. To assess the reliability of MD simulations it is only natural to turn to the main function of channels - conducting ions - and compare calculated ionic conductance with electrophysiological data, mainly single channel recordings, obtained under similar conditions. If this comparison is satisfactory it would greatly increase our confidence that both the structures and our computational methodologies are sufficiently accurate. Channel conductance, defined as the ratio of ionic current through the channel to applied voltage, can be calculated in MD simulations by way of applying an external electric field to the system and counting the number of ions that traverse the channel per unit time. If the current is small, a voltage significantly higher than the experimental one needs to be applied to collect sufficient statistics of ion crossing events. Then, the calculated conductance has to be extrapolated to the experimental voltage using procedures of unknown accuracy. Instead, we propose an alternative approach that applies if ion transport through channels can be described with sufficient accuracy by the one-dimensional diffusion equation in the potential given by the free energy profile and applied voltage. Then, it is possible to test the assumptions of the equation, recover the full voltage/current dependence, determine the reliability of the calculated conductance and reconstruct the underlying (equilibrium) free energy profile, all from MD simulations at a single voltage. We will present the underlying theory, model calculations that test this theory and simulations on ion conductance through a channel that has been extensively studied experimentally. To our knowledge this is the first case in which the complete, experimentally measured dependence of the current on applied voltage has been reconstructed from MD simulations.

free energy↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Advancing Satellite-Constrained Modeled Air-Sea CO 2 Fluxes With a Focus on the Strength of the Southern Ocean Carbon Sink

Challenge and Motivation: The ocean plays a critical role in mitigating climate change by removing approximately a quarter of annual anthropogenic CO 2 emissions from the atmosphere. Model-based estimates point to the Southern Ocean as a key marine region, responsible for approximately 40 % of the anthropogenic carbon uptake by the global ocean. However, the contemporary strength of the Southern Ocean carbon sink has recently come into question. On the one hand, airborne-based observations of atmospheric CO 2 gradients indicate that the Southern Ocean represents a strong net sink of atmospheric CO 2 , consistent in magnitude with atmospheric inversion estimates and surface-ocean partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 )-based products. On the other hand, estimates of pCO 2 based on in situ pH measurements taken by biogeochemical profiling floats yield strong wintertime outgassing fluxes that greatly reduce the Southern Ocean’s annually integrated CO 2 uptake. This uncertainty in the strength of the Southern Ocean air-sea CO 2 flux and its role in the global carbon cycle hinders our ability to constrain global carbon fluxes, one of the major goals of NASA’s Carbon Monitoring System (CMS). Opportunity: The NASA Ocean Biogeochemical Model (NOBM) produces near-global pCO 2 and air-sea CO 2 flux estimates that are currently included into the NASA’s Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) models in support of the CMS effort to monitor global carbon fluxes. The NOBM assimilates ocean color data to improve the representation of biogeochemical fluxes and overcome spatial and temporal gaps in the space-based retrievals. Here, we propose to advance the satellite-constrained flux estimates by investigating the uncertainties in the Southern Ocean air-sea CO 2 flux produced by the NOBM, and assess the value that remote sensing ocean color data can have in providing improved estimates of carbon fluxes in the ocean. Our proposed work includes the delivery of refined in situ float-based carbon fluxes to serve as a constraint on the model-based estimates. Taking advantage of the model’s integration of satellite ocean color data to represent multiple phytoplankton groups, we propose to deliver maps of biogenic carbon export specific to each modeled phytoplankton type and investigate the role of ecological plankton complexity in regulating marine carbon uptake and export. Goals: (a) Delivery of seasonally-adjusted float-based Southern Ocean air-sea CO 2 fluxes: We will produce updated and improved float-based air-sea CO 2 fluxes that will serve as a bias-reduced float-based constraint to evaluate our model-based estimates of the NOBM. (b) Investigation of uncertainties in Southern Ocean air-sea CO 2 flux from the NOBM: Modeled air-sea carbon fluxes will be evaluated against the updated float product as well as ship- and airborne-based data to identify uncertainties and potential model deficiencies. (c) Delivery of model-based carbon export partitioning by phytoplankton functional types (PFTs): We will produce depth-resolved maps of particulate organic export production integrated for all phytoplankton groups and allocated to each individual PFT in the model. The expected significance of this goal is to quantify the role that the functional-oriented diversity in phytoplankton groups represented in the NOBM plays in regulating air-sea CO 2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean.

