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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2015

Lower Limits on Aperture Size for an ExoEarth Detecting Coronagraphic Mission

The yield of Earth-like planets will likely be a primary science metric for future space-based missions that will drive telescope aperture size. Maximizing the exoEarth candidate yield is therefore critical to minimizing the required aperture. Here we describe a method for exoEarth candidate yield maximization that simultaneously optimizes, for the first time, the targets chosen for observation, the number of visits to each target, the delay time between visits, and the exposure time of every observation. This code calculates both the detection time and multiwavelength spectral characterization time required for planets. We also refine the astrophysical assumptions used as inputs to these calculations, relying on published estimates of planetary occurrence rates as well as theoretical and observational constraints on terrestrial planet sizes and classical habitable zones. Given these astrophysical assumptions, optimistic telescope and instrument assumptions, and our new completeness code that produces the highest yields to date, we suggest lower limits on the aperture size required to detect and characterize a statistically motivated sample of exoEarths.

Earth-like planets↗
NASA NTRS2004

Selection of an Alternate Biocide for the ISS Internal Thermal Control System Coolant, Phase 2

The ISS (International Space Station) ITCS (Internal Thermal Control System) includes two internal coolant loops that utilize an aqueous based coolant for heat transfer. A silver salt biocide had previously been utilized as an additive in the coolant formulation to control the growth and proliferation of microorganisms within the coolant loops. Ground-based and in-flight testing demonstrated that the silver salt was rapidly depleted, and did not act as an effective long-term biocide. Efforts to select an optimal alternate biocide for the ITCS coolant application have been underway and are now in the final stages. An extensive evaluation of biocides was conducted to down-select to several candidates for test trials and was reported on previously. Criteria for that down-select included: the need for safe, non-intrusive implementation and operation in a functioning system; the ability to control existing planktonic and biofilm residing microorganisms; a negligible impact on system-wetted materials of construction; and a negligible reactivity with existing coolant additives. Candidate testing to provide data for the selection of an optimal alternate biocide is now in the final stages. That testing has included rapid biocide effectiveness screening using Biolog MT2 plates to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (amount that will inhibit visible growth of microorganisms), time kill studies to determine the exposure time required to completely eliminate organism growth, materials compatibility exposure evaluations, coolant compatibility studies, and bench-top simulated coolant testing. This paper reports the current status of the effort to select an alternate biocide for the ISS ITCS coolant. The results of various test results to select the optimal candidate are presented.

Wilson, Mark E.↗
NASA NTRS2003

Predicting Accumulations of Ice on Aerodynamic Surfaces

LEWICE is a computer program that predicts the accumulation of ice on two-dimensional aerodynamic surfaces under conditions representative of the flight of an aircraft through an icing cloud. The software first calculates the airflow surrounding the body of interest, then uses the airflow to compute the trajectories of water droplets that impinge on the surface of the body. The droplet trajectories are also used to compute impingement limits and local collection efficiencies, which are used in subsequent ice-growth calculations and are also useful for designing systems to protect against icing. Next, the software predicts the shape of accumulating ice by modeling transfers of mass and energy in small control volumes. The foregoing computations are repeated over several computational time steps until the total icing exposure time is reached. Results of computations by LEWICE have been compared with an extensive database of measured ice shapes obtained from experiments, and have been shown to closely approximate those shapes under most conditions of interest to the aviation community.

Bidwell, Colin↗
NASA NTRS2018

Development and Implementation of Aseptic Operations for the MOMA-Mass Spectrometer

The ExoMars 2020 Rover is a life detection mission, and is classified as Planetary Protection (PP) Mission Category IVb, the first IVb mission since the Viking missions. Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer Mass Spectrometer (MOMA-MS) is a life detection instrument for the rover. To meet the stringent bioburden requirement of 0.03 spore/m2, the MS is subjected to Dry Heat Microbial Reduction (DHMR) to decrease the bioburden from a measured 88 spores/m2 to 0.009 spores/m2. After DHMR, exposure of the sample path must be kept to an absolute minimum and requires aseptic operations. Aseptic operations include determining the safe exposure time based on the surface area of exposure and particle fallout expected in the aseptic ISO class 5 workspace, preparing an aseptic ISO class 5 workspace, and using sterile garments and tools. During the exposure activity the environment is monitored with active and passive fallout for bioburden and real time airborne particle counts. Sterile tools are handled by a two person team so the operator touches only the tool and not the exterior surfaces of the sterilization pouch, and a sterile operating field is established as a safe place to organize tools or parts during the aseptic operations. In cases where aseptic operations are not feasible, localized DHMR is used after exposure. Any breach in the PP cleanliness can necessitate repeating instrument level DHMR, which not only has significant cost and schedule implications, but also is a risk to hardware that is not rated for repeated long exposures to high temperatures.

