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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

2011.2 Revision of the Evaluated Nuclear Data Library (ENDL2011.2)

LLNL's Computational Nuclear Physics Group and Nuclear Theory and Modeling Group have col- laborated to create the 2011.2 revised release of the Evaluated Nuclear Data Library (ENDL2011.2). ENDL2011.2 is designed to support LLNL's current and future nuclear data needs and will be em- ployed in nuclear reactor, nuclear security and stockpile stewardship simulations with ASC codes. This database is currently the most complete nuclear database for Monte Carlo and deterministic transport of neutrons and charged particles. This library was assembled with strong support from the ASC PEM and Attribution programs, leveraged with support from Campaign 4 and the DOE/O ce of Science's US Nuclear Data Program. This document lists the revisions made in ENDL2011.2 compared with the data existing in the original ENDL2011.0 release and the ENDL2011.1-rc4 re- lease candidate of April 2015. These changes are made in parallel with some similar revisions for ENDL2009.2.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Pomona College Dreamers and Achievers Profile

As an undergraduate at Pomona, Carol Meyers ’00 enjoyed proofs and pure math, but she also had a hankering to solve real-world problems. This eventually led her to discover the field of operations research, in which she earned a PhD from MIT, and from there onto a career at a national laboratory. “National labs are great because they serve a role between academia and industry,” she says, “solving problems too large or too applied for academia, and insufficiently profitdriven for industry.” Her workplace, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, is home to the world’s largest laser, frequent home to the world’s fastest supercomputer, and the namesake to element 116 (Livermorium) on the periodic table. During her 10+ years at the laboratory Carol has worked in the areas of energy grid modernization, nuclear counterterrorism, cyber security, stockpile stewardship, and supercomputing, often as a consultant providing mathematical modeling and optimization expertise. Carol has two young kids and serves as co-chair of the New Moms’ Group at her workplace. “Being in a supportive community of moms has really helped me at work,” she says, “because let’s face it – moms know how to get things done!” “People talk a lot about the importance of networking, but this doesn’t have to mean starting technical discussions with strangers. The ability to bond with and relate to other people is far more important, and many women do this very well. Some of my best work networking connections have come through our employer-affiliated daycare.”

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2017

The ICF National Diagnostic Plan (NDP) 9/19/17

A major goal of the Stockpile Stewardship Program (SSP) is to deliver validated numerical models, benchmarked against experiments that address relevant and important issues and provide data that stress the codes and our understanding. DOENNSA has made significant investments in major facilities and high-performance computing to successfully execute the SSP. The more information obtained about the physical state of the plasmas produced, the more stringent the test of theories, models, and codes can be, leading to increased confidence in our predictive capability. To fully exploit the world-leading capabilities of the ICF program, a multi-year program to develop and deploy advanced diagnostics has been developed by the expert scientific community. To formalize these activities NNSA’s Acting Director for the Inertial Confinement Fusion Program directed the formation and duties of the National Diagnostics Working Group (NDWG) in a Memorandum 11/3/16 (Appendix A). The NDWG identified eight transformational diagnostics, shown in Table 1, that will provide unprecedented information from experiments in support of the SSP at NIF, Z and OMEGA. Table 1 shows how the missions of the SSP experiments including materials, complex hydrodynamics, radiation flow and effects and thermo-nuclear burn and boost will produce new observables, which will be measured using a variety of largely new diagnostic technologies used in the eight transformational diagnostics. The data provided by these diagnostics will validate and improve the physics contained within the SSP’s simulations and both uncover and quantify important phenomena that lie beyond our present understanding.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2017

LDRD Final Report 15-ERD-037 Matthews

The physics and materials science involved in laser materials processing of metals was studied experimentally using custom-built test beds and in situ diagnostics. Special attention was given to laser-based powder bed fusion additive manufacturing processes, a technology critically important to the stockpile stewardship program in NNSA. New light has been shed on several phenomena such as laser-driven spatter, material displacement and morphology changes. The results presented here and in publications generated by this work have proven impactful and useful to both internal and external communities. New directions in additive manufacturing research at LLNL have been enabled, along with new scientific capabilities that can serve future program needs.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Precision Gamma-Ray Branching Ratios for Long-Lived Radioactive Nuclei

