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DOE OSTI2021

Reassembly and Test of High-Field Nb3Sn Dipole Demonstrator MDPCT1

In the framework of the U.S. Magnet Development Program (MDP), Fermilab has developed and tested a high-field Nb$_3$Sn dipole demonstrator MDPCT1 for a post-LHC Hadron Collider. The magnet was first assembled with a lower coil pre-load to minimize the risk of coil damage during assembly and test. In the first test the magnet reached its test goal producing a world record field of 14.1 T at 4.5 K. Next the magnet was reassembled with nominal pre-load to achieve its design field limit of 15 T. This paper describes the details of MDPCT1 inspection, design modifications and reassembly. The magnet quench performance, including training, ramp rate and temperature dependences in the temperature range of 1.9-4.5 K, is presented and discussed.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Emergence of String Monodromy in Effective Field Theory

We demonstrate that when the field theory Kleiss-Kuijf and Bern-Carrasco-Johansson relations are imposed on one color ordering of general local bi-adjoint scalar effective field theories, the string monodromy relations must be obeyed by the other color ordering. This is a surprising example of an open string world-sheet property appearing in a purely field theoretic context. As part of the derivation, we show that nonlinear relations among the four-point Wilson coefficients arise from imposing linear symmetries on the six-point amplitude via factorization. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Chen, Alan Shih-Kuan↗

DOE OSTI2022

Design and demonstration of a low‐field magnetic resonance imaging rhizotron for in‐field imaging of energy sorghum roots

Abstract Root phenotyping provides critical information to plant breeders for developing varieties with improved drought tolerance, greater root biomass, and greater nutrient use efficiency. Phenotyping roots in the natural environment is important for understanding the effect of the soil environment on root genotypic expressions. The goal of this work was to design and test a field‐scale mobile low‐field magnetic resonance imaging (LF‐MRI) Rhizotron that produces actionable root phenotyping data. We demonstrated this novel technology for root visualization and quantification using a LF‐MRI Rhizotron operating at 47 mT with two soil types. The LF‐MRI Rhizotron weights 453 kg, with a height of 90 cm, a diameter of 28 cm and an imaging field of view of 28 cm × 28 cm. The unit was operated in a Belk clay (Entic Hapluderts) and Weswood silt loam (Udifluventic Halustepts) generating 2‐D and 3‐D image data sets. The 2‐D image data had a collection time of 16.5 min per image at an image resolution of 2.2 mm per pixel. The 3‐D data had a collection time of 13 h per image with a 2.2 × 2.2 × 2.2 mm voxel resolution. Low‐field magnetic resonance imaging worked well for visualizing roots in moderate to high clay soils, demonstrating the potential for this technology; however, the broad application of this platform is hampered due to the prohibitively long scanning time to obtain 3‐D images. By increasing the field strength, and therefore the signal‐to‐noise ratio, faster scan times can enable a more useful system for root phenotyping.

Bagnall, G. Cody↗

DOE OSTI2021

Autonomous Tools for Attack Surface Reduction (Final Report)