Aseptic processing↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Robust Statistical Algorithm for Boundary Detection in Liquid Sprays

This work presents a statistical algorithm to detect phase boundaries in liquid sprays. Experimental data were obtained in a nonevaporating acetone spray at atmospheric conditions to minimize the refractive index gradients and associated beam steering. Mie scattering and diffuse background illumination (DBI) diagnostics are implemented to demonstrate the robustness of the approach. The analysis shows that the present algorithm yields similar results for the two different diagnostics, unlike existing threshold-based methodologies providing inconsistent results. The algorithm can be used to identify partial liquid boundaries between single-phase liquid and vapor boundaries. Thus, for each case, liquid boundaries were defined in terms of liquid probability of 100% or less than 100%. Sprays from two different injectors were analyzed to demonstrate the versatility of the methodology. Finally, a parametric study was conducted to demonstrate that motion blur can affect an accurate detection of the phase boundaries, and hence, the exposure time in the experiment must be sufficiently small.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1972

Short-time oxidation of zirconium.

Study of zirconium oxidation kinetics for maximum exposure times of 3 min and in the temperature range 440 to 850 C. 'Discontinuous' oxidation runs were employed whereby a specimen was inserted into the gas stream for a predetermined time, removed and weighed, and reinserted into the oxidation atmosphere. It is considered that the increase in the observed activation energy for the early stage parabolic oxidation is a manifestation of a change from an n-type oxide to a predominantly p-type oxide, in agreement with the authors' earlier conclusion (1971) based on pressure effects.

Srivastava, L. P.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Biological Response to SPE Exposures

It has long been recognized that a single solar particle event (SPE) can produce, over a short period of time, exposures on the order of LD50 for humans under normal physiological conditions. It is further recognized that recovery from injury over the period of exposure would greatly increase the chances of survival (dose rate effects) although such effects were left unquantified. In the present report we use the bioresponse model derived from a broad range of animal and human exposure data for evaluation of troop readiness in tactical nuclear warfare to evaluate the biological risk posed by the solar event of 4 August 1972. The astronaut blood forming organ (BFO) exposure in deep space would have been 2.2 Sv (1.6 Gy) in a space suit, 1.8 Sv (1.3 Gy) in an aluminum pressure vessel, and 0.7 Sv (0.5 Gy) in an equipment room compared to an X-ray mortality threshold of 1.5 Gy (assuming high dose rate). We find BFO dose rate effectiveness factors for this SPE on the order of 3 to 4, greatly reducing the mortality risks for this event. There is an approximate 3 percent chance that an even larger event may occur for which exposures could be 2-4 times higher. Assured survival of the astronaut requires added shelter shielding and a warning system for this event. The required mass of the shelter shield can be greatly reduced by using hydrogenous materials such as polymers, water, food, and other biological materials in its construction. Limitations of the current bioresponse model arise from the exposures taking place in the microgravity environment wherein the immune system is already challenged and the effective mortality threshold may be reduced by a factor of two. Such microgravity effects could greatly affect astronaut risks.

Wilson, J. W.↗
NASA NTRS2011

Visual hydrogen detector with variable reversibility

Methods, processes and compositions are provided for a visual or chemochromic hydrogen-detector with variable or tunable reversible color change. The working temperature range for the hydrogen detector is from minus 100.degree. C. to plus 500.degree. C. A hydrogen-sensitive pigment, including, but not limited to, oxides, hydroxides and polyoxo-compounds of tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, chromium and combinations thereof, is combined with nano-sized metal activator particles and preferably, coated on a porous or woven substrate. In the presence of hydrogen, the composition rapidly changes its color from white or light-gray or light-tan to dark gray, navy-blue or black depending on the exposure time and hydrogen concentration in the medium. After hydrogen exposure ceases, the original color of the hydrogen-sensitive pigment is restored, and the visual hydrogen detector can be used repeatedly. By changing the composition of the hydrogen-sensitive pigment, the time required for its complete regeneration is varied from a few seconds to several days.

Muradov, Nazim↗
NASA NTRS2012

Visual hydrogen detector with variable reversibilty

Methods, processes and compositions are provided for a visual or chemochromic hydrogen-detector with variable or tunable reversible color change. The working temperature range for the hydrogen detector is from minus 100.degree. C. to plus 500.degree. C. A hydrogen-sensitive pigment, including, but not limited to, oxides, hydroxides and polyoxo-compounds of tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, chromium and combinations thereof, is combined with nano-sized metal activator particles and preferably, coated on a porous or woven substrate. In the presence of hydrogen, the composition rapidly changes its color from white or light-gray or light-tan to dark gray, navy-blue or black depending on the exposure time and hydrogen concentration in the medium. After hydrogen exposure ceases, the original color of the hydrogen-sensitive pigment is restored, and the visual hydrogen detector can be used repeatedly. By changing the composition of the hydrogen-sensitive pigment, the time required for its complete regeneration is varied from a few seconds to several days.

