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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1986

Study on effects of powder and flake chemistry and morphology on the properties of Al-Cu-Mg-X-X-X powder metallurgy advanced aluminum alloys

A study was conducted: (1) to develop rapid solidification processed (RSP) dispersoid-containing Al-3Cu-2Li-1Mg-0.2Zr alloys as substitutes for titanium alloys and commercial 2XXX aluminum alloys for service to at least 150 C; and (2) to develop RSP Al-4Li-Cu-Mg-Zr alloys as substitutes for high-strength commercial 7XXX alloys in ambient-temperature applications. RSP Al-3Cu-2Li-1Mg-0.2Zr alloys have density-normalized yield stresses at 150 C up to 52% larger than that of 2124-T851 and up to 30% larger than that of Ti-6Al-4V. Strength at 150 C in these alloys is provided by thermally stable delta' (Al3Li), T1 (Al2LiCu), and S' (Al2CuMg) precipitates. Density-normalized yield stresses of RSP Al-3Cu-2Li-1Mg-0.2Zr alloys are up to 100% larger than that of 2124-T851 and equivalent to that of Al-8Fe-4Ce at 260 C. Strength in the RSP alloys at 260 C is provided by incoherent dispersoids and subboundary constituent particles such as T1 and S. The RSP alloys are attractive substitutes in less than or = 100-h exposures for 2xxx and Al-4Fe-Ce alloys up to 260 C and for titanium alloys up to 150 C. RSP Al-4Li-Cu-Mg-Zr alloys have ambient-temperature yield and ultimate tensile stresses similar to that of 7050-T7651, and are 14% less dense. RSP Al-4Li-0.5Cu-1.5Mg-0.2Zr has a 20% higher specific yield stress, 40% higher specific elastic modulus, and superior corrosion resistance compared to the properties of 7050-T7651. Strength in the Al-4Li-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy class is primarily provided by the substructure and delta' precipitates and is independent of Cu:Mg ratio. Improvements in fracture toughness and transverse-orientation properties in both alloy classes depend on improved melt practices to eliminate oxide inclusions which are incorporated into the consolidated forms.

Meschter, P. J.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Development and fabrication of insulator seals for thermionic diodes

Eight different types of cermet seals for thermionic diodes were investigated: (1) 1 micron Al2O3 with Nb spheres; (2) 200 A Al2O3 with Nb spheres; (3) 1 micron Al2O3 with Nb 1% Zr spheres; (4) 200 A Al2O3 with Nb 1% Zr spheres; (5) Pure Y2O3 with Nb 1% Zr spheres; (6) Y2O3 3% ZrO2 with Nb 1% Zr spheres; (7) Y2O3 10% ZrO2 with Nb 1% Zr spheres; and (8) ZrO2 12% Y2O3 with Nb 1% Zr spheres. Investigations were made to determine the most favorable fabrication techniques and the effect of the bonding cycle, (length of bonding time and shutdown sequences). The analysis of the seals included tensile test, vacuum test, electrical test and metallurgical examination. At the conclusion of the development phase, 36 seals were fabricated for delivery for evaluation.

Poirier, V. L.↗
NASA NTRS1979

The distribution of zirconium and hafnium in terrestrial rocks, meteorites and the moon

It is shown that Zr and Hf are not always fractionated in terrestrial igneous differentiation or regional metamorphism. Data do support a Zr-Hf fractionation in the differentiation of the alkali olivine magma at St. Helena Island. A strong Zr-Hf fractionation exists among lunar rocks and minerals. Ilmenite is an excellent concentrator of Zr and Hf and always exhibits high Zr/Hf ratios. Chondritic meteorites exhibit rather uniform Zr abundances and Zr/Hf ratios but a distinct Zr-Hf fractionation is observed among the eucrite and diogenite achondrites.