The electric power grid is a complex critical infrastructure that forms the lifeline of modern society, and its secure and reliable operation is of paramount importance to national security and economic wellbeing. However, recent findings documented in authoritative sources indicate the threat of cyber-based attacks growing in numbers and sophistication. However, securing the grid against stealthy cyberattacks is a challenging task due to legacy nature of the infrastructure coupled with dynamic nature of threat landscape and ever-growing sophistication of the adversaries. Additionally, the grid’s attack surface continues to grow with the increased dependence on digital communications and control that now extends to each consumer through smart meters and distributed energy resources. Unfortunately, this expansive surface increases the grid’s vulnerability and further exposes critical control systems in both substations and control centers. To respond to this emerging need, we had successfully assembled an interdisciplinary team with academic- industry partnership to successfully conduct research, development, evaluation, demonstration, and commercialization of attack surface reduction tools, whose goal was to significantly reduce the cyber attack surface in the North American power grid. Our proposed project was a synergistic collaborative effort leveraging the synergistic expertise of the team members across power systems, cyber security and CPS security, testbeds, field deployments and demonstration, and successful commercialization. The following are the specific tasks that have been successfully completed two phases (2016-2020). Phase I: Task 1: Developed and implemented a robust Project Management and Data Management Plan, coupled with a well thought out Risk Mitigation Plan. Task 2.1: Developed a comprehensive framework that continually assesses and autonomously reduces the attack surface for the power grid control environment spanning across substations, control center and the SCADA network to significantly reduce the risks of cyber attacks. Task 2.2: Developed attack surface analysis techniques, metrics, and tools that assess the attack surface at multiple levels including the control center, substations, and the SCADA network. Task 2.3: Developed attack surface reduction techniques and tools that dynamically reduce attack surface and hence increase attacker’s cost without interfering in the critical functions of the system. Task 2.4: Prototyped, implemented, and quantitatively evaluated/validated the techniques and tools on a realistic industrial CPS security testbed environment by leveraging the unique resources of the team. Task 3: Developed Commercialization plan to transition the developed tools into power system industry stakeholders for a broader adoption by leveraging the expertise of our industrial members. Phase II: Task 4: Successfully completed field demonstration, verification, and evaluation of the effectiveness of the attack surface analysis and reduction techniques on a realistic utility testbed environment. This also involved the development of realistic scenarios, sound metrics, data sets, evaluation criteria, and documentation. Technology integration & Field demonstration: The project had significantly advanced the state-of-the-art research and practice in improving the cybersecurity of our nation’s power grid infrastructure against cyber threats. In particular, the proposed, designed, and deployed attack surface analysis and reduction algorithms and tools have contributed to significantly reducing the exposure and risk of the devices, substations, and the integrated SCADA/EMS/ DMS grid environment to cyber threat. Strong demonstration and evaluation techniques have verified the feasibility of the developed techniques on realistic cyber-physical testbeds and utility partner's real grid environment, and collaborative research and evaluation of attack surface reduction techniques (for wide-are monitoring and control) within a vendor (GE) EMS platform. The Attack Host Analyzer (AHA) tool that was developed through this project was made available through GitHub.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2020

Strictly non-adiabatic quantum control of the acetylene dication using an infrared field

We demonstrate the existence of a strictly non-adiabatic control pathway in deprotonation of the acetylene dication. This pathway is identified experimentally by measuring a kinetic energy shift in an ion coincidence experiment. We use a time dependent Schrödinger equation simulation to identify which properties most strongly affect our control. We find that resonant control around conical intersections is limited by the speed of non-adiabatic dynamics.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2020

Fast neural Poincare maps for toroidal magnetic fields

We demonstrate how to build symplectic neural networks to approximate Hamiltonian and Poincare maps in this notebook. Two examples are given: a simple pendulum and a pertubed pendulum.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2021

Updated magnetized transport coefficients: impact on laser-plasmas with self-generated or applied magnetic fields

Errors in the Epperlein and Haines (1986 Phys. Fluids ) transport coefficients were recently found at low electron magnetizations, with new magnetic transport coefficients proposed simultaneously by two teams (Sadler et al 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. and Davies et al 2021 Phys. Plasmas ); these two separate sets of updated coefficients are shown in this paper to be in agreement. Here, the importance of these new coefficients in laser-plasmas with either self-generated or applied magnetic fields is demonstrated. When an external magnetic field is applied, the cross-gradient-Nernst term twists the field structure; this twisting is reduced by the new coefficients in the low magnetization regime. For plasmas where only self-generated magnetic fields are present, the new coefficients are found to result in the magnetic field moving with the Righi–Leduc heat-flow, enhancing the impact of MHD. Simulations of Biermann battery magnetic fields around ICF hot-spot perturbations are presented, with cross-gradient-Nernst transport increasing spike penetration.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2021