Many properties of the high-energy-density environments in nuclear weapons tests, advanced laser-fusion experiments, the interior of stars, and other astrophysical bodies must be inferred from the resulting long-lived radioactive nuclei that are produced. These radioactive nuclei are most easily and sensitively identified by studying the characteristic gamma rays emitted during decay. Measuring a number of decays via detection of the characteristic gamma-rays emitted during the gamma-decay (the gamma-ray branching ratio) of the long-lived fission products is one of the most straightforward and reliable ways to determine the number of fissions that occurred in a nuclear weapon test. The fission products 147 Nd, 144 Ce, 156 Eu, and certain other long-lived isotopes play a crucial role in science-based stockpile stewardship, however, the large uncertainties (about 8%) on the branching ratios measured for these isotopes are currently limiting the usefulness of the existing data [1,2]. We performed highly accurate gamma-ray branching-ratio measurements for a group of high-atomic-number rare earth isotopes to greatly improve the precision and reliability with which the fission yield and reaction products in high-energy-density environments can be determined. We have developed techniques that take advantage of new radioactive-beam facilities, such as DOE's CARIBU located at Argonne National Laboratory, to produce radioactive samples and perform decay spectroscopy measurements. The absolute gamma-ray branching ratios for 147 Nd and 144 Ce are reduced <2% precision. In addition, high-energy monoenergetic neutron beams from the FN Tandem accelerator in TUNL at Duke University was used to produce 167 Tm using the 169 Tm(n,3n) reaction. Fourtime improved branching ratio of 167 Tm is used now to measure reaction-in-flight (RIF) neutrons from a burning DT capsule at NIF [10]. This represents the first measurement of RIF neutrons in any laboratory fusion system, and the magnitude of the signal has important implications for fundamental plasma science and for weapons physics.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

2009.3 Revision of the Evaluated Nuclear Data Library (ENDL2009.3)

LLNL's Computational Nuclear Data and Theory Group have created a 2009.3 revised release of the Evaluated Nuclear Data Library (ENDL2009.3). This library is designed to support LLNL's current and future nuclear data needs and will be employed in nuclear reactor, nuclear security and stockpile stewardship simulations with ASC codes. The ENDL2009 database was the most complete nuclear database for Monte Carlo and deterministic transport of neutrons and charged particles. It was assembled with strong support from the ASC PEM and Attribution programs, leveraged with support from Campaign 4 and the DOE/Office of Science's US Nuclear Data Program. This document lists the revisions and fixes made in a new release called ENDL2009.3, by com- paring with the existing data in the previous release ENDL2009.2. These changes are made in conjunction with the revisions for ENDL2011.3, so that both the .3 releases are as free as possible of known defects.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Optimization of Diode Laser System to Treat Benign Prostate Hyperplasia Final Report CRADA No. TSB-1154-95

Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a pervasive condition of enlargement of the male prostate gland which leads to several urinary difficulties ranging from hesitancy to incontinence to kidney dysfunction in severe cases. Currently the most common therapy is transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) utilizing an electrosurgical device. Although TURP is largely successful, new BPH therapy methods are desired to reduce the cost and recovery time, improve the success rate, and reduce side effects. Recently, lasers have been introduced for this purpose. Indigo Medical Inc. is currently engaged in the development, testing, and preparation for sales of a new diode laser based BPH therapy system. The development is based on laboratory experiments, animal studies, and a limited FDA-approved clinical trial in the US and in other countries. The addition of sophisticated numerical modeling, of the sort that has been highly developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, can greatly aid in the design of the system and treatment protocol. The benefits to DOE include the maintenance and advancement of numerical modeling expertise in radiation-matter interactions of the sort essential for the stockpile stewardship, inertial confinement fusion, and advanced manufacturing, and the push on advanced scientific computational methods, ultimately in areas such as 3-D transport.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2018

2017 Joint Experimental Diagnostics Initiative (JEDI) Annual Report - April 2018

The Joint Enhanced Diagnostics Initiative (JEDI) collaboration between the National Ignition Facility (NIF) and the Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE) has the goal of enhancing the experimental capabilities of the NIF to enable collaborative experiments of interest to both the U.S. and U.K. stockpile stewardship activities.

