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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2014

The ISRU Field Tests 2010 and 2012 at Mauna Kea, Hawaii: Results from the Miniaturised Mossbauer Spectrometers Mimos II and Mimos IIA

The 2010 and 2012 In-Situ Resource Utilization Analogue Test (ISRU) [1] on the Mauna Kea volcano in Hawai'i was coordinated by the Northern Centre for Advanced Technology (NORCAT) in collaboration with the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the German Aerospace Center (DLR), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), through the PISCES program. Several instruments were tested as reference candidates for future analogue testing at the new field test site at the Mauna Kea volcano in Hawai'i. The fine-grained, volcanic nature of the material is a suitable lunar and martian analogue, and can be used to test excavation, site preparation, and resource utilization techniques. The 2010 location Pu'u Hiwahine, a cinder cone located below the summit of Mauna Kea (19deg45'39.29" N, 155deg28'14.56" W) at an elevation of ~2800 m, provides a large number of slopes, rock avalanches, etc. to perform mobility tests, site preparation or resource prospecting. Besides hardware testing of technologies and systems related to resource identification, also in situ science measurements played a significant role in integration of ISRU and science instruments. For the advanced Mössbauer instrument MIMOS IIA, the new detector technologies and electronic components increase sensitivity and performance significantly. In combination with the high energy resolution of the SDD it is possible to perform Xray fluorescence analysis simultaneously to Mössbauer spectroscopy. In addition to the Fe-mineralogy, information on the sample's elemental composition will be gathered. The 2010 and 2012 field campaigns demonstrated that in-situ Mössbauer spectroscopy is an effective tool for both science and feedstock exploration and process monitoring. Engineering tests showed that a compact nickel metal hydride battery provided sufficient power for over 12 hr of continuous operation for the MIMOS instruments.

Klingelhoefer, G.↗
NASA NTRS2018

A Tale of "Two" Comets: The Primary Volatile Composition of Comet 2P/Encke Across Apparitions and Implications for Cometary Science

The highly favorable 2017 apparition of 2P/Encke allowed the first comprehensive comparison of primary volatile abundances in a given comet across multiple apparitions. This apparition offered opportunities to address pressing questions in cometary science, including investigating evolutionary and/or heliocentric distance (R(sub h)) effects on volatile production, sampling the hypervolatiles CO and CH4 in an ecliptic comet, and measuring volatile release at small R(sub h). The faintness and frequently low geocentric velocity of ecliptic comets during most apparitions make our near-infrared observations of these hypervolatiles rare and of high scientific impact. We characterized the volatile composition of 2P/Encke on three post-perihelion dates using the iSHELL spectrograph at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on Maunakea, HI. We detected fluorescent emission from nine primary volatiles (H2O, CO, C2H6, CH3OH, CH4, H2CO, NH3, OCS, and HCN) and three fragment species (OH*, NH2, and CN), and obtained a sensitive upper limit for C2H2. We report rotational temperatures, production rates, and mixing ratios (abundances relative to H2O). Compared to mean abundances in comets observed to date in the near-infrared, mixing ratios of trace gases in 2P/Encke were depleted for all species except H2CO and NH3, which were “normal.” The detection of the hypervolatiles CO and CH4 is particularly notable given the paucity of measurements in ecliptic comets. We observed significant differences in primary volatile composition compared to published pre-perihelion results from 2003 at larger R(sub h). We discuss possible mechanisms for these differences and discuss these results in the context of findings from the Rosetta mission and ground-based studies of comets.

Roth, Nathan X.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Laboratory experiments on carbonaceous material as a source for the red rectangle visual emissions

The authors subjected mixtures of CO, Ar, N2, H2O, and CH4 with 42 percent and 8 percent argon to an electrical discharge, froze out the reaction products at T about 20 K, and subsequently warmed the sample to room temperature. This resulted in a stable residue having broad-band fluorescence. It is suggested tht interstellar grains in the Red Rectangle/HD 44179 are coated with a residue of generally similar composition that is responsible for the broad emission feature in the 5400-7500 A spectral region.

Wdowiak, Thomas J.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Water quality monitor (EMPAX instrument)

The impetus of the Viking Mission to Mars led to the first miniaturization of a X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRFS). Two units were flown on the Viking Mission and successfully operated for two years analyzing the elemental composition of the Martian soil. Under a Bureau of Mines/NASA Technology Utilization project, this XRFS design was utilized to produce a battery powered, portable unit for elemental analysis of geological samples. This paper will detail design improvements and additional sampling capabilities that were incorporated into a second generation portable XRFS that was funded by the EPA/NASA Technology Utilization project. The unit, Environment Monitoring with Portable Analysis by X-ray (EMPAX), was developed specifically for quantitative determination of the need of EPA and and any industry affected by environmental concerns, the EMPAX fulfills a critical need to provide on-site, real-time analysis of toxic metal contamination. A patent was issued on EMPAX, but a commercial manufacturer is still being sought.