Electric field control of magnon spin currents in an antiferromagnetic insulator

Pure spin currents can be generated via thermal excitations of magnons. These magnon spin currents serve as carriers of information in insulating materials, and controlling them using electrical means may enable energy efficient information processing. Here, we demonstrate electric field control of magnon spin currents in the antiferromagnetic insulator Cr 2 O 3 . We show that the thermally driven magnon spin currents reveal a spin-flop transition in thin-film Cr 2 O 3 . Crucially, this spin-flop can be turned on or off by applying an electric field across the thickness of the film. Using this tunability, we demonstrate electric field–induced switching of the polarization of magnon spin currents by varying only a gate voltage while at a fixed magnetic field. We propose a model considering an electric field–dependent spin-flop transition, arising from a change in sublattice magnetizations via a magnetoelectric coupling. These results provide a different approach toward controlling magnon spin current in antiferromagnets.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2021

From occupants to occupants: A review of the occupant information understanding for building HVAC occupant-centric control

Occupants are the core of the built environment. Traditional Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems operate with predefined schedules and maximum occupancy assumptions with no consideration of specific occupant information. These generalized assumptions usually do not align with the actual demand and result in over-conditioning and occupant discomfort. In recent years, with the aid of Information & Communication Technology (ICT) and Computer Science (CS), it is possible to acquire real-time and accurate occupant information to satisfy the exact thermal requirement through specific HVAC control in one particular built environment. This mechanism is called HVAC “Occupant-centric Control (OCC).” HVAC OCC strategy starts with collecting the occupant’s information (e.g., presence/absence) and then applies it to meet the occupant’s requirement (e.g., thermal comfort). However, even though some research studies and field pilot demonstrations have been devoted to the field of OCC, there is a lack of systematic knowledge about occupant data, which is the principal component of OCC for HVAC researchers and practitioners. To fill this gap, this review paper discusses OCC with a particular emphasis on occupant information and investigates how this information can assist HVAC operation in providing an acceptable built environment in required spaces during the required time. Finally, we provide a fine-grained, comprehensive picture of occupant information, discuss its features, the modalities of information feed-in into the HVAC control, and the application of commonly utilized occupant information for OCC.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2023

On Distribution Grid Optimal Power Flow Development and Integration

Due to changes in electric distribution grid operation, new operation regimes have been recommended. Distribution grid optimal power flow (DOPF) has received tremendous attention in the research community, yet it has not been fully adopted across the utility industry. Our paper recognizes this problem and suggests a development and integration procedure for DOPF. We propose development of DOPF as a three step procedure of 1) processing the grid, 2) obtaining a tractable solution, and 3) implementing multiple solution algorithms and benchmarking them to improve application reliability. For the integration of DOPF, we demonstrate how a DOPF federate may be developed that can be integrated in a co-simulation environment to mimic the real-world conditions and hence improve its practicality to be deployed in the field. To demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methods, tests on IEEE 123 bus system are performed where the usage of tractable formulation in DOPF algorithm development and its comparison to the benchmark solution are demonstrated.

Hanif, Sarmad↗

DOE OSTI2024

Assessment of Training Performance, Degradation and Robustness of Paraffin-Wax Impregnated Nb 3 Sn Demonstrator Under High Magnetic Field

In the context of high-energy physics, the use of Nb 3 Sn superconducting magnets as a cost-effective and reliable technology depends on improvements in the following areas: long development and manufacturing cycles, conductor degradation after thermal cycling, long training, as well as a demonstration in accelerator magnets with a beam aperture of the full potential of modern Nb 3 Sn conductors. In short, performance, robustness, and cost are the three issues to be addressed. The Magnet Development project (MagDev) of the Swiss Accelerator Research and Technology initiative (CHART) at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) aims to contribute to the solutions to each of these issues, re-thinking the manufacturing and design process. Here in our program, every innovation is to be validated by means of a panoply of fast-turnaround tools: from non-powered and powered samples and coils, tested under background field, to low-field subscale magnets and high field short prototypes. This work presents one element in this panoply of R&D vehicles: a stress-managed Nb 3 Sn coil called BigBOX, impregnated with paraffin wax, and tested, through a collaboration with the Magnet Development Program of the United States (US-MDP), in the background field of Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL)’s common coils dipole DCC17.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2025