Ehmann, W. D.↗
NASA NTRS2007

Comparison of GRCop-84 to Other Cu Alloys with High Thermal Conductivities

The mechanical properties of six highly conductive copper alloys, GRCop-84, AMZIRC, GlidCop Al-15, Cu-1Cr-0.1Zr, Cu-0.9Cr, and NARloy-Z were compared. Tests were done on as-received hard drawn material, and after a heat treatment designed to simulate a brazing operation at 935 C. In the as-received condition AMZIRC, GlidCop Al-15, Cu- 1Cr-0.1Zr and Cu-0.9Cr had excellent strengths at temperatures below 500 C. However, the brazing heat treatment substantially decreased the mechanical properties of AMZIRC, Cu-1Cr-0.1Zr, Cu-0.9Cr, and NARloy-Z. The properties of GlidCop Al-15 and GRCop-84 were not significantly affected by the heat treatment. Thus there appear to be advantages to GRCop-84 over AMZIRC, Cu-1Cr-0.1Zr, Cu-0.9Cr, and NARloy-Z if use or processing temperatures greater than 500 C are expected. Ductility was lowest in GlidCop Al-15 and Cu-0.9Cr; reduction in area was particularly low in GlidCop Al-15 above 500 C, and as- received Cu-0.9Cr was brittle between 500 and 650 C. Tensile creep tests were done at 500 and 650 C; the creep properties of GRCop-84 were superior to those of brazed AMZIRC, Cu-1Cr- 0.1Zr, Cu-0.9Cr, and NARloy-Z. In the brazed condition, GRCop-84 was superior to the other alloys due to its greater strength and creep resistance (compared to AMZIRC, Cu-1Cr-0.1Zr, Cu-0.9Cr, and NARloy-Z) and ductility (compared to GlidCop Al-15).

deGroh, Henry C., III↗
NASA NTRS1973

Property investigation and sputter deposition of dispersion-hardened copper for fatigue specimen fabrication

Sputter-deposited alloys of dispersion-hardenable Cu-0.25 vol% SiC and Cu-0.50 vol% SiC and precipitation-hardenable Cu-0.15 wt% Zr and Cu-0.05 wt% Mg-0.15 wt% Zr-0.40 wt% Cr were investigated for selection to evaluate fatigue specimen performance with potential application in fabricating regeneratively cooled rocket thrust chambers. Yield strengths in the 700 to 1000-MN/sq m range were observed with uniform elongation ranging from 0.5 to 1.5% and necking indicative of greater ductility. Electrical conductivity measured as an analog to thermal conductivity gave values 90% IACS for Cu-0.15 wt% Zr and Cu-0.05 wt% Mg-0.15 wt% Zr-0.40 wt% Cr. A 5500-g sputtered deposit of Cu-0.15 wt% Zr alloy, 12.29 mm (0.484 in.) average thickness in the fatigue specimen gage length, was provided to NASA on one of their substrates.

Mcclanahan, E. D.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Armalcolite and genetically associated opaque minerals in the lunar samples

A comprehensive electron microprobe study of armalcolite in samples from five Apollo sites (11-16), together with analytical data previously reported from Apollo 17 and Luna 20 show that three distinct compositional types of armacolite are present in the lunar samples. These types are classified as armalcolite, Cr-Zr-Ca-armalcolite and Zr-armalcolite. The Zr-free armalcolites are typical of high-Ti mare basalts whereas the Zr-rich armalcolites are typical of non-mare high alumina basalts. The latter armalcolites are in complete oxide intergrowths (baddeleyite, zirconolite, rutile, ilmenite, and chromite) and are in contrast to the Zr-free armalcolites which are commonly only associated with ilmenite. Subsolidus decomposition of armalcolite to an iron and Mg-rich rutile + ilmenite-geikielite, and the solid state formation of armalcolite from magnesium-ilmenite + niobian-rutile are described for the first time in the lunar samples.

Haggerty, S. E.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Zirconium, hafnium, and rare earth element partition coefficients for ilmenite and other minerals in high-Ti lunar mare basalts - An experimental study

Partition coefficients were determined for Gd, Lu, Hf and Zr among ilmenite, armalcolite, and synthetic high-Ti mare basaltic melts at temperatures from 1122 deg to 1150 deg, and at oxygen fugacities of IW x 10 exp 0.5, by in situ analysis with an electron microprobe, using samples doped to present concentration levels. Coefficients for Zr were also measured for samples containing 600-1600 ppm Zr using this microprobe. In addition, coefficients were determined for Hf and Zr between chromian ulvospinel and melt, for Hf between pigeonite and melt, and for Lu between olivine and melt by microprobe analysis of samples doped to present levels. Values measured using the microprobe were in agreement with the values measured by analyzing mineral separates from the same run products by isotope dilution. Coefficient values for ilmenite are less than 0.01 for the LREE, are around 0.1 for the HREE, and are several times greater than this for Zr and Hf.

