Chemical/Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems
Electrochemical and thermochemical systems are reviewed. Chemical heat pumps, end-use applications and systems studies, and storage systems and materials are also discussed.
Miller, D. S.↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
Results for “Storage systems”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Key Considerations for Adoption of Technical Codes and Standards for Battery Energy Storage Systems in Thailand
Battery storage is “technology that enables power system operators and utilities to store energy for later use. A battery energy storage system (BESS) is an electrochemical device that charges (or collects energy) from the grid or a power plant and then discharges that energy at a later time to provide electricity or other grid services when needed”. As countries in Asia consider the inclusion of BESS in their power systems to meet policy objectives, renewable energy goals, increase resilience, and expand energy access, there is an opportunity to learn from the experiences of other regions and jurisdictions that have developed more advanced storage markets and deployment methodologies. This report presents global best practices of codes, standards, and interconnection procedures developed to support the safe and reliable deployment of BESS. Several relevant case studies highlight current efforts to ensure safe operation of BESS and showcase potential pathways for adoption of relevant codes and standards. Specifically, this report is intended to support the Thailand Office of Energy Regulatory Commission (OERC) and other stakeholders in their efforts to develop technical codes and standards to govern the installation and operation of BESS; it may also be utilized as a guide for other countries as interest in the deployment of BESS technologies continues to grow.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Motivation and Design of the Sirocco Storage System Version 1.0.
Sirocco is a massively parallel, high performance storage system for the exascale era. It emphasizes client-to-client coordination, low server-side coupling, and free data movement to improve resilience and performance. Its architecture is inspired by peer-to-peer and victim- cache architectures. By leveraging these ideas, Sirocco natively supports several media types, including RAM, flash, disk, and archival storage, with automatic migration between levels. Sirocco also includes storage interfaces and support that are more advanced than typical block storage. Sirocco enables clients to efficiently use key-value storage or block-based storage with the same interface. It also provides several levels of transactional data updates within a single storage command, including full ACID-compliant updates. This transaction support extends to updating several objects within a single transaction. Further support is provided for con- currency control, enabling greater performance for workloads while providing safe concurrent modification. By pioneering these and other technologies and techniques in the storage system, Sirocco is poised to fulfill a need for a massively scalable, write-optimized storage system for exascale systems. This is version 1.0 of a document reflecting the current and planned state of Sirocco. Further versions of this document will be accessible at http://www.cs.sandia.gov/Scalable_IO/ sirocco .
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
Metal hydride based thermal energy storage system requirements for high performance concentrating solar power plants
High temperature concentrating solar power plants require suitable thermal energy storage systems to produce electric power efficiently. Thermochemical energy storage based on metal hydrides represents a very appealing prospect for low cost and high efficient solar storage systems. The objective of the paper is to assess the properties required by the metal hydride systems to achieve the U.S. Department of Energy’s SunShot techno-economic targets. A simplified model has been developed to evaluate the cost and the exergetic efficiency of hydridebased storage systems. Results demonstrate that metal hydride materials, operating at temperatures higher than 650 °C, with reaction enthalpy on the order of 95-110 kJ/molH 2 , raw material cost on the order of 1.4-2 $/kg, weight capacities on the order of 3-4% and operating pressures on the order of tens of bars have the potential to closely approach the targets. Selected sensitivity analyses have also been carried out showing that the raw material cost, the material weight capacity and the metal hydride reaction enthalpy are the properties that strongly affect the performance of the storage system.
08 HYDROGEN↗
Conceptual design of thermal energy storage systems for near-term electric utility applications
Promising thermal energy storage systems for midterm applications in conventional electric utilities for peaking power generation are evaluated. Conceptual designs of selected thermal energy storage systems integrated with conventional utilities are considered including characteristics of alternate systems for peaking power generation, viz gas turbines and coal fired cycling plants. Competitive benefit analysis of thermal energy storage systems with alternate systems for peaking power generation and recommendations for development and field test of thermal energy storage with a conventional utility are included. Results indicate that thermal energy storage is only marginally competitive with coal fired cycling power plants and gas turbines for peaking power generation.