Structural and magnetic properties of CoTeMo⁢O 6

Here, we have conducted a comprehensive investigation into the magnetic properties of the chiral multiferroic material CoTeMo⁢O 6 . In contrast with the previous claim of canted antiferromagnetic order with ferromagnetic components [Y. Doi et al., J. Solid State Chem. 182, 3232 (2009)], our investigation reveals an antiferromagnetic ground state with compensated moments, providing an interesting platform for exploring exotic material properties. Through careful measurements of magnetization under a series of applied fields, we demonstrate that there exist two sequential field-induced magnetic transitions in CoTeMo⁢O 6 , with one occurring at 𝐻 𝑐⁢1 =460 Oe along the 𝑎 axis, and the other at 𝐻 𝑐⁢2 =1.16 T with the field along the 𝑏 axis. The values of 𝐻 𝑐⁢1 and 𝐻 𝑐⁢2 exhibit strong angular dependence and diverge with different rates as the applied field is rotated 90 ° within the 𝑎⁢𝑏 plane. This reflects the distinct nature of these transitions, which is further supported by the different critical behavior of 𝐻 𝑐⁢1 and 𝐻 𝑐⁢2 , characterized by the values of 𝛾, in the function of 𝐻 𝑐 =𝐻 0 ⁡(1−𝑇/𝑇 𝑐 ) 𝛾 . Furthermore, we have demonstrated that there exist structural and magnetic twin domains in CoTeMo⁢O 6 that strongly affect the experimental measurement of their macroscopic properties. Intriguingly, these twin domains can be related to the orthorhombicity/chirality of the crystal structure with the space group 𝑃⁢2 1 ⁢2 1⁢ 2. We further explored the magnetic and structural domains with uniaxial pressure and polarized light microscopy. Our results suggest that CoTeMo⁢O 6 could be used as a unique platform for investigating the intriguing physics involving intertwined degrees of freedom. The tunability of the underlying domain distribution and its strong anisotropy could also be useful for developing functional devices and applications.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2022

Real-Time Highly Resolved Spatial-Temporal Vehicle Energy Consumption Estimation Using Machine Learning and Probe Data

Real-time highly resolved spatial-temporal vehicle energy consumption is a key missing dimension in transportation data. Most roadway link-level vehicle energy consumption data are estimated using average annual daily traffic measures derived from the Highway Performance Monitoring System; however, this method does not reflect day-to-day energy consumption fluctuations. As transportation planners and operators are becoming more environmentally attentive, they need accurate real-time link-level vehicle energy consumption data to assess energy and emissions; to incentivize energy-efficient routing; and to estimate energy impact caused by congestion, major events, and severe weather. This paper presents a computational workflow to automate the estimation of time-resolved vehicle energy consumption for each link in a road network of interest using vehicle probe speed and count data in conjunction with machine learning methods in real time. The real-time pipeline can deliver energy estimates within a couple seconds on query to its interface. The proposed method was evaluated on the transportation network of the metropolitan area of Chattanooga, Tennessee. The volume estimation results were validated with ground truth traffic volume data collected in the field. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, the energy consumption pipeline was applied to real-world data to quantify road transportation-related energy reduction because of mitigation policies to slow the spread of COVID-19 and to measure energy loss resulting from congestion.