Muradov, Nazim Z.↗
NASA NTRS2014

Methods of Forming Visual Hydrogen Detector with Variable Reversibility

Methods, processes and compositions are provided for a visual or chemochromic hydrogen-detector with variable or tunable reversible color change. The working temperature range for the hydrogen detector is from minus 100 C to plus 500 C. A hydrogen-sensitive pigment, including, but not limited to, oxides, hydroxides and polyoxo-compounds of tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, chromium and combinations thereof, is combined with nano-sized metal activator particles and preferably, coated on a porous or woven substrate. In the presence of hydrogen, the composition rapidly changes its color from white or light-gray or light-tan to dark gray, navy-blue or black depending on the exposure time and hydrogen concentration in the medium. After hydrogen exposure ceases, the original color of the hydrogen-sensitive pigment is restored, and the visual hydrogen detector can be used repeatedly. By changing the composition of the hydrogen-sensitive pigment, the time required for its complete regeneration is varied from a few seconds to several days.

Muradov, Nazim Z.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Effects of 50,000 hours of thermal aging on graphite/epoxy and graphite/polyimide composites

Thermal effects on tensile strengths of advanced composite systems have been determined for exposure times of 100 to 50,000 hours (5.7 years). Exposures were conducted at both ambient and reduced pressures at two temperatures for each composite. At the completion of the various aging periods, specimens were removed from the specially constructed aging furnaces, visually examined, and tensile tested at elevated temperature. After tensile testing, many of the thermal aging specimens were examined using a scanning electron microscope. Results of these studies are presented, and the changes in properties and the degradation mechanisms during high-temperature aging are discussed and illustrated using metallographic techniques.

Kerr, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS2005

High Resolution Spectroscopy And Timing Of The Isolated Neutron Star RBS 1774

The 2004 May 31 XMM-Newton observation was reprocessed using SASv6.0.0 and times of high background were filtered out. The net exposure time remaining was 23 ks. The source was clearly detected in MOS1, MOS2 and PN chips. We performed both timing and spectroscopic analysis on the data. We performed a spectral analysis by fitting data from the three EPIC detectors simultaneously, finding that the broadband spectrum can be represented by a single absorbed blackbody, with kT = 0.10 keV. The fitting revealed the presence of an absorption feature at 0:7 keV, but the data did have enough resolution to allow us to discriminate between an absorption line and an edge. We also tested magnetized models of Pavlov et a1 and Zavlin et al, but found that fits with these models were considerably worse than with a blackbody. For the timing analysis, we extracted the counts within a 3000 radius aperture in both PN and MOS 1 and MOS2 but with the aperture truncated by a chord where it approached the edge of the CCD window in each case: this maximized the counts while avoiding any edge effects. We analyzed PN, MOSl and MOS2 data both individually and combined using the Maximum Likelihood Periodogram technique of Zane et al. (2002) and Cropper et al. (2004). Periods from 10000 s to 30 ms were searched, ensuring that in each case the period grid was 2.5 times better sampled than the Nyquist frequency. The search revealed a significant period at 9.437s. Taken overall, we found the characteristics of RBS 1774 to be remarkably similar to those of another X-ray faint isolated neutron stars. These results were written up for the Astrophysical Journal, and the paper has recently been accepted for publication.

Mushotzky, Richard↗
NASA NTRS2017

THE NuSTAR Hard X-Ray Survey of the Norma Arm Region

We present a catalog of hard X-ray sources in a square-degree region surveyed by the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) in the direction of the Norma spiral arm. This survey has a total exposure time of 1.7 Ms, and the typical and maximum exposure depths are 50 ks and 1 Ms, respectively. In the area of deepest coverage, sensitivity limits of 5 x 10(exp -14) and 4 x 10(exp -14) ergs/s/sq cm in the 3-10 and 10-20 keV bands, respectively, are reached. Twenty-eight sources are firmly detected, and 10 are detected with low significance; 8 of the 38 sources are expected to be active galactic nuclei. The three brightest sources were previously identified as a low-mass X-ray binary, high-mass X-ray binary, and pulsar wind nebula. Based on their X-ray properties and multiwavelength counterparts, we identify the likely nature of the other sources as two colliding wind binaries, three pulsar wind nebulae, a black hole binary, and a plurality of cataclysmic variables (CVs). The CV candidates in the Norma region have plasma temperatures of approx. 10-20 keV, consistent with the Galactic ridge X-ray emission spectrum but lower than the temperatures of CVs near the Galactic center. This temperature difference may indicate that the Norma region has a lower fraction of intermediate polars relative to other types of CVs compared to the Galactic center. The NuSTAR logN-logS distribution in the 10-20keV band is consistent with the distribution measured by Chandra at 2-10 keV if the average source spectrum is assumed to be a thermal model with kT approx. =15 keV, as observed for the CV candidates.

