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Dispersion-strengthened tantalum-base alloys possess high strength and good resistance to creep deformation at elevated temperatures in high vacuum environments. They also have ease of fabrication, good weldability, and corrosion resistance to molten alkali metals.
Weldability and long time elevated temperature stability of refractory metal alloys for advanced alkali-metal space electric power systems
Weldability of tungsten base alloys and elevated temperature stability
A weldable type strain gage was used to measure low level thermal stress in an elevated temperature environment. Foil strain gages used in a comparative manner reveal that the apparent strain of weldable strain gages is not sufficiently known to acquire accurate low level thermal stress data. Apparent strain data acquired from coupon tests reveals a large scatter in apparent strain characteristics among the weldable strain gages. It is concluded that apparent strain data for individual weldable strain gages must be required prior to installation if valid thermal stress data is to be obtained through the temperature range of room temperature to 755 K (900 F).
Commercially pure aluminum alloy, AA1100, presents good electrical and thermal conductivity, high formability, and low cost. Those favorable characteristics have the potential to enable bipolar plates with improved economics and enhanced performance compared to current stainless steel bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. An accurate constitutive model is essential to develop and optimize processing parameters and effectively control the forming process. Here, the objective of this work is to develop a constitutive model of AA1100 that is able to simulate stress-strain relation, formed geometry, and predict the onset of fracture strain to avoid forming failure. Initially, a set of tensile tests at temperature between 300 and 500°C and strain rate between 0.005 and 1.0/s were conducted to examine the deformation behavior. Then, a set of damage-based unified visco-plastic constitutive equations is proposed and calibrated based on the results of stress-strain data. A genetic algorithm optimization method is applied to search for best fitting material constants in constitutive equations. The proposed model shows good predictability of both the stress-strain relation and fracture strain at low strain rate and high temperature conditions. The accuracy of proposed model is also evaluated statistically. A comparison of the proposed model with three popular models (Arrhenius-type mode, Johnson-Cook model and Zerilli-Armstrong model) was made. The proposed model shows the best experimental agreement with correlation coefficient of 0.96 in contrast to 0.25, 0.38 and 0.75 for the popular models, respectively. The proposed model can help to optimize the elevated temperature forming process and guide die design to enable optimal geometric features in the formed components.
Determination of weldability and elevated temperature stability of refractory metal alloys
Long time creep test data generated for refractory alloys at elevated temperatures
The purpose of the present paper is to describe an application of the IITRI compression test fixture at elevated temperature (589K) was described as well as the present compressive moduli and ultimate strains of HTS/PMR-15 graphite/polyimide material. Considerable care was taken in specimen fabrication to minimize back-to-back strain variations due to specimen bending. The effects of specimen width and temperature were studied for various laminate orientations. The IITRI specimen was analyzed using three dimensional finite elements to determine the magnitude and location of stress concentrations to assess their potential effects on measured moduli and ultimate strains. Stress concentrations are of concern since end constraints, free-edge effects, and thermal effects add to the three dimensional nature of stresses in a specimen.
Elevated-temperature fatigue data on notched and smooth specimens of refractory alloys in ultrahigh vacuum environments
Metallographic and chemical analysis by X-ray diffraction, microscopic examination, and electron microprobes of elevated temperature instability effects on Stellite 6B
This paper describes a strain measurement technique suitable for elevated-temperature tensile and creep testing of foil-gage metals, using a modified commonly available mechanical extensometer in conjunction with a displacement transducer. The extensometer was modified by attaching to it a counterbalance (to reduce the effect of the extensometer weight on the total maximum test load) and by incorporating a conical tip/flat-edge design (to minimize induced stresses in the specimen resulting from extensometer attachment). Creep tests were performed on 0.102-mm-thick specimens of Ti-6Al-4V at temperatures of 427 and 538 C, at nominal applied stresses of 310.3 and 172.4 MPa, respectively. Examination of the resulting creep curves suggested that the strain measurement system provided actual creep strain values with good accuracy.
