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At least 145 records · Page 8

Command and Control of Utilities Systems

The utilities systems that encompass the Y-12 National Security Complex are an integral part of the entire campus, and are essential to maintaining critical mission focus for the site. Although the utilities systems each differ in function, the central production and distribution model creates a common thread on which each system is run. Several incidents in FY 2018 and FY 2019 documented a lack of overall systems control and highlighted the need to create a better command system that could maintain system availability and decrease possible impacts to the surrounding environment. An initial system was started in September of 2019 to better control mechanical utility distribution systems. The measurement of the system can be modeled against a standard command and control related incident. The corresponding work hours from a typical control-related incident were used as key component to this system model. System effectiveness is modeled against utility’s incidents that demonstrate a loss of command and control. The increased simulations of the model also document control can only be effectively contained within the stated time (3-5 years) by yielding more engineers to complete alignments, or drastically reducing the amount of time for alignments. The total control points of the model document a clear correlation between alignments, control points, and the amount of man-hours per incident. Current data shows that actual incident man-hours (1.88 manhours/ incident since initial system implementation) are near expected incident man-hours (1.81 manhours/ incident) with command and control for October 2021, which documents a 33.3% reduction in man-hours/incident since initial system implementation. A conclusion can be drawn that focus on increasing the amount of controlled points in the system can reduce incidents and the decrease the amount of non-value added work to employee’s day-to-day lives, while also achieving a culture that enhances and sustains utilities reliability.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

Seamlessly Fuel Flexible Heat Pump with Optimal Model-based Control Strategies to Reduce Peak Demand, Utility Cost and CO2 Emission

This research develops a novel hybrid fuel heat pump system for space heating of residential and small commercial buildings with built-in optimization and control. Whereas conventional dual fuel systems either run on gas or electricity at any given moment, the proposed seamlessly fuel flexible heat pump (SFFHP) simultaneously consumes gas and electricity and continuously optimizes the proportion of each. The building air flows across the heat pump condenser first and then flows across the furnace coil, and this reduces the heat pump temperature lift. The SFFHP delivers energy savings by allowing each subsystem (gas furnace and electric heat pump) to operate where it performs best to improve energy efficiency, minimize energy cost, and minimize carbon footprint. The capacities of the electric heat pump and gas furnace are continuously adjusted based on ambient conditions, utility price signals, and marginal grid emission signals. An optimal model predictive control strategy was developed with the goal of minimizing utility cost and minimizing CO2 emission. Two case studies were conducted to simulate the performance of SFFHP during the heating season in Chicago and Los Angeles, respectively. Compared with a conventional electric heat pump, SFFHP yields 33% utility cost reduction and 49% CO2 emission reduction in Chicago. Similarly, it achieves 23% utility cost reduction and 17% CO2 emission reduction in Los Angeles. Case studies demonstrate that SFFHP can deliver significant reductions in peak demand, utility cost, and CO2 emission. Due to the hybrid fuel nature of this novel equipment, user comfort will always be maintained. The fuel flexibility makes it an attractive option for demand response programs.

Li, Zhenning↗

Utility Perspective on Protection Challenges with High IBR Penetration [Slides]

Utilities have seen rapid increase in Solar, Wind, and Battery Energy Storage Resources that interconnect to their electric system through Inverters. Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs) have fault current characteristics that are unlike the fault current response of traditional rotating-machine-based generators, which is well known and repeatable. IBR’s non-traditional fault current behavior is due to the IBR control scheme, which is configured to provide a clean AC output but also protect the inverter’s sensitive power electronics devices from damage, one source of which is overcurrent. This results in low fault current magnitude, low or no negative sequence current injection, the variability of sequence component currents, the variability of voltage with respect to current angles, and the lack of inertia. The control scheme also results in a fault current response that can vary between manufactures and between models of the same manufacturer. High penetration of IBRs can adversely affect the protection schemes applied in areas with high penetration of IBRs. With the proliferation of IBRs, utilities are finding out that conventional protection schemes are not adequately equipped to protect the electric systems. This is mainly because the existing protection elements and practices have been designed based on the fault current response of conventional rotating machines. In several cases, the available literature does not provide any clear solution for the issues when the protection scheme does not operate properly near IBRs. This report identifies various protection challenges due to IBRs that industry is facing, from the utility perspective. Instead of facing on one issue, this report looks broadly on all the challenges that system protection has experienced with high penetration of IBRs. Based on the IBR response from various utilities during real fault events and gathering perspective from different utility SMEs via questionnaire, the report summarizes on gathered data and internal experiences.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Utility Microgrid Controller Test Plan