Lionel A. Arteaga↗

NASA NTRS2005

The Flora Mission for Ecosystem Composition, Disturbance and Productivity

Global land use and climate variability alter ecosystem conditions - including structure, function, and biological diversity - at a pace that requires unambiguous observations from satellite vantage points. Current global measurements are limited to general land cover, some disturbances, vegetation leaf area index, and canopy energy absorption. Flora is a pathfinding mission that provides new measurements of ecosystem structure, function, and diversity to understand the spatial and temporal dynamics of human and natural disturbances, and the biogeochemical and physiological responses of ecosystems to disturbance. The mission relies upon high-fidelity imaging spectroscopy to deliver full optical spectrum measurements (400-2500 nm) of the global land surface on a monthly time step at 45 meter spatial resolution for three years. The Flora measurement objectives are: (i) fractional cover of biological materials, (ii) canopy water content, (iii) vegetation pigments and light-use efficiency, (iv) plant functional types, (v) fire fuel load and fuel moisture content, and (vi) disturbance occurrence, type and intensity. These measurements are made using a multi-parameter, spectroscopic analysis approach afforded by observation of the full optical spectrum. Combining these measurements, along with additional observations from multispectral sensors, Flora will far advance global studies and models of ecosystem dynamics and change.

Asner, Gregory P.↗

NASA NTRS2018

Hydraulic Diversity of Forests Regulates Ecosystem Resilience During Drought

Plants influence the atmosphere through fluxes of carbon, water and energy, and can intensify drought through land–atmosphere feedback effects. The diversity of plant functional traits in forests, especially physiological traits related to water (hydraulic) transport, may have a critical role in land–atmosphere feedback, particularly during drought. Here we combine 352 site-years of eddy covariance measurements from 40 forest sites, remote-sensing observations of plant water content and plant functional-trait data to test whether the diversity in plant traits affects the response of the ecosystem to drought. We find evidence that higher hydraulic diversity buffers variation in ecosystem flux during dry periods across temperate and boreal forests. Hydraulic traits were the predominant significant predictors of cross-site patterns in drought response. By contrast, standard leaf and wood traits, such as specific leaf area and wood density, had little explanatory power. Our results demonstrate that diversity in the hydraulic traits of trees mediates ecosystem resilience to drought and is likely to have an important role in future ecosystem–atmosphere feedback effects in a changing climate.

Climate and Earth system modelling↗

DOE OSTI2025

Microfluidic droplets with amended culture media cultivate a greater diversity of soil microorganisms

ABSTRACT Uncultivated but abundant soil microorganisms have untapped potential for producing broad ranges of natural products, as well as for bioremediation. However, cultivating soil microorganisms while maintaining a broad microorganism diversity to enable phenotyping and functional analysis of as diverse individual isolates as possible remains challenging. In this study, we developed and tested the ability of several culture media formulations that contain defined soil metabolites or soil extracts to maintain microorganism diversity during culture. We also assessed their performance in microfluidic droplet cultivation where single-soil microorganism isolates were encapsulated and cultivated in picoliter-volume water-in-oil emulsion droplets to enable clonal growth needed for downstream functional analyses. Our results show that droplet cultivation with media supplemented by soil extract or soil metabolites enables the recovery of soil microorganisms with higher diversity (up to 1.5-fold higher richness) compared to bulk cultivation methods. Importantly, 1.7-fold more of less abundant (<1%) phyla and 11-fold more of unique genera were recovered, demonstrating the utility of this method for interrogating highly diverse soil microorganisms for broad ranges of applications. IMPORTANCE Although soil microorganisms hold a significant value in bioproduction and bioremediation, only a small fraction—less than 1%—can be cultured under specific media and cultivation conditions. This indicates that there are ample opportunities in harvesting the diverse environmental microorganisms if isolating and recovering these uncultured microorganisms are possible. This paper presents a new cultivation technique composed of isolating single-soil microorganism cell from anin situsoil microorganism community in microfluidic droplets and conducting in-droplet cultivation in media supplemented by soil extract or soil metabolites. This method enables the recovery of a broader diversity of the original microorganism community, laying the groundwork for a high-throughput phenotyping of these diverse microorganisms from their natural habitats.

Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology↗

DOE OSTI2025

Fire and Drought Affect Multiple Aspects of Diversity in a Migratory Bird Stopover Community

Drought and high-severity, stand-replacing wildfires can have substantial impacts on the composition of avian communities, including stop-over communities during migration. An inextricable link exists between drought and wildfire, each operating and impacting across different timescales. Many studies have found nonlinear avian abundance trends in breeding community time series data that include pre- and post-fire observations, describing an initial decrease in abundance followed by rapid increases that can attenuate over time. Here, we use a fall bird-banding dataset to evaluate shifts in a drought-impacted avian community following wildfire from taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic perspectives. We looked at the community as a whole and also categorized birds as residents, migrants, and breeders to assess potential varying responses at the study site. We observed post-fire shifts in functional and phylogenetic diversity that corresponded to changes in vegetation. An influx of migratory insectivores post-fire drove much of the variation between pre- and post-fire avian communities and toward a more related, less phylogenetically dispersed community. A concurrent monsoon season drought was also associated with functional and phylogenetic diversity, highlighting the intertwined pulse press effects on avian communities. Overall, our results suggest that, although bird communities are immediately impacted by fire-driven resource changes, they can rebound over time, it is unclear how long-term drought may continue to shape the composition of these avian communities.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS1999