Mckay, G.↗
NASA NTRS1988

The effect of 0.1 atomic percent zirconium on the cyclic oxidation behavior of beta-NiAl for 300 hours at 1200 C

The long time effect of 0.1 at percent Zr (0.2 wt percent Zr) on the cyclic oxidation behavior of hipped beta-NiAl was studied. Oxidation testing was performed in static air at 1200 C for up to 3000 one-hour exposure cycles. Specific weight change versus time data was modeled with the COSP computer program to analyze cyclic oxidation behavior. The Zr-free stoichiometric alloy oxidized and spalled randomly to bare metal between cycles at a rate high enough to deplete Al to a low enough level that oxidation breakaway took place as nonprotective NiO replaced the alpha-Al2O3/NiAl2O4 scale as the controlling oxide. The Zr minimized this severe type of spalling maintaining the protective alpha-Al2O3 scale even out to 3000 hours for the stoichiometric alloy with no significant Al depletion. A third beta-NiAl alloy containing 0.1 at percent Zr but with 10 percent less Al than the stoichiometric alloy was also tested and showed some depletion of Al, but the protective Al2O3/NiAl2O4 was still maintained to close to 2700 hours.

Barrett, C. A.↗
NASA NTRS1989

The effect of 0.1 atomic percent zirconium on the cyclic oxidation behavior of beta-NiAl for 3000 hours at 1200 C

The long time effect of 0.1 at percent Zr (0.2 wt percent Zr) on the cyclic oxidation behavior of hipped beta-NiAl was studied. Oxidation testing was performed in static air at 1200 C for up to 3000 one-hour exposure cycles. Specific weight change versus time data was modeled with the COSP computer program to analyze cyclic oxidation behavior. The Zr-free stoichiometric alloy oxidized and spalled randomly to bare metal between cycles at a rate high enough to deplete Al to a low enough level that oxidation breakaway took place as nonprotective NiO replaced the alpha-Al203/NiAl204 scale as the controlling oxide. The Zr minimized this severe type of spalling maintaining the protective alpha-Al203 scale even out to 3000 hours for the stoichiometric alloy with no significant Al depletion. A third beta-NiAl alloy containing 0.1 at percent Zr but with 10 percent less Al than the stoichiometric alloy was also tested and showed some depletion of Al, but the protective Al203/NiAl204 was still maintained to close to 2700 hours.

Barrett, C. A.↗
NASA NTRS1994

The discrepancy between stratospheric ozone profiles from balloon soundings and from other techniques: A possible explanation

Regular balloon ozone soundings with electrochemical sondes have been performed at Uccle since 1969. More than 450 ozone soundings between 1985 and 1989 were used to calculate the altitudes Zs from the VIZ radiosonde data and the altitudes Zr deduced from the tracking of the balloon train with a primary wind-finding radar. The values of Zs at fixed times appeared to be systematically too low as compared to Zr. The differences Zr-Zs increase with altitude; at 30 km the annual mean values of Zr-Zs (plus or minus standard deviation) vary between 590 plus or minus 910 m and 1410 plus or minus 1160 m, according to the pressure calibration of different manufacturing series of radiosondes. From these results it is found that around the 30 km level the ozone concentrations calculated from soundings with VIZ sondes are too low by 7.5 to 14 percent, depending upon the manufacturing series of radiosondes. At least part of the discrepancy which has often been found between ozone profiles from balloon soundings and from other techniques such as rocket observations or Umkehr measurements may be explained by this effect. An altitude correction would have important consequences as to the climatology of ozone in the middle stratosphere as adopted at the moment. About half of the day-to-day variability of ozone observed from soundings with VIZ radiosondes above the 30 km level, is induced by the variability of Zr-Zs. The agreement between altitudes calculated from radar data and Vaisala radiosondes is much better; from 34 comparative soundings a mean difference (plus or minus standard deviation) of about -300 plus/minus 180 m was found at 30 km.