Hall, E. W.↗
Resilient and Cost-Effective Hybrid Li-Ion Battery Energy Storage System for Sites with Solar Generation and Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging (CRADA Final Report, CRD-19-00799)
The batteries of an energy storage system designed for multiple use-cases are traditionally selected to withstand the highest rate at which a battery is discharged relative to its maximum capacity (C-rate) and cycling requirements of the most intense use-case. However, this is not cost-effective given that the price of the batteries is strongly correlated to C-rate and cyclability. We propose to establish design guidelines for a hybrid energy storage system and test an edge controller that uses high-power and high-energy batteries for high- cyclability use cases such as frequency regulation and electric vehicle (EV) charging and low-cost batteries for low-power and low-cyclability use cases such as summer peak loads. The three main objectives of this proposal are (i) establishing sizing guidelines for such a hybrid storage system, (ii) installing a hybrid storage system in the Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) sized based on those guidelines, and (iii) testing an edge controller specific for the system through hardware tests.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) and Battery Management System (BMS) for Grid-Scale Applications
The current electric grid is an inefficient system that wastes significant amounts of the electricity it produces because there is a disconnect between the amount of energy consumers require and the amount of energy produced from generation sources. Power plants typically produce more power than necessary to ensure adequate power quality. By taking advantage of energy storage within the grid, many of these inefficiencies can be removed. Advanced modeling is required when using battery energy storage systems (BESS) for grid storage in order to accurately monitor and control the storage system. Battery management systems (BMS) control how the storage system will be used and a BMS that utilizes advanced physics-based models will offer for much more robust operation of the storage system. The paper outlines the current state of the art for modeling in BMS and the advanced models required to fully utilize BMS for both lithium-ion batteries and vanadium redox-flow batteries. In addition, system architecture and how it can be useful in monitoring and control is discussed. A pathway for advancing BMS to better utilize BESS for grid-scale applications is outlined.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
Designing Microporus Carbons for Hydrogen Storage Systems
An efficient, cost-effective hydrogen storage system is a key enabling technology for the widespread introduction of hydrogen fuel cells to the domestic marketplace. Air Products, an industry leader in hydrogen energy products and systems, recognized this need and responded to the DOE 'Grand Challenge' solicitation (DOE Solicitation DE-PS36-03GO93013) under Category 1 as an industry partner and steering committee member with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in their proposal for a center-of-excellence on Carbon-Based Hydrogen Storage Materials. This center was later renamed the Hydrogen Sorption Center of Excellence (HSCoE). Our proposal, entitled 'Designing Microporous Carbons for Hydrogen Storage Systems,' envisioned a highly synergistic 5-year program with NREL and other national laboratory and university partners.
08 HYDROGEN↗
The architecture of the High Performance Storage System (HPSS)
The rapid growth in the size of datasets has caused a serious imbalance in I/O and storage system performance and functionality relative to application requirements and the capabilities of other system components. The High Performance Storage System (HPSS) is a scalable, next-generation storage system that will meet the functionality and performance requirements or large-scale scientific and commercial computing environments. Our goal is to improve the performance and capacity of storage by two orders of magnitude or more over what is available in the general or mass marketplace today. We are also providing corresponding improvements in architecture and functionality. This paper describes the architecture and functionality of HPSS.