This investigation delves into the degradation mechanisms of high-density polyethylene geomembranes (PE GMXs) under a spectrum of conditions, replicating real-world scenarios within a rigorously controlled laboratory setting. The treatment protocols applied induced a notable increase in the crystallinity of the treated specimens relative to the untreated controls. Small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis identified an initial long period (interlamellar distance) of 16.9 nm for the untreated polymer, which expanded by 19.5% at a strain of 16.7 percent. Conversely, the treated PE GMXs exhibited a more gradual elongation of the long period, with an increase of merely 10.6% at a strain of 23.3 percent. At an elevated temperature of 65°C, both samples exhibited pronounced strain hardening, with the treated PE GMXs demonstrating superior stability even at a strain of 150 percent. Wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) experiments corroborated these observations, revealing that the diffraction patterns of the untreated PE remained stable up to a strain of 16.7%, whereas those of the treated PE remained distinct up to a strain of 46.1 percent. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images substantiated the formation of a shish–kebab structure in the treated samples. The study concludes that the geopolymer underwent oxidation and material degradation as a result of the chemical and mechanical treatments, transitioning to a more crystalline state and concomitantly losing its initial elasticity.
Effects of high initial tensile and compressive loads and elevated temperatures on room temperature fatigue life of notched titanium alloy sheets
A method is being developed to obtain creep data on foil gage metals at elevated temperatures using an automated data acquisition system in conjunction with a mechanically counter balanced extensometer. The automated system components include the Hewlett-Packard (HP) 9845A desktop computer, the HP 3455A digital voltmeter and the HP 3495A scanner. Software for test monitoring and data collection was developed; data manipulation, including curve plotting was done with a HP regression analysis software package. Initial creep tests were conducted on .003 in. thick foil specimens of Ti-6A1-4V at temperatures of 800 F and 1000 F and at stress levels of 25 ksi and 45 ksi. For comparison, duplicate tests were run on .049 in. thick specimens sheet of the same alloy. During testing, the furnace and specimen temperature, bridge voltage, strain and load output were automatically monitored and recorded at predetermined intervals. Using the HP regression analysis program, recorded strain output was plotted as a function of time. These resultant creep curves indicate that, under similar conditions of temperature and stress, foil gage specimens exhibit a higher creep rate than sheet specimens.
Effect of three surface finishes of roughness 4 to 5, 20 to 25, and 70 to 80 micro inches rms on fatigue properties were determined for low-carbon N-155 alloy of grain size A.S.T.M. 1 at temperatures of 80 , 1000, 1350, and 1500 F. The fatigue properties for the various finishes differed appreciably at room temperature; however, after short periods at 1000 F and for all periods investigated at temperatures above 1000 F, the specimen finishes had the same fatigue strength. It was concluded that the primary cause of the difference in room-temperature strength was due to compressive stresses set up in the surface and that at elevated temperatures these compressive stresses were relieved by annealing. Apparently, roughness alone did not significantly affect fatigue strength.
Length-to-diameter ratio and fiber orientation correlation to tensile properties at elevated temperatures for fiber reinforced composites
The effect of long-term, elevated-temperature vacuum and lithium exposures on the mechanical properties of T-111 (Ta-8W-2Hf) is determined. Exposure conditions were for 1000 hours at 980 or 1315 C, 5000 hours at 1315 C, and a duplex temperature exposure of 1000 hours at 980 C plus 4000 hours at 1040 C. The exposures resulted in reduced tensile and creep strengths of the T-111 in the 900 to 1100 C temperature range where a dynamic strain-age-strengthening mechanism is operative in this alloy. This strength reduction was attributed to the depletion of oxygen from solid solution in this alloy.
A Laves phase, Fe2Ta, was utilized to obtain good elevated temperature properties in a carbon-free iron alloy containing 1 at. pct Ta and 7 at. pct Cr. Room temperature embrittlement resulting from the precipitation of the Laves phase at grain boundaries was overcome by spheroidizing the precipitate. This was accomplished by thermally cycling the alloys through the alpha to gamma transformation. The short-time yield strength of the alloys decreased very slowly with increase in test temperature up to 600 C, but above this temperature, the strength decreased rapidly. Results of constant load creep and stress rupture tests conducted at several temperatures and stresses indicated that the rupture and creep strengths of spheroidized 1 Ta-7 Cr alloy were higher than those of several commercial steels containing chromium and/or molybdenum carbides but lower than those of steels containing substantial amounts of tungsten and vanadium. When molybdenum was added to the base Fe-Ta-Cr alloy, the rupture and creep strengths were considerably increased.