98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗
DOE OSTI2018

2019 Integrated facilities and infrastructure plan

This document, the Sandia National Laboratories lntegrated Facilities and lnfrastructure Plan, summarizes long-, mid-, and short-term site planning to support Sandia's mission. High-level direction that influences site development includes the Stockpile Stewardship and Management Plan (SSMP) and Nuclear Posture Review (NPR), while the relationship to National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) infrastructure is described in the NNSA Master Asset Plan (MAP). Using the SSMP as an indication of the future workload informs the planning process for facilities and infrastructure. Figure 1 shows the outlook of the NNSAs nuclear weapons modernization programs through the year 2042, which indicates a stable, slightly growing workload.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2019

ASC news highlight for HQ, 12/11/18

LLNL’s package management tool, Spack, has reduced software build times from weeks to hours for programmatic codes, and the tool’s popularity has grown beyond the NNSA laboratories. New workflow features and ongoing community-building efforts have led ECP and many top supercomputing sites worldwide to adopt Spack as their official deployment tool. With a community of over 330 Spack contributors, the maintenance burden for over 3,000 open source packages is now shared with other centers. This reduction of general ASC software maintenance costs frees up code development resources to address unique requirements specific to the stockpile stewardship mission.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2019

Opacity: A window into High Energy Density Plasma Physics

Opacity is a fundamental property of matter and knowledge of it is required to understand the transport of radiation through a material. Exact knowledge of opacity is crucial in many fields such as astrophysics, which recently produced a white paper on the current state of astrophysical opacities [1], plasma physics, including inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and magnetic confinement fusion, high energy density physics (HEDP), the semiconductor industry [2] and stockpile stewardship. In industry, the accurate knowledge of the opacity of tin is important for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography and the development of processors with smaller components. In astrophysics, Cepheid variable stars are used as “standard candles” for determining the distance to objects. Opacities of these stars are required to understand the relationship between their periodicity, luminosity and distance. Our sun is the most studied star and provides the basis of our understanding for other stars. Yet in significant ways the sun is poorly understood. In recent years, there has been a debate over the abundances of heavy elements (Z > 2) in the solar interior. Current solar atmosphere models [3] find a significantly lower abundance for C, N, and O compared to models used roughly a decade ago. Although solar evolution models have matured, a discrepancy still exists between spectroscopic solar models (which require opacities) with updated abundances, and solar properties inferred from helioseismology and neutrinos [4]. Despite its necessity, opacity is not solved, and is an open and active area of research needed for improving our understanding of plasma physics.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

User Requirements Specification for the Universal Real Time Controller: Ergonomic Design for Placement of Three NI 9157/9159 Chassis

The Air Delivered Weapons Tester Development Group (2256) is currently designing a new type of test system, the Universal Real Time Controller (URTCON). The URTCON will provide the surveillance community with technologies that advance the state of knowledge in stockpile stewardship. Success for its implementation depends on whether the components comprising the URTCON can be reliably and accurately maintained in the field. A system is maintainable when the worker has visual and physical access to the components that need to be serviced. To address this need, a layout was determined that best facilitates the worker's ability to easily see and reach components. A list of user-system requirements was initially prepared to guide decisions affecting the layout. Then, five design options depicting various ways to lay out the components were evaluated. Based on this effort, a best design option was identified for implementation. It is expected that the design recommended herein will provide the workers with a workplace that permits unhindered access to the components requiring their attention.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗
DOE OSTI2015