Demuer, Dirk↗
NASA NTRS2007

Comparison of GRCop-84 to Other High Thermal Conductive Cu Alloys

The mechanical properties of five copper alloys (GRCop-84, AMZIRC, GlidCop Al-15, Cu-1Cr-0.1Zr, Cu-0.9Cr) competing in high temperature, high heat flux applications such as rocket nozzles, were compared. Tensile, creep, thermal expansion, and compression tests are presented. Tests were done on as-received material, and on material which received a simulated brazing heat treatment at 935 C. The 935 C heat treatment weakened AMZIRC, Cu-1Cr-0.1Zr, and Cu-0.9Cr, and the strength of as-received AMZIRC dropped precipitously as test temperatures exceeded 500 C. The properties of GlidCop Al-15 and GRCop-84 were not significantly affected by the 935 C heat treatment. Thus GRCop-84 is better than AMZIRC, Cu-1Cr-0.1Zr, and Cu-0.9Cr at temperatures greater than 500 C. Ductility was lowest in GlidCop Al-15 and Cu-0.9Cr. The creep properties of GRCop-84 were superior to those of brazed AMZIRC, Cu-1Cr-0.1Zr, and Cu-0.9Cr. At equivalent rupture life and stress, GRCop-84 had a 150 C temperature advantage over brazed AMZIRC; for equivalent rupture life and temperature GRCop-84 was two times stronger. The advantages of GRCop-84 over GlidCop Al-15 associated with ease of processing were confirmed by GlidCop s marginal ductility. In the post brazed condition, GRCop-84 was found to be superior to the other alloys due to its greater strength and creep resistance (compared to AMZIRC, Cu-1Cr-0.1Zr, and Cu-0.9Cr) and ductility (compared to GlidCop Al-15)

deGroh, Henry C., III↗
NASA NTRS2005

Capture of Hydrogen Using ZrNi

Water, as ice, is thought to reside in craters at the lunar poles along with CH4 and H2 . A proposed robotic mission for 2012 will utilize metal/metal hydrides for H2 recovery. Specifications are 99% capture of H2 initially at 5 bar and 100C (or greater), and degassing completely at 300C. Of 47-systems examined using the van't Hoff equation, 4 systems, Mg/MgH2, Mg2Ni/Mg2NiH4, ZrNi/ZrNiH2.8, and Pd/PdH0.77, were considered likely candidates for further examination. It is essential, when selecting a system, to also examine questions regarding activation, kinetics, cyclic stability, and gas impurity effects. After considering those issues, ZrN1 was selected as the most promising candidate, as it is easily activated and rapidly forms ZrNiH 2.8 . In addition, it resists oxide poisoning by CO2, and H2O, while some oxidation by O2 is recommended for improved activation . The presence of hydrogen in the as received Zr-Ni alloy from Alfa Aesar posed additional technical problems. X-ray diffraction of the Zr-Ni powder (-325 mesh), with a Zr:Ni wt% ratio of 70:30, was found to consist of ZrH2, ZrNiH2.8, and ZrNi. ZrH2 in the alloy presented the risk that after degassing that both Zr and ZrNi would be present, and thus lead to erroneous results regarding the reactivity of ZrNi with H2 . Fortunately, ZrH2 is a highly stable hydride that does not degas H2 to any significant extent at temperatures below 300C. Based on equilibrium calculations for the decomposition of ZrH2, only 1 millionth of the hydride decomposed at 300C under a N2 atmosphere flowing at 25 ccm for 64 hours, the longest time for pretreatment employed in the investigation. It was possible, from the X-ray results and knowledge of the Zr:Ni ratio, to compute the composition of a pretreated specimen as being 76 wt% ZrNi and the balance ZrH2.

Patton, Lisa↗
NASA NTRS1978

Some properties of low-vapor-pressure braze alloys for thermionic converters

Property measurements were made for arc-melted, rod-shaped specimens. Density and dc electrical resistivity at 296 K were measured for various binary eutectic alloys. Thermal conductivity was inferred from the electrical conductivity using the Wiedemann, Franz, Lorenz relation. Linear thermal expansion from 293 K to two-thirds melting point, under a helium atmosphere, was measured for Zr, 21.7-wt percent Ru; Zr, 13-wt percent W; Zr, 22.3-wt percent Nb; Nb, 66.9-wt percent Ru; and Zr, 25.7-wt percent Ta.

Bair, V. L.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Effects of cobalt, boron, and zirconium on the microstructure of Udimet 738

A structural study was carried out on Co modified Udimet 738 alloys containing 0.04, 0.10, and 0.20 wt % Zr at 0.01 and 0.03 wt % B levels. Samples in the as-cast and solution-treated conditions were exposed at 843 C to study structural stability. The structures produced by the interactions of Co, Zr, and B were studied by SEM, X-ray diffraction, and dispersive analysis techniques. The additions of large amounts of Zr and B were found to increase the solidification range of the U-738. Structural changes involved eutectic gamma prime islands, formation of low melting point compounds, and precipitation of borides and Zr rich phases. Boron and zirconium additions did not show substantial changes in mechanical properties. Removal of Co from the alloys resulted in reduction of the matrix solubility for carbon and increase in the gamma prime solvus. Structural instabilities found were continuous grain boundary M23C6 films, MC breakdown, and plate-like phases. Removal of cobalt resulted in a slight decrease in tensile and stress rupture properties. Detailed structural results presented.