Severino, Joseph↗

DOE OSTI2025

ARMing the Edge: Demonstration of Edge Computing Field Campaign Report

Edge computing enables “next-to-instrument” control and intelligent data volume reduction and the potential for autonomous, adaptive measurement strategies such as for automated control of scan strategies for Doppler lidar (DL). Instruments with narrow bandwidth connections (e.g., ship and remote sites) can do scene determination and save phenomenon-appropriate data. For example, Doppler spectrum can be saved when clouds are detected by the instrument or automatic moment detection can take place in camera images and only preserve spectrum when non-monomodal spectra are detected. Automated control at the edge involves changing the sampling (temporal or scanning strategy) of an instrument to suit the phenomena both present and being studied (Jackson et al. 2020). Both data processing and instrument control introduces the possibility of a software-defined instrument.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

Simulating dielectric spectra: A demonstration of the direct electric field method and a new model for the nonlinear dielectric response

Here we demonstrate a method to compute the dielectric spectra of fluids in molecular dynamics (MD) by directly applying electric fields to the simulation. We obtain spectra from MD simulations with low magnitude electric fields (≈0.01 V/Å) in agreement with spectra from the fluctuation–dissipation method for water and acetonitrile. We examine this method’s trade-off between noise at low field magnitudes and the nonlinearity of the response at higher field magnitudes. We then apply the Booth equation to describe the nonlinear response of both fluids at low frequency (0.1 GHz) and high field magnitude (up to 0.5 V/Å). We develop a model of the frequency-dependent nonlinear response by combining the Booth description of the static nonlinear dielectric response of fluids with the frequency-dependent linear dielectric response of the Debye model. We find good agreement between our model and the MD simulations of the nonlinear dielectric response for both acetonitrile and water.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2024

Large Area Near‐Field Thermophotovoltaics for Low Temperature Applications

Abstract Thermophotovoltaics, devices that convert thermal infrared photons to electricity, offer a key pathway for a variety of critical renewable energy technologies including thermal energy storage, waste heat recovery, and direct solar‐thermal power generation. However, conventional far‐field devices struggle to generate reasonable powers at lower temperatures. Near‐field thermophotovoltaics provide a pathway to substantially higher powers by leveraging photon tunneling effects. Here a large area near‐field thermophotovoltaic device is presented, created with an epitaxial co‐fabrication approach, that consists of a self‐supported 0.28 cm 2 emitter‐cell pair with a 150 nm gap. The device generates 1.22 mW at 460 °C, a 25‐fold increase over the same cell measured in a far‐field configuration. Furthermore, the near‐field device demonstrates short circuit current densities greater than the far‐field photocurrent limit at all the temperatures tested, confirming the role of photon tunneling effects in the performance enhancement. Modeling suggests several practical directions for cell improvements and further increases in power density. These results highlight the promise of near‐field thermophotovoltaics, especially for low temperature applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Autonomous Tools for Attack Surface Reduction

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2022

On large-scale dynamos with stable stratification and the application to stellar radiative zones

Our understanding of large-scale magnetic fields in stellar radiative zones remains fragmented and incomplete. Such magnetic fields, which must be produced by some form of dynamo mechanism, are thought to dominate angular-momentum transport, making them crucial to stellar evolution. A major difficulty is the effect of stable stratification, which generally suppresses dynamo action. We explore the effects of stable stratification on mean-field dynamo theory with a particular focus on a non-helical large-scale dynamo (LSD) mechanism known as the magnetic shear-current effect. We find that the mechanism is robust to increasing stable stratification as long as the original requirements for its operation are met: a source of shear and non-helical magnetic fluctuations (e.g. from a small-scale dynamo). Both are plausibly sourced in the presence of differential rotation. Our idealized direct numerical simulations, supported by mean-field theory, demonstrate the generation of near equipartition large-scale toroidal fields. Additionally, a scan over magnetic Reynolds number shows no change in the growth or saturation of the LSD, providing good numerical evidence of a dynamo mechanism resilient to catastrophic quenching, which has been an issue for helical dynamos. These properties – the absence of catastrophic quenching and robustness to stable stratification – make the mechanism a plausible candidate for generating in situ large-scale magnetic fields in stellar radiative zones.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