Kelliher, Warren C.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Exploring with Gravity

Among oil and mineral prospecting tools are instruments that measure anomalies in gravitational and related fields. These instruments work because density of hydrocarbon bearing rock or ore deposits is different from normal soil. Langley Research Center undertook a six month feasibility study to adapt a sensitive resonance fluorescence spectrometer as a gravitometer. The spectrometer was improved initially by Langley Research Center to investigate small changes in atomic composition of spacecraft metals that might cause structural fatigue. Results indicate that such device can detect gravitational normalities from air with sufficient accuracy to reveal mineral and oil sources.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS2008

Near-Field Spectroscopy with Nanoparticles Deposited by AFM

An alternative approach to apertureless near-field optical spectroscopy involving an atomic-force microscope (AFM) entails less complexity of equipment than does a prior approach. The alternative approach has been demonstrated to be applicable to apertureless near-field optical spectroscopy of the type using an AFM and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and is expected to be equally applicable in cases in which infrared or fluorescence spectroscopy is used. Apertureless near-field optical spectroscopy is a means of performing spatially resolved analyses of chemical compositions of surface regions of nanostructured materials. In apertureless near-field spectroscopy, it is common practice to utilize nanostructured probe tips or nanoparticles (usually of gold) having shapes and dimensions chosen to exploit plasmon resonances so as to increase spectroscopic-signal strengths. To implement the particular prior approach to which the present approach is an alternative, it is necessary to integrate a Raman spectrometer with an AFM and to utilize a special SERS-active probe tip. The resulting instrumentation system is complex, and the tasks of designing and constructing the system and using the system to acquire spectro-chemical information from nanometer-scale regions on a surface are correspondingly demanding.

Anderson, Mark S.↗
NASA NTRS2011

Mineralogy and Major Element Abundance of the Dust Particles Recovered from Muses-C Regio on the Asteroid Itokawa

Remote sensing by the spacecraft Hayabusa suggested that outermost surface particles of Muses-C regio of the asteroid Itokawa consist of centimeter and sub-centimeter size small pebbles. However, particles we found in the sample catcher A stored in the Hayabusa capsule, where Muses-C particles were captured during first touchdown, are much smaller. i.e., most are smaller than 100 microns in size. This suggests that only small fractions of Muses-C particles were stirred up due to the impact of the sampling horn onto the surface, or due to jets from chemical thrusters during the lift off of the spacecraft from the surface. X-ray fluorescence and near-infrared measurements by the Hayabusa spacecraft suggested that Itokawa surface materials have mineral and major element composition roughly similar to LL chondrites. The particles of the Muses-C region are expected to have experienced some effects of space weathering. Both of these prospects can be tested by the direct mineralogical analyses of the returned Itokawa particles in our study and another one. This comparison is most important aspect of the Hayabusa mission, because it finally links chemical analyses of meteorites fallen on the Earth to spectroscopic measurements of the asteroids.

Nakamura, T.↗
NASA NTRS1965

K/rb ratios in tektites.

Potassium/rubidium ratios and individual K and Rb contents for 54 tektites determined by flame photometry or X-ray fluorescence

TEKTITE↗
NASA NTRS1977

Hydrocarbon group type determination in jet fuels by high performance liquid chromatography

Thirty-two jet and diesel fuel samples of varying chemical composition and physical properties were prepared from oil shale and coal syncrudes. Hydrocarbon types in these samples were determined by a fluorescent indicator adsorption analysis, and the results from three laboratories are presented and compared. Two methods of rapid high performance liquid chromatography were used to analyze some of the samples, and these results are also presented and compared. Two samples of petroleum-based Jet A fuel are similarly analyzed.

Antoine, A. C.↗
NASA NTRS2001

Chemical Aging of Environmentally Friendly Cleaners

Use of cleaners in the manufacturing area demands bottles that will hold a sufficient amount of material and allow for easy and controlled dispensing by the operator without contamination or material leaching from the bottle. The manufacturing storage conditions are also a factor that may affect cleaner chemical integrity and its potential to leave a residue on the part. A variety of squeeze bottles stored in mild (72 F, 10% R.H., dark) and harsh (105 F, 50% R.H., fluorescent lighting) conditions were evaluated to determine the effect of environment and bottle exposure on ozone depleting chemicals (ODC) cleaners chemical composition. Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) bottles were found to be quite permeable to all the cleaners evaluated in this study indicating this bottle type should not be used in the manufacturing area. Fluorinated Polyethylene (FLPE) bottles showed little cleaner loss and change in cleaner chemical composition over time suggesting these bottles would be acceptable for use. Chemical analysis indicates limonene containing cleaners show increased non-volatile residue (NVR) content with storage under harsh conditions. Some cleaners use BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) as stabilizer and to protect against limonene oxidation. Under harsh conditions, BHT was quickly depleted resulting in higher NVR levels.