The functional requirements of many microgrid controllers (MGCs) are expanding and evolving to meet growing utility and community needs. At a high level, the utility microgrid controller serves resilience and reliability use cases by coordinating transitions between grid-connected and islanded states and by managing the system during island operations. This includes control scenarios that require the microgrid controller to use flexible microgrid boundaries, maintain energy balance, coordinate with peer systems, and manage grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) DER. In order to evaluate these functional enhancements, microgrid controller test plans must also be developed to ensure that the implemented controllers provide adequate performance. This report provides MGC test plans for both island operation and transition functions. The functions covered in this first edition report include feeder level energy management, island constraint management, secondary voltage and frequency control, black start, and synchronized reconnection. These test cases can be applied to utility-managed microgrid controllers that exclusively manage utility-owned equipment; the tests also apply to third-party managed microgrid controllers that coordinate with utility- and customer-owned equipment. The report can also be used by technology developers and project developers in industry to evaluate control strategies and performance characteristics for community microgrid controllers.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

Utility Programs Supporting Customer-Sited Battery Storage: Program Design to Ensure Mutual Benefits

Behind-the-meter (BTM) battery storage, when paired with solar, can benefit customers, utilities, and the electric grid. Some utility-sponsored programs have been implemented offset the cost of customer-owned batteries and recognize the value of batteries to the utility and the grid. This factsheet summarizes existing utility-sponsored battery programs and the value to the stakeholders. It then highlights Wattsmart, the customer-owned battery program offered by Rocky Mountain Power in Utah, and provides lessons-learned from a close look at the impact of the program design on commercial customer participation.

battery↗

Tuning Catalyst Activation and Utilization Via Controlled Electrode Patterning for Low-Loading and High-Efficiency Water Electrolyzers

An anode electrode concept of thin catalyst-coated liquid/gas diffusion layers (CCLGDLs), by integrating Ir catalysts with Ti thin tunable LGDLs with facile electroplating in proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells (PEMECs), is proposed. The CCLGDL design with only 0.08 mg Ir cm -2 can achieve comparative cell performances to the conventional commercial electrode design, saving ~97% Ir catalyst and augmenting a catalyst utilization to ~24 times. CCLGDLs with regulated patterns enable insight into how pattern morphology impacts reaction kinetics and catalyst utilization in PEMECs. A specially designed two-sided transparent reaction-visible cell assists the in situ visualization of the PEM/electrode reaction interface for the first time. Oxygen gas is observed accumulating at the reaction interface, limiting the active area and increasing the cell impedances. In this work, it is demonstrated that mass transport in PEMECs can be modified by tuning CCLGDL patterns, thus improving the catalyst activation and utilization. The CCLGDL concept promises a future electrode design strategy with a simplified fabrication process and enhanced catalyst utilization. Furthermore, the CCLGDL concept also shows great potential in being a powerful tool for in situ reaction interface research in PEMECs and other energy conversion devices with solid polymer electrolytes.

08 HYDROGEN↗

Improved CO 2 utilization efficiency using membrane carbonation in outdoor raceways

Membrane carbonation, the delivery of CO 2 by diffusion through non-porous hollow fiber membranes, was successfully integrated into outdoor raceways (5.6 m 2 , 900 L) and operated continuously for up to 45 days. Biomass productivity associated with membrane carbonation was similar to using traditional sparging, but the average carbon utilization efficiencies for membrane carbonation was 3-fold higher than for sparging when 100% CO 2 was delivered to both systems. Here, when the pH setpoint was 8.5, growth on ammonium bicarbonate using membrane carbonation achieved a carbon utilization efficiency of 106 ± 45% due to uptake of some carbon from bicarbonate. Using nitrate as the N source had a 78 ± 55% carbon utilization efficiency, due to dissolved inorganic carbon accumulation as the medium alkalinity increased. Lowering the pH setpoint to 8.0 created a carbon-rich environment that decreased the carbon utilization efficiency to 51 ± 27% due to CO 2 off-gassing, but it still was 3-fold higher than with sparging.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Customer trust in their utility company and interest in household-level battery storage

Here we seek to contribute to understanding household interest in battery storage, particularly the role of customer trust in their utility company. Using data from a survey of California households, we examine whether customers’ trust in their utility company is associated with their interest in battery storage. We find that customer trust that their utility company acts in their best interest is associated with lower levels of interest. Trust that the utility company is competent has some effect. Perceptions that battery storage has financial and environmental benefits and low nonmonetary costs are also associated with higher levels of interest.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

Piecewise Linear Optimization for Public EV Charging Depots in Different Utility Environments

With the proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs), EV supply equipment technology is being pushed to increasingly higher power levels, such as extreme fast charging (XFC) at 300kW or more. As more public XFC depots are connected to electric distribution systems, utility operators will mitigate their impact with pricing schemes and programs such as demand response, demand charges, and time-varying prices. In this paper we describe an XFC management system that combines an on-site battery energy storage system and an optimization application that minimizes the cost to operate the depot in light of the utility pricing programs. We have designed the optimizer specially to use fast and simple linear programming so that it can be deployed to low-cost computing platforms. We also describe how several utility pricing schemes are integrated into a single piecewise model, reducing the engineering effort to implement the optimizer in different utility environments.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

UTILITY CONTRIBUTION TO ARC FLASH STUDIES

The utility contribution input to an arc flash study has a significant effect on the output incident energy. Accurate input data can be difficult to obtain from serving utilities or is not consistently available. Defaulting to infinite bus can provide non-conservative results. This focus session poster will discuss the challenges with utility contribution with examples and suggest approaches to calculate conservative incident energy when the utility contribution data is not made available.