Teaff, Danny↗
Modeling of a thermal energy storage system based on coupled metal hydrides (magnesium iron – sodium alanate) for concentrating solar power plants
Concentrating solar power plants represent low cost and efficient solutions for renewable electricity production only if adequate thermal energy storage systems are included. Metal hydride thermal energy storage systems have demonstrated the potential to achieve very high volumetric energy densities, high exergetic efficiencies, and low costs. The current work analyzes the technical feasibility and the performance of a storage system based on the high temperature Mg 2 FeH 6 hydride coupled with the low temperature Na 3 AlH 6 hydride. To accomplish this, a detailed transport model has been set up and the coupled metal hydride system has been simulated based on a laboratory scale experimental configuration. Proper kinetics expressions have been developed and included in the model to replicate the absorption and desorption process in the high temperature and low temperature hydride materials. The system showed adequate hydrogen transfer between the two metal hydrides, with almost complete charging and discharging, during both thermal energy storage and thermal energy release. The system operating temperatures varied from 450°C to 500°C, with hydrogen pressures between 30 bar and 70 bar. This makes the thermal energy storage system a suitable candidate for pairing with a solar driven steam power plant. The model results, obtained for the selected experimental configuration, showed an actual thermal energy storage system volumetric energy density of about 132 kWh/m 3 , which is more than 5 times the U.S. Department of Energy SunShot target (25 kWh/m 3 ).
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
NASA Langley Research Center's distributed mass storage system
There is a trend in institutions with high performance computing and data management requirements to explore mass storage systems with peripherals directly attached to a high speed network. The Distributed Mass Storage System (DMSS) Project at NASA LaRC is building such a system and expects to put it into production use by the end of 1993. This paper presents the design of the DMSS, some experiences in its development and use, and a performance analysis of its capabilities. The special features of this system are: (1) workstation class file servers running UniTree software; (2) third party I/O; (3) HIPPI network; (4) HIPPI/IPI3 disk array systems; (5) Storage Technology Corporation (STK) ACS 4400 automatic cartridge system; (6) CRAY Research Incorporated (CRI) CRAY Y-MP and CRAY-2 clients; (7) file server redundancy provision; and (8) a transition mechanism from the existent mass storage system to the DMSS.
Pao, Juliet Z.↗
General volume sizing strategy for thermal storage system using phase change material for concentrated solar thermal power plant
With an auxiliary large capacity thermal storage using phase change material (PCM), Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) is a promising technology for high efficiency solar energy utilization. In a thermal storage system, a dual-media thermal storage tank is typically adopted in industry for the purpose of reducing the use of the heat transfer fluid (HTF) which is usually expensive. While the sensible heat storage system (SHSS) has been well studied, a dual-media latent heat storage system (LHSS) still needs more attention and study. The volume sizing of the thermal storage tank, considering daily cyclic operations, is of particular significance. In this paper, a general volume sizing strategy for LHSS is proposed, based on an enthalpy-based 1D transient model. One example was presented to demonstrate how to apply this strategy to obtain an actual storage tank volume. With this volume, a LHSS can supply heat to a thermal power plant with the HTF at temperatures above a cutoff point during a desired 6 hours of operation. This general volume sizing strategy is believed to be of particular interest for the solar thermal power industry.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Design of Space Station era mass storage systems
The architecture, components, and technical approach for a Space Station era mass storage system prototype are described. The primary data storage needs call for such functions as line outage recording, rate buffering, data archiving, and level zero type processing. The prototype mass storage system hardware will be configurable to support three modes of operation at up to 300 Mbps. The system architecture consists of two distinct components: a configurable high-level mass storage control system and a basic storage kernal.
Horner, Ward P.↗
Storage system software solutions for high-end user needs
Today's high-end storage user is one that requires rapid access to a reliable terabyte-capacity storage system running in a distributed environment. This paper discusses conventional storage system software and concludes that this software, designed for other purposes, cannot meet high-end storage requirements. The paper also reviews the philosophy and design of evolving storage system software. It concludes that this new software, designed with high-end requirements in mind, provides the potential for solving not only the storage needs of today but those of the foreseeable future as well.
