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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Impact of operating reserve rules on electricity prices with high penetrations of renewable energy

In competitive wholesale electricity markets, significant effort is devoted to designing markets that set efficient prices for maintaining supply-demand balance. One factor that can impact prices is administratively-set scarcity pricing, which sets prices to a preset level when the market is not able to meet operating reserve or energy requirements. When energy and operating reserves are co-optimized, assumptions surrounding operating reserve requirements and scarcity pricing can impact system-wide price outcomes for both operating reserves and energy. This study uses production cost modeling of an ERCOT-like system to evaluate the impact of operating reserve eligibility, scarcity pricing, and quantity rules on electricity prices, and therefore also on generator revenues. Results reveal economic and operational benefits with allowing open participation in reserve markets, as this enables greater access to the full set of capable resources at lowest cost. Furthermore, both energy and reserve prices are strongly impacted by reserve scarcity pricing events, which reveals that reserve scarcity pricing assumptions can impact price outcomes even for units not providing reserves. This study highlights the importance of operating reserve scarcity pricing rules because of the strong coupling between energy and reserve prices and because these rules serve as proxies for true price responsive demand.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Studying nuclear medium modification using the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn sum rule

The Gerasimov–Drell–Hearn sum rule is a generic relation that has been used to make significant contributions to research in hadronic physics. It connects the spin-dependent cross-section for photoproduction off a particle to the squared ratio of the particle’s anomalous magnetic moment and its mass, (κ/M)2. Thus, for a nucleon embedded in a nucleus, the sum rule relates the cross-section to κ/M averaged quadratically over the nucleons comprising the nucleus. This quadratic averaging can be used to constrain the mechanism responsible for the medium modification of the nucleon. We also point out that the global properties of the embedded nucleon like its axial charge, mass or magnetic moment are observables measurable through sum rules.

Deur, A. [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Fa↗
DOE OSTI2026

A procedure for rule extraction from a Self-Organising plasma disruption predictor for JET

In a previous paper, a Self-Organizing Map had proven to be able to identify the regions of the plasma operative space characterizing the pre-disruptive phase at JET without relying on any a priori information. One of the strengths of this disruption predictor lies in its inherent self-organization capability. The Self-Organizing Map discovers non-trivial relationships and captures the complicated interplay of device diagnostics on the internal plasma states directly from the experimental data. Moreover, the provided model allows the visualization of high-dimensional plasma parameters and facilitates easy interrogation of the model to understand the reasons behind its correlations. In this paper, an additional step is taken towards the interpretability of models for predicting disruptions by training a Decision Tree to classify the plasma states according to the interpretation provided by the Self-Organizing Map (stable or at high risk of disruptions). The Decision tree provides a set of rules which describe the transition of the plasma towards the pre-disruptive phase as visualized in the Self-Organizing Map. The obtained rules for the database explored in the study identify four regions in the map, two of which are at risk of disruption. These regions correspond to partitions of a 3D space based on the peaking factors of the core and divertor radiation, as well as the Locked Mode. The agreement between the Self-Organizing Map answers and the rules supplied by the Decision Tree is confirmed by the comparison of the performance exhibited by the two models in the prediction of disruptions.

Setzu, Samuele [Univ. of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cag↗
DOE OSTI2024

Violation of the Cauchy–Born rule in multi-principal element alloys

Multi-principal element alloys are a novel class of materials that are formed by combining multiple elements in high concentrations and show exceptional properties compared to conventional alloys. These alloys have high configurational entropy due to inherent atomic disorder. The Cauchy–Born rule is a popular homogenization method for linking atomistic to continuum length scales. In this Letter, we use ab initio density functional theory calculations to report that the Cauchy–Born rule, which holds in conventional alloys in the absence of defects, is not valid in multi-principal element alloys. Further, the violation of the Cauchy–Born rule in these alloys is attributed to the presence of atomic disorder due to which the deformations are inhomogeneous. Our results also show the deviations in deformation are related to the magnitude of the stretch and shear by power laws.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Exact sum rules with approximate ground states