Arc flash study, utility contribution data, incide↗

Substitution or Shared Utilization? Intrahousehold Vehicle Use in Mixed-Powertrain Households

While previous research has focused heavily on understanding the factors deriving alternative fuel vehicle adoption rates, there remains a significant gap in understanding how households distribute mileage across different powertrains. This study utilizes data from the 2022 Next Generation National Household Travel Survey to investigate vehicle miles traveled within a sample of 150 plug-in electric vehicle (PEV)-owning households (in which at least one battery electric vehicle is present), characterizing how different powertrains are integrated into daily mobility. Leveraging a Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) framework the study jointly models the utilization of PEVs, hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) while accounting for household-level substitution effects. The results provide evidence of an asymmetric substitution effect. In households with mixed-powertrain configurations, the ICEV captures a substantially higher share of household miles (compared with the PEV), acting as a utility sponge. Conversely, the model identifies specific socioeconomic and geographic cohorts that prioritize PEV as the primary household workhorse, indicating a systematic sorting effect. Although the sample size limits broader generalizability, these findings suggest that PEVs are used for frequent, specific routine-intensive roles, whereas the ICEV remains a specialized utility vehicle. These insights highlight distinct intrahousehold vehicle use behaviors that are often obscured by aggregate fleetwide statistics.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Utility Finder (U-Finder) Tool

U-Finder allows users to search for and identify local utility partners and electric vehicle charger incentives by state or ZIP code. U-Finder pulls from the Homeland Infrastructure Foundation-Level Database of Electric Retail Service Territories to identify utility service territories. Utility incentive listings are provided by utility associations, and state government incentive listings are pulled from the Alternative Fuels Data Center Laws and Incentives website. ![U Finder landing page](ufinder-landing.png)

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

Utility Rate Database

The Utility Rate Database is a free storehouse of rate structure information from utilities in the United States. The database includes rates for utilities based on the authoritative list of U.S. utility companies maintained by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Energy Information Administration.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

Distributed Solar Utility Tariff and Revenue Impact Analysis: A Guidebook for International Practitioners

Depending on a range of technical, economic, policy, regulatory, and market-related factors, the adoption of DPV may have a net positive or negative financial impact on utilities and ratepayers. This guidebook provides a methodological approach for quantifying the net financial impact of DPV on utilities (in the form of “net revenue losses”) and ratepayers (in the form of “net tariff impacts”). Written for technical staff at utilities, regulatory bodies, energy ministries, research institutes, and civil society organizations who wish to better understand the financial impacts of DPV in their jurisdiction, this guidebook can be used to inform important decisions regarding DPV compensation, tariff design, and regulatory cost allocations, among other aspects. It is focused exclusively on customer-sited DPV systems and adopts a primarily cost-based (as opposed to an equally valid value-based) perspective to understanding DPV financial impacts. The approach for calculating net revenue losses can be applied in nearly any utility jurisdiction, regardless of institutional arrangements, business models, or regulatory paradigms.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

Enhancement of the Acoma Utility Authority

The goal of this project was to establish an energy utility department within the existing Pueblo of Acoma Utility Authority (PAUA). The ultimate goal is for PAUA to establish a self-sustaining energy utility department within its existing organization, to help fulfill its mission of providing safe and reliable utilities services to the community at an affordable cost, while promoting conservation and efficiency.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

Estimating the Drivers of the Cost of Saved Electricity in Utility Customer-Funded Energy Efficiency Programs

Energy efficiency programs funded by utility customers provide an electricity resource in most U.S. states, but their scale and cost of saving electricity varies significantly by state. In this paper, we explore the drivers of the cost of saved electricity in these programs with an econometric model and nearly a decade of data reported by efficiency program administrators. We found strong evidence for economies of scale and weak evidence for diseconomies of scale, which suggests that states with low levels of efficiency savings relative to retail sales can increase the size of their efficiency programs without large increases to the cost of saved electricity. We discuss examples of energy efficiency forecasting and potential modeling in light our econometric analysis and identify methodological improvements relevant to utilities and grid operators. This paper provides insights into the economics of customer-funded efficiency programs that will support regulators, utilities, and policymakers to utilize energy efficiency as a resource.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