Nevada National Security Site Environmental Report 2014--Summary

This Nevada National Security Site Environmental Report (NNSSER) was prepared to satisfy DOE Order DOE O 231.1B, “Environment, Safety and Health reporting.” Its purpose is to (1) report compliance status with environmental standards and requirements, (2) present results of environmental monitoring of radiological and nonradiological effluents, (3) report estimated radiological doses to the public from releases of radioactive material, (4) summarize environmental incidents of noncompliance and actions taken in response to them, (5) describe the National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office Environmental (NSA/NFO) Management System and characterize its performance, and (6) highlight significant environmental programs and efforts. The three major NNSS missions include National Security/Defense, Environmental Management, and Nondefense. The major programs that support these missions are Stockpile Stewardship and Management, Nonproliferation and Counterterrorism, Nuclear Emergency Response, Strategic Partnership Project, Environmental Restoration, Waste Management, Conservation and Renewable Energy, Other Research and Development, and Infrastructure. The major facilities that support the programs include the U1a Facility, Big Explosives Experimental Facility (BEEF), Device Assembly Facility, Dense Plasma Focus Facility, Joint Actinide Shock Physics Experimental Research Facility, Radiological/Nuclear Countermeasures Test and Evaluation Complex, Nonproliferation Test and Evaluation Complex (NPTEC), Radiological/Nuclear Weapons of Mass Destruction Incident Exercise Site, Area 5 Radioactive Waste Management Complex (RWMC), and the Area 3 Radioactive Waste Management Site (RWMS).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

2016 High Performance Computing Annual Report

Sandia National Laboratories’ California site is celebrating its 60th anniversary (1956 to 2016), and high performance computing has been a key enabler for its scientists and engineers throughout much of its history. Since its founding, Sandia California has helped pioneer the use of HPC platforms including hosting Sandia’s first Cray-1 supercomputer in the 1970s and supporting development of scalable cluster computing platforms to create a new paradigm for cost-effective supercomputing in the 1990s. Recent decades of investment in creation of scalable application frameworks for scientific computing have also enabled new generations of modeling and simulation codes. These resources have facilitated computational analysis of complex phenomena in diverse applications spanning national defense, energy, and homeland security. Today, Sandia California researchers work with partners in academia, industry, and national labs to evolve the state-of-the-art in HPC, modeling, and data analysis (including foundational capabilities for exascale computing platforms) and apply them in transformational ways. Research efforts include mitigating the effects of silent hardware failures that can jeopardize the results of large-scale computations, developing exascale-capable asynchronous task-parallel programming models and runtime systems, formulating new techniques to better explore and analyze extreme-scale data sets, and increasing our understanding of materials and chemical sciences which has applications spanning nuclear weapons stockpile stewardship to more efficient automobile engines. The following section highlights some of these research and applications projects and further illustrates the breadth of our HPC capabilities.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2016

Pulsed Power Science & Technology: A Strategic Outlook for the National Nuclear Security Administration (Summary)

Major advances in pulsed power technology and applications over the last twenty years have expanded the mission areas for pulsed power and created compelling new opportunities for the Stockpile Stewardship Program (SSP). This summary document is a forward look at the development of pulsed power science and technology (PPS&T) capabilities in support of the next 20 years of the SSP. This outlook was developed during a three month long tri-lab study on the future of PPS&T research and capabilities in support of applications to: (1) Dynamic Materials, (2) Thermonuclear Burn Physics and Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF), and (3) Radiation Effects and Nuclear Survivability. It also considers necessary associated developments in next-generation codes and pulsed power technology as well as opportunities for academic, industry, and international engagement. The document identifies both imperatives and opportunities to address future SSP mission needs.

98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗
DOE OSTI2020

Xyce Case Study

With the elimination of underground nuclear testing and declining defense budgets, science-based stockpile stewardship requires increased reliance on high performance modeling and simulation of weapon systems. Today's weapon systems are comprised of various electrical components and systems. As a result, there is a need for tools that will allow the use of massively parallel modeling and simulation techniques on high performance computers in existing and future weapons' electrical systems models. The Xyce Parallel Electronic Simulator is a SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis)- compatible circuit simulator designed to run on large-scale parallel computing platforms, though it can also execute efficiently on a variety of architectures including single processor workstations. As a mature platform for large-scale parallel circuit simulation, Xyce supports standard capabilities available in commercial simulators, in addition to various devices and models specific to Sandia's needs. Specifically, Xyce aids in the design and verification of electrical and electronic circuits and systems prior to weapons' manufacturing and deployment.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