Nakanishi, T. G.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Material tradeoffs to minimize flooding reactivity

In the GE 100 KWe SP-100 design, the array of fuel pins in the core was surrounded by a thin neutron barrier made of a mixture of Nb-1 percent Zr and 20 percent B4C. The purpose of this barrier was to prevent the return to the reactor of thermalized neutrons in the event of a reactor flooding accident. Neutronically, the barrier produced a reduction in k sub eff of 15 percent. However, a mixture of Nb-1 percent Zr and B4C is a development item and may not be possible to produce. Several alternatives to this design were investigated. These include the use of W-26 percent Re for the fuel barrier and the introduction of fuel pin ducts made of Ta-8 percent W-2 percent Hf, Hf-10 percent Nb or pure Re. The use of W-26 percent Re for the fuel barrier material in place of W, and the use of T111, Hf-10 percent Nb, or Re duct material in place of Nb-1 percent Zr or Nb-1 percent Zr-20 percent B4C were found to substantially decrease k sub eff in the flooding situation. The best choice neutronically for duct material is Hf-10 percent Nb, because of its small impact on the k sub eff of the normal core.

Protsik, R.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Effect of 0.1 at. pct Zirconium on the cyclic oxidation resistance of beta-NiAl

The effect of 0.1 at. pct Zr on the cyclic oxidation of hipped beta-NiAl was studied. Oxidation testing was performed in static air at 1100-1200 C, using 1-hr exposure cycles for test times up to 3000 hr. The weight change versus time data were modeled with the COSP computer program to analyze and predict cyclic-oxidation behavior. Zr additions significantly change the nature of the scale-spalling process during cooling, so that the oxide spalls near the oxide-air interface at a relatively low depth within the scale. Without Zr, the predominantly alpha-Al2O3 scale tends to spall randomly to bare metal at relatively high effective-scale-loss rates, particularly at 1150 C and 1200 C. This leads to higher rates of Al consumption for the Zr-free aluminide and much earlier depletion of Al, leading to eventual breakaway (i.e., failure).

Barrett, Charles A.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Effects of processing and prolonged high temperature exposure on the microstructure of Nb-1Zr-C sheet

High temperature stability of the microstructure of Nb-1Zr sheet containing 0.1 and 0.06 wt. percent C was studied as affected by processing and prolonged 1350 K exposure with and without applied stress. Sheets were fabricated by cold rolling bars that were single-, double-, or triple-extruded at 1900 K. Creep samples were double-annealed (1 h at 1755 K + 2 h at 1475 K) prior to testing at 1350 K and 10,000 - 34,500 h. The microstructures of the as-cast, extruded, rolled, DA, and crept samples were characterized using various metallographic and analytical methods. The precipitates were rather coarse Nb2C initially, but transformed to finer (less than or equal to 1 micron) carbides of (Zr, Nb)C with each subsequent high temperature process. The grain size, and the relative amount and morphology of (Zr, Nb)C were found to be affected by the number of extrusions and to some extent by C-content. However, the microstructures of all the crept samples were similar with (Zr, Nb)C distributed throughout the matrix indicating that prolonged exposure to 1350 K gave rise to complete transformation of Nb2C to (Zr, Nb)C regardless of the processing history. These and other observations are presented with the emphasis on the correlation between processing, microstructure, and creep properties.

Uz, Mehmet↗
NASA NTRS2006

Advanced Catalysts for Fuel Cells

This viewgraph presentation reviews the development of catalyst for Fuel Cells. The objectives of the project are to reduce the cost of stack components and reduce the amount of precious metal used in fuel cell construction. A rapid combinatorial screening technique based on multi-electrode thin film array has been developed and validated for identifying catalysts for oxygen reduction; focus shifted from methanol oxidation in FY05 to oxygen reduction in FY06. Multi-electrode arrays of thin film catalysts of Pt-Ni and Pt-Ni-Zr have been deposited. Pt-Ni and have been characterized electrochemically and structurally. Pt-Ni-Zr and Pt-Ni films show higher current density and onset potential compared to Pt. Electrocatalytic activity and onset potential are found to be strong function of the lattice constant. Thin film Pt(59)Ni(39)Zr(2) can provide 10 times the current density of thin film Pt. Thin film Pt(59)Ni(39)Zr(2) also shows 65mV higher onset potential than Pt.

fuel cells↗