Hogan, Carole B.↗
Understanding I/O workload characteristics of a Peta-scale storage system
Understanding workload characteristics is critical for optimizing and improving the performance of current systems and software, and architecting new storage systems based on observed workload patterns. In this paper, we characterize the I/O workloads of scientific applications of one of the world's fastest high performance computing (HPC) storage cluster, Spider, at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF). OLCF flagship petascale simulation platform, Titan, and other large HPC clusters, in total over 250 thousands compute cores, depend on Spider for their I/O needs. We characterize the system utilization, the demands of reads and writes, idle time, storage space utilization, and the distribution of read requests to write requests for the Peta-scale Storage Systems. From this study, we develop synthesized workloads, and we show that the read and write I/O bandwidth usage as well as the inter-arrival time of requests can be modeled as a Pareto distribution. We also study the I/O load imbalance problems using I/O performance data collected from the Spider storage system.
I/O↗
Is it Worth Relaxing Fault Tolerance to Speed Up Decommission in Distributed Storage Systems?
Efficient resource utilization is a major concern for large-scale computer platforms. One method used to lower energy consumption and operational cost is to reduce the amount of idle resources. This can be achieved by using malleability, namely, the possibility for resource managers to dynamically increase or decrease the amount of resources of jobs while they are running. Decommissioning (i.e., removing from the cluster) the idle nodes as soon as possible allows the resource manager to quickly reallocate those nodes to other jobs. Challenges appear when such nodes host part of a distributed storage system. Such storage systems may need to transfer large amounts of data before releasing the nodes, in order to ensure data availability and a certain level of fault tolerance. In this paper, we model and evaluate the performance of the decommission operation when relaxing the level of fault tolerance (i.e., the number of replicas) during this operation. Intuitively, this is expected to reduce the amount of data transfers needed before nodes are released, and thus allow nodes to be returned to the resource manager faster. We quantify theoretically how much time and resources are saved by such a fast decommission strategy compared with a standard decommission that does not temporarily reduce the fault-tolerance level. We establish lower bounds for the duration of the different phases of a fast decommission. We use the lower bounds to estimate when fast decommission would be useful to reduce the usage of core-hours and when not. We implement a prototype for fast decommission and experimentally validate the lower bounds on the duration of the operation and confirm in practice our theoretical findings.
Decommission↗
Assessing Cost-Optimal Battery Energy and Solar-Plus-Storage Systems for Federal Customers: A Nationwide Assessment: Preprint
Prior research has identified that the financial viability of behind-the-meter battery energy storage systems is heavily dependent on technology cost, utility rate structure, energy consumption patterns, and co-deployment with synergistic technologies like solar photovoltaics (PV), among other factors. This study builds on existing research by comprehensively evaluating the economics of battery energy storage systems (BESS) and solar-plus-storage systems for a reference office building at 755 reference sites under 834 utility rates, and four storage capital cost scenarios. Results indicate that even with dramatic cost reductions, BESS is likely to be cost-effective only under utility rates that include demand charges, and possibly include time-of-use (TOU) pricing as well. Even under these utility rates, BESS systems provide marginal savings, and office building operators are unlikely to deploy the technology for cost savings alone. Solar-plus-storage systems provide more savings than BESS and allow for larger economic storage capacities. Solar-plus-storage provides compelling savings opportunities at baseline prices, and even at capital costs 25% higher than baseline. Solar-plus-storage is most effective where there are demand charges and energy pricing schemes include TOU pricing, or where electricity is expensive (at least $0.30/kWh). Our case studies illustrate that the presence of demand charges, even at similar energy costs, can be the deciding factor in BESS and solar-plus-storage viability. The findings and maps from this assessment may be of use to planners, building owners, and developers looking for potentially economic storage opportunities.
battery energy storage systems↗
Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems
This paper explores the impact of valuing resilience on the economics of photovoltaics (PV) and storage systems for commercial buildings. The analysis presented here illustrates that accounting for the cost of grid power outages can change the breakeven point for PV and storage system investment, and increase the size of systems designed to deliver the greatest economic benefit over time. In other words, valuing resilience can make PV and storage systems economical in cases where they would not be otherwise. As storage costs decrease, and outages occur more frequently, PV and storage are likely to play a larger role in building design and management considerations.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