Microorganism Utilization for Synthetic Milk Production

A desired architecture for long duration spaceflight, such as aboard the International Space Station (ISS) or for future missions to Mars, is to provide a supply of fresh food crops for the astronauts. However, some crops can create a high proportion of inedible plant waste. The main goal of this project was to produce the components of milk (sugar, lipid, protein) from inedible plant waste by utilizing microorganisms (fungi, yeast, bacteria). Of particular interest was utilizing the valuable polysaccharide, cellulose, found in plant waste, to naturally fuel- through microorganism cellular metabolism- the creation of sugar (glucose), lipid (milk fat), and protein (casein) to produce a synthetic edible food product. Environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, carbon source, aeration, and choice microorganisms were optimized in the laboratory and the desired end-products, sugars and lipids, were analyzed. Trichoderma reesei, a known cellulolytic fungus, was utilized to drive the production of glucose, with the intent that the produced glucose would serve as the carbon source for milk fat production and be a substitute for the milk sugar lactose. Lipid production would be carried out by Rhodosporidium toruloides, yeast known to accumulate those lipids that are typically found in milk fat. Results showed that glucose and total lipid content were below what was expected during this phase of experimentation. In addition, individual analysis of six fatty acids revealed that the percentage of each fatty acid was lower than naturally produced bovine milk. Overall, this research indicates that microorganisms could be utilized to breakdown inedible solid waste to produce useable products.

Utilization↗

In-Situ Reaction Monitoring for Lunar Applications Utilizing a Single Quadrupole Residual Gas Analyzer

With a revived focus to create a permeant presence on the moon and in preparation for future Mars exploration, it is imperative that all re-sources are utilized to their fullest potential. In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) will be critical for future mission success as it would enable independent operation of missions while minimally relying on the complex supply chain created between the Earth, moon and Mars. One of the most critical resources that have been identified for ISRU is the creation of liquid oxygen (O2) for not only breathable air, but also for rocket fuel. On the moon and potentially Mars, one of the most O2 rich resources is in the presence of regolith. Although there are numerous minerals within regolith and various processes to extract O2, this is not the scope of this paper. Since the O2 extraction method can vary, a critical standardized analytical method is needed to verify O2 (or oxygenated precursor compounds) for extraction efficiency and purity. Our group utilizes a modified consumer off-the-shelf (COTS), Residual Gas Analyzer (RGA) Single Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (QMS). Due to the current field mission requirements, the gas analysis module will need to rely only on mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) and peak intensities to differentiate and quantitate targeted gas-phase reactants or products, i.e. carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H2). However, due to solar wind implanted volatiles and various other compounds present in lunar regolith, such as nitrogen (N2), helium (He), and deuterium (D2), deconvolution and quantification of isobaric compounds becomes quite difficult. Specifically, the presence of N2 makes quantification of CO, an oxygenated precursor, difficult due to both compounds having a peak at m/z 28. Approaches to differentiate isobaric components: Initially, the solution to overcome isobaric overlap was to use isotopic ratios, particularly be-tween carbon-13 and nitrogen-15. Although limited literature discuss isotopic composition and attempt to quantify the ratios, variation is particularly high and limited to a few lunar regolith samples. The following were identified as potential approaches to quantify isobaric species, N2 and CO, using our RGA. Threshold Ionization. CO and N2 both have peaks at m/z 28, but only N2 is capable of producing a peak at m/z 7. While a N2 peak at m/z 7 is generally rare, instrument parameters can be optimized in order to maximize the peak intensity. Typically a standard ionization energy of 70 eV is used to monitor a batch process and would produce reliable results for a majority of the reactants or products that we are interested in quantifying. However, to analyze the rare molecular fragment of N2 (N2+ at m/z 7), a different ionization energy may be beneficial. Threshold Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS) will be explored to optimize the N2+ peak at m/z 7 by varying parameters such as ionization energy and pressure. Therefore, a quantitative value at m/z 7 will be used to determine the product gas concentration of N2, which will be subtracted from the total concentration determined at m/z 28 enabling us to approximate the amount of CO. Secondary Detector (infrared gas detector, IR). Another approach to quantitate and differentiate be-tween isobaric components is to leverage alternative modes of detection. Unlike mass spectrometry, which generally uses a separation step prior to analysis (i.e. gas chromatography), IR produces energy that is specifically absorbed depending on the bond and configuration of the molecule. This technique could be leveraged since it is generally only active on non-symmetric molecules, i.e. CO. Utilizing concentrations of CO determined from another detector could help correct concentrations of CO obtained from the QMS. However, the inclusion of another detector adds additional mission requirements, such as power, software changes and avionics updates that add additional cost and schedule requirements.

mass spectrometry↗