Orthologs, paralogs and genome comparisons

During the past decade, ancient gene duplications were recognized as one of the main forces in the generation of diverse gene families and the creation of new functional capabilities. New tools developed to search data banks for homologous sequences, and an increased availability of reliable three-dimensional structural information led to the recognition that proteins with diverse functions can belong to the same superfamily. Analyses of the evolution of these superfamilies promises to provide insights into early evolution but are complicated by several important evolutionary processes. Horizontal transfer of genes can lead to a vertical spread of innovations among organisms, therefore finding a certain property in some descendants of an ancestor does not guarantee that it was present in that ancestor. Complete or partial gene conversion between duplicated genes can yield phylogenetic trees with several, apparently independent gene duplications, suggesting an often surprising parallelism in the evolution of independent lineages. Additionally, the breakup of domains within a protein and the fusion of domains into multifunctional proteins makes the delineation of superfamilies a task that remains difficult to automate.

Non-NASA Center↗

DOE OSTI2026

Mesoporous peptide frameworks engineered from crystallizable collagen-mimetic peptide amphiphiles

The rational design of porous frameworks with tunable pore dimensions and chemical functionalities is a critical step toward their implementation in diverse applications. While traditional porous materials are typically constructed from abiotic components, there is increasing interest in employing biologically derived building blocks (e.g., peptides and proteins) that offer unmatched structural and functional diversity. Here, we report the construction of crystalline mesoporous frameworks that are self-assembled from amphiphilic collagen-mimetic peptides. Comprehensive structural characterization via microscopy, spectroscopy, and computational techniques provides insights into the assembly packing model, in which hexagonally packed channels are interconnected by antiparallel-aligned collagen triple helices via hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Lastly, we demonstrate the functional potential of aCMP frameworks through the encapsulation of various molecular guests, including doxorubicin, an anti-cancer drug. Overall, this work establishes a class of mesoporous frameworks, derived from synthetically engineerable peptide conjugates, marking a significant step forward in broadening the architectural scope and application potential of peptide-based materials.

Perez, Anthony R↗

DOE OSTI2025

Climate-driven succession in marine microbiome biodiversity and biogeochemical function

Abstract Seasonal and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) warming result in similar ocean changes as predicted with climate change. Climate-driven environmental cycles have strong impacts on microbiome diversity, but impacts on microbiome function are poorly understood. Here we quantify changes in microbial genomic diversity and functioning over 11 years covering seasonal and ENSO cycles at a coastal site in the southern California Current. We observe seasonal oscillations between large-genome lineages during cold, nutrient rich conditions in winter and spring versus small-genome lineages, including Prochlorococcus and Pelagibacter , in summer and fall. Parallel interannual changes separate communities depending on ENSO condition. Biodiversity shifts translate into clear oscillations in microbiome functional potential. Ocean warming induced an ecosystem with less iron but more macronutrient stress genes, depressed organic carbon degradation potential and biomass, and elevated carbon-to-nutrient biomass ratios. The consistent microbial response observed across time-scales points towards large climate-driven changes in marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles.

Larkin, Alyse A. (ORCID:0000000344660791)↗

DOE OSTI2025

Dual-Responsive Macromolecular Surfaces with Binary Patterns

The development of nanopatterned interfaces incorporating multiple stimuli-responsive polymers has great potential for advancing smart sensors and molecular capture devices, yet it remains challenging due to limitations in patterning techniques and “grafting from” methods. Here, we present a binary-patterned surface featuring honeycomb-shaped photothermal polypyrrole (PPy) and thermally responsive poly(ethylene glycol methyl ether acrylate-co-poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate) [poly(EGMEA-co-PEGMEA)] brushes within the cavities, fabricated using colloidal lithography and surface-initiated photoinduced electron transfer-reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (SI-PET-RAFT) polymerization. The morphology of the surface can be precisely tuned by adjusting the height of each domain. This design integrates unique topographical features with the stimuli-responsiveness of the polymer, enabling the collapse of the copolymer brushes through direct heating or photothermal conversion of PPy under near-IR light. In conclusion, this innovative system offers potential capture-release functionality, providing versatility for diverse applications and enhancing adaptability across different functional scenarios.

Copolymers↗