Electromagnetic and weak transitions tell us a great deal about the structure of atomic nuclei. Yet modeling transitions can be difficult: it is often easier to compute the ground state, if only as an approximation, than excited states. One alternative is through transition sum rules, in particular the non-energy-weighted and energy-weighted sum rules, which can be computed as expectation values of operators. We investigate by computing sum rules for a variety of nuclei, comparing the numerically exact full configuration-interaction shell model, as a reference, to Hartree-Fock, projected Hartree-Fock, and the nucleon pair approximation. Furthermore, these approximations yield reasonable agreement, which we explain by prior work on the systematics of transition moments.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Nonequilibrium spectral moment sum rules of the Holstein–Hubbard model

Abstract We derive a general procedure for evaluating the n th derivative of a time-dependent operator in the Heisenberg representation and employ this approach to calculate the zeroth to third spectral moment sum rules of the retarded electronic Green’s function and self-energy for a system described by the Holstein–Hubbard model allowing for arbitrary spatial and time variation of all parameters (including spatially homogeneous electric fields and parameter quenches). For a translationally invariant (but time-dependent) Hamiltonian, we also provide sum rules in momentum space. The sum rules can be applied to various different phenomena like time-resolved angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and benchmarking the accuracy of numerical many-body calculations. This work also corrects some errors found in earlier work on simpler models.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2021

Selection rules and dynamic magnetoelectric effect of the spin waves in multiferroic Bi Fe O 3

Here, we report the magnetic-field dependence of the THz absorption and nonreciprocal directional dichroism spectra of BiFeO 3 measured on the three principal crystal cuts for fields applied along the three principal directions of each cut. From the systematic study of the light polarization dependence, we deduced the optical selection rules of the spin-wave excitations. Our THz data, combined with small-angle neutron scattering results showed that (i) an in-plane magnetic field rotates the q vectors of the cycloids perpendicular to the magnetic field and (ii) the selection rules are mostly determined by the orientation of the q vector with respect to the electromagnetic fields. We observed a magnetic field history-dependent change in the strength and the frequency of the spin-wave modes, which we attributed to the change of the orientation and the length of the cycloidal q vector, respectively. Finally, we compared our experimental data with the results of linear spin-wave theory that reproduces the magnetic-field dependence of the spin-wave frequencies and most of the selection rules, from which we identified the spin-polarization coupling terms relevant for the optical magnetoelectric effect.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2024

Extended Kohler's rule of magnetoresistance in TaCo 2 Te 2

TaCo 2 Te 2 is recently reported to be an air-stable, high mobility van der Waals material with probable magnetic order. Here we investigate the scaling behavior of its magnetoresistance. Here we measured both the longitudinal (p xx ) and Hall (p xy ) magnetoresistivities of TaCo 2 Te 2 crystals in magnetic fields parallel to the c axis and found that the magnetoresistance violates the Kohler's rule MR similar to f [H/p 0 ] while obeying the extended Kohler's rule MR ~ f [H/(n T p 0 )], where MR ~ [p xx (H) - p 0 ]/p 0 , H is the magnetic field, n T is a thermal factor, and p xx (H) and p 0 are the resistivities at H and zero field, respectively. Further, while deviating from those of the densities of electrons (n e ) and holes (n h ) obtained from the two-band model analysis of the magnetoconductivities, the temperature dependence of n T is close to that of the Hall carrier densities n H calculated from the slopes of p xy (H) curves at low magnetic fields, providing a different way to obtain the thermal factor in the extended Kohler's rule.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Investigating the coalescence-inspired sum rule for light nuclei and hypernuclei in heavy-ion collisions