Biegert, L. L.↗
NASA NTRS2008

[Stardust Amines]

We investigated the abundances of amino acids and amines, as well as their enantiomeric composition in water extracts of comet Wild 2 exposed aerogel and aluminum foils returned by Stardust using liquid chromatography with UV fluorescence detection and time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-FD/ToF-MS). A suite of amino acids and amines including glycine, L-alanine, methylamine (MA), and ethylamine (EA) were identified in the Stardust bulk aerogel. With the exception of MA and EA, all other primary amines detected in comet-exposed aerogels were also present in the aerogel witness tile that was not exposed to Wild 2, suggesting that most amines are terrestrial in origin. The enhanced abundances of MA, EA, and possibly glycine in comet-exposed aerogel compared to controls, coupled with MA to EA ratios (approx.1 to 2) that are distinct from preflight aerogels (approx.7 to lo), suggest that these amines were captured from Wild 2. The presence of cometary amines in Stardust material supports the hypothesis that comets were an important source of prebiotic organics on the early Earth. To better understand their origin, a systematic study of all these species with C, N, and H compound specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) via gas chromatography quadrupole mass spectrometry in with parallel with combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-QMS/IRMS) is being conducted. We will discuss our latest C-CSIA measurements and what they indicate about the origin of the amino acids extracted from Stardust samples.

Dworkin, Jason P.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Time-Resolved OH-PLIF Assessment of Deflagrations Levels in a CH4-O2 Rotating Detonation Rocket Combustor

The parasitic loss incurred by deflagrative pre-burning is considered to be one of the key challenges to the effective implementation of rotating detonation engine (RDE) systems. Thus far, there have been relatively limited high fidelity, spatio-temporally resolved measurements of the pre-burning process as a function of the reactant conditions and composition within an RDE. In this work, simultaneous high-repetition-rate broadband OH* chemiluminescence and OH planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging are employed to investigate deflagrative burning dynamics in a fully optically accessible CH4-O2 RDE as compared to a H2-air systems under the same conditions. A custom-built optical parametric oscillator (OPO) is coupled with a high-repetition-rate burst-mode laser to generate the 284 nm source for the excitation of the Q1(9) transition of the OH radical. Significant deflagrative burning is observed throughout the chamber as a consequence of the oxygen-rich environment. Trailing wave systems that consume unburned reactants in the region immediately following the primary detonation wave are observed. The formation of a product gas recirculation zone that entrains and combusts incoming reactants is observed, and quantitative analysis is performed to gain valuable insight into deflagration characteristics. At an oxidizer mass flux of Gox ≈ 350kg/m2/s, it is found that the levels of pre-wave burning in CH4-O2 are a factor of ∼2-3 times higher than in H2-air in the region directly ahead of the detonation wave at a global equivalence ratio Φ ≈ 1.0. This study highlights the key roles of ignition delay and turbulent mixing of the combustion product and reactant fields on the levels of pre-burning and establishes a methodology for further investigation, such as for the effects of various RDE inlet configurations.

Propulsion↗
NASA NTRS1994

Remote geochemical experiment package for Discovery class missions

Remote sensing x-ray and gamma-ray spectrometers can be used to infer elemental composition on atmosphereless bodies, such as asteroids, the moon, and Mercury. The composition of the planetary body and variations in its surface chemistry are of fundamental importance in understanding the formation and dynamics of that body. Thus, for Discovery class missions, x-ray fluorescence (XRF), gamma-ray spectrometer (GRS), or a combined Geochemical Experiment Package (GEP) have been proposed. These instruments can meet the mission science objectives, while still meeting the weight, power, and cost constraints. These missions include the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous, the Main-belt Asteroid Rendezvous, and others such as HERMES (Mercury Orbiter). This paper presents the results of calculations done to assess the sensitivity of a combined instrument to obtain elemental compositions of planetary bodies with an uncertainty small enough to be scientifically useful.