general – Galaxy: disk – novae↗
NASA NTRS2018

LiveCheckHSI: a Hardware/Software Co-verification Tool for Hyperspectral Imaging Systems with Embedded System-on-Chip Instrument Avionics

The emergent technology of system-on-chip (SoC) devices promises lighter, smaller, cheaper, and more capable and reliable space electronic systems that could help to unveil some of the most treasured secrets in our universe. This technology is an improvement over the technology that is currently used in space applications, which lags behind state-of-the-art commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment by several generations. SoC technology integrates all computational power required by next-generation space exploration science instruments onto a single chip. This paper describes hardware/software co-verification tools for the Xilinx Zynq-based control and data handling system that have been developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) for visible-infrared imaging spectrometers. The system acquires and compresses images in real-time, in addition to programming the spectrometer (frame rate, exposure time), focus step motor, and heaters and reporting telemetry.

Dolman, David↗
NASA NTRS1979

Concentration-time data in toxicity tests and resulting relationships

Periodic analyses for carbon monoxide and methane in the animal exposure chamber during pyrolysis of polyethylene at 800 C without forced air flow showed that the concentrations of these compounds increased with exposure time. These observations, and similar observations for polyurethane flexible foam, permitted the calculation of carbon monoxide toxicity in terms of a DP (Death Product Concentration) value, in addition to flammability in terms of HC (Hydro Carbon) value. Observed DP values exceeding the critical DP(CO) value of 47,200 ppm-min for carbon monoxide may indicate that lethal exposures were reached earlier but not immediately manifested because of the time delay involved in physiological processes. On the basis of this DP(CO) value, carbon monoxide could have been the sole toxicant in the case of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyoxymethylene, polystyrene, polycarbonate, ethylene propylene diene rubber, and wood.

Hilado, C. J.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Stellar population of NGC 1850 in the LMC

Observations of the globular cluster NGC 1850 taken with the HST Wide Field Camera are used to constrain the stellar population of this member of the Large Magellanic Cloud. Three exposures were obtained for each band at exposure times of 10, 100, and 1100 seconds, and the longest exposure was halved to minimize the effects of cosmic noise and the saturation of bright objects. A total of about 12,000 stars with magnitudes of 14-24 and masses of 0.8-13 solar mass are measured, and the age of NGC 1850 is given at approximately 25 million years.

Gilmozzi, Roberto↗
NASA NTRS1994

The effect of prolonged exposure to 750 C air on the tribological performance of PM212

The effect of prolonged exposure to 750 C air on the tribological performance and dimensional stability of PM212, a high temperature, self-lubricating composite, is studied. PM212, by weight, contains 70 percent metal-bonded Cr3C2, 15 percent BaF2/CaF2 eutectic, and 15 percent silver. Rub blocks were fabricated from PM212 by cold isostatic pressing followed by sintering. Prior to tribo-testing, the rub blocks were exposed to 750 C air for periods ranging from 100 to 1000 hours. Then, the rub blocks were slid against nickel-based superalloy disks in a double-rub-block tribometer in air under a 66 N load at temperatures from 25 to 750 C with a sliding velocity of 0.36 m/s. Unexposed rub blocks were tested for baseline comparison. Friction coefficients ranged from 0.24 to 0.37 for the unexposed rub blocks and from 0.32 to 0.56 for the exposed ones. Wear for both the composite blocks and superalloy disks was typically in the moderate to low range of 10(exp -5) to 10(exp -6) mm(exp 3)/N-m. Friction and wear data were similar for the rub blocks exposed for 100, 500, and 1000 hours. Prolonged exposure to 750 C air increased friction and wear of the PM212 rub blocks at room temperature, but their triboperformance remained unaffected at higher temperatures, probably due to the formation of lubricious metal oxides. Dimensional stability of the composite was studied by exposing specimens of varying thicknesses for 500 hours in air at 750 C. Block thicknesses were found to increase with increased exposure time until steady state was reached after 100 hours of exposure, probably due to oxidation.

Bemis, Kirk↗