Clark, Pamela E.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Ionospheric composition: The seasonal anomaly explained

The main photochemical processes of the ionosphere are reanalyzed in the light of laboratory measurements of rate coefficients, using the Atmosphere Explorer data. Major changes to the chemistry include the transfer of nearly all metastable 0(+) ions to N2(+) via charge exchange with N2. The N2(+) ions become vibrationally excited by resonant fluorescence of solar near UV and near infrared radiation, leading to a return transfer of N2(+) ionization to 0(+) by charge exchange or vibrationally excited N2(+) with atomic oxygen. With this chemistry the seasonal variations in the peak electron densities are then shown to be caused primarily by anomalous seasonal variations in neutral composition. The required neutral composition variations are empirically produced by the MSIS model atmosphere. The circulation derived from recent 3D models of the global thermosphere qualitatively accounts for the seasonal variations in neutral composition predicted by the MSIS model. In addition to the composition effect, vibrationally excited N2 is found to contribute a 20% effect to the anomalous seasonal behavior at solar maximum.

Torr, D. G.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Doppler-shifted fluorescence imaging of velocity fields in supersonic reacting flows

The application of Doppler-shifted fluorescence imaging of velocity fields in supersonic reacting flows is analyzed. Focussing on fluorescence of the OH molecule in typical H2-air Scramjet flows, the effects of uncharacterized variations in temperature, pressure, and collisional partner composition across the measurement plane are examined. Detailed measurements of the (1,0) band OH lineshape variations in H2-air combustions are used, along with single-pulse and time-averaged measurements of an excimer-pumped dye laser, to predict the performance of a model velocimeter with typical Scramjet flow properties. The analysis demonstrates the need for modification and control of the laser bandshape in order to permit accurate velocity measurements in the presence of multivariant flow properties.

Allen, M. G.↗
NASA NTRS2012

Enrichment of Non-Terrestrial L-Proteinogenic Amino Acids by Aqueous Alteration on the Tagish Lake Meteorite Parent Body

The distribution and isotopic and enantiomeric compositions of amino acids found in three distinct fragments of the Tagish Lake C2-type carbonaceous chondrite were investigated via liquid chromatography fluorescence detection time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Large L-enantiomeric excesses (L(sub ee) approx. 43 to 59%) of the a-hydrogen aspartic and glutamic amino acids were measured in Tagish Lake, whereas alanine, another alpha-hydrogen protein amino acid, was found to be nearly racemic (D approx. L) using both techniques. Carbon isotope measurements of D- and L-aspartic acid and D- and L-alanine in Tagish Lake fall well outside of the terrestrial range and indicate that the measured aspartic acid enantioenrichment is indigenous to the meteorite. Alternate explanations for the Lexcesses of aspartic acid such as interference from other compounds present in the sample, analytical biases, or terrestrial amino acid contamination were investigated and rejected. These results can be explained by differences in the solid-solution phase behavior of aspartic acid, which can form conglomerate enantiopure solids during crystallization, and alanine, which can only form racemic crystals.

Glavin, Daniel P.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Endurance Testing and Fabrication of Advanced 15-cm and 30-cm Carbon-Carbon Composite Grids

Two sets of carbon-carbon grids in a three-grid SAND configuration were endurance tested for 700 hours. Pre- and post test inspections employing electron microscope scans, x-ray fluorescence, grid mass loss measurements, and measurements of grid aperture diameters and thicknesses revealed an extraordinary low degree of erosion. No reduction in grid thicknesses was detectable within the margin of error of the measurements.

Carbon-Carbon↗
NASA NTRS1994

Measuring glass abundances in lunar agglutinates

The purpose of this study is to develop a standard method for measuring modal abundances of glass in single agglutinates in the lunar regolith. Not only does agglutinitic glass increase in single agglutinates as clasts of older agglutinates get incorporated into newer agglutinates with increasing maturity, but it is in this glassy phase that nanophase superparamagnetic Fe metal originates as a result of reduction reactions during the agglutination process. We report the results of two sets of independent measurements using two different methods to determine the proportion of glass in single agglutinates. We have used polished grain mounts (PGM) of five hand-picked single agglutinates from Apollo 16 soil 61181. The ISI Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) fitted with a high-resolution Backscattered Electron (BSE) detector was used to collect high-contrast BSE images of the agglutinates. Several images were collected to represent each single agglutinate. The contrast, brightness, and focus were adjusted to optimize each image collected. Histograms of the grayscale range for all images produced four 'peaks' corresponding to epoxy, glass, crystalline phases, and metal grains. We analyzed every grid point for 12 elements with a less than 1 micron electron beam using a CAMECA SX-50 electron probe microanalyzer (EPM). If any analysis was not within about 10% of the stoichiometry of a known lunar mineral, we considered that point to be nonmineralic. Our results show that there is a remarkable correspondence in the glass percentages obtained by the two methods. The EPM method may overestimate glass because secondary fluorescence from dusty clasts in agglutinitic glass can give the appearance of nonmineralic targets. The BSE method may underestimate glass because the diversity of compositions of agglutinitic glass may not be contained under one grayscale 'peak' during image analysis.

Strait, M. M.↗