A data-driven idea is presented to test if light nuclei and hypernuclei obey the coalescence-inspired sum rule, i.e., to test if the flow of a light nucleus or hypernucleus is the summed flow of each of its constituents. Here, the mass difference and charge difference among the constituents of light nuclei and hypernuclei are treated appropriately. The idea is applied to the available data for $\sqrt{^sNN}$ = 3 GeV fixed-target Au + Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), published by the STAR Collaboration. It is found that the sum rule for light nuclei is approximately valid near midrapidity (-0.3 < $\mathcal{y}$ < 0), but there is a clear violation of the sum rule at large rapidity ($\mathcal{y}$ < -0.3). Further, the Jet AA Microscopic Transport Model (JAM), with baryonic mean-field plus nucleon coalescence, generates a similar pattern as obtained from the experimental data. In the present approach, the rapidity dependence of directed flow of the hypernuclei $^3_Λ$⁢H and $^4_Λ$H is predicted in a model-independent way for $\sqrt{^sNN}$ = 3 GeV Au + Au collisions, which will be explored by ongoing and future measurements from STAR.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Ten Simple Rules to becoming a principal investigator

The biggest choke point in an academic career is going from postdoc to principal investigator (PI), moving from doing someone else’s research to getting other people to do yours. It is not an easy transition, draws on few of the skills you learn at the bench and the odds are clearly not ever in your favour. So calling this article ten simple rules is obviously a simplification: it is more accurate to call them ten tricky steps. In this article, we use Principal Investigator to mean anyone who runs their own research group, using funding that they have been awarded to answer their own questions. PI encompasses a number of different job titles depending on where the research is performed – fellow, lecturer, associate professor, senior scientist. The acid test is whether you can describe the people working for you as the X group, where X is your surname. The normal route from undergraduate to lab head involves a PhD, one or most postdoc positions and then PI. Given the diversity of ways to be a PI, the final step up from postdoc takes a number of forms – in the UK this tends to be either an individual fellowship or a lecturer position, in the US it generally starts with an independent position with associated funding – either as a startup package or funded grant. The aim of this article is to identify some of the broader skills (rules 1-4) and behaviours (rules 5-10) that can help with becoming a PI. They are meant as advice, not instruction. As you will see, most of them are soft/ leadership skills, which can as easily be applied to the world outside academia as within it.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2024

On a class of selection rules without group actions in field theory and string theory

We discuss a class of selection rules which i) do not come from group actions on fields, ii) are exact at tree level in perturbation theory, iii) are increasingly violated as the loop order is raised, and iv) eventually reduce to selection rules associated with an ordinary group symmetry. We start from basic field-theoretical examples in which fields are labeled by conjugacy classes rather than representations of a group, and discuss generalizations using fusion algebras or hypergroups. We also discuss how such selection rules arise naturally in string theory, such as for non-Abelian orbifolds or other cases with non-invertible worldsheet symmetries.

Kaidi, Justin (ORCID:0000000161440729)↗
DOE OSTI2022

Impact of FERC Order 2222 on DER Participation Rules in US Electricity Markets

Electricity markets in the bulk grid are beginning to implement market mechanisms that support the procurement of flexible capabilities from wide range of technologies, including distributed energy resources (DERs). The flexibility of these resources will help counterbalance supply uncertainties from large-scale integration of variable renewable generation. To encourage development of distributed and aggregated market participants, FERC Order 2222 was issued in September 2020 to require each Independent System Operator (ISO) in the US to implement rules that enable broader participation from aggregations of DERs in the bulk market. The following paper first describes the generic design of ISO markets before introducing the new market participation rules that ISOs have proposed for compliance with Order 2222. The paper then describes how software performance issues may continue to affect the eligibility requirements and offer structures for DER aggregations participating in ISOs, noting that continued research on computational methods may help reduce burdens for DER integration. The prospects for transmission and distribution system coordination is second major issue discussed, which will require minor changes to existing processes in the short term. In the longer term, there is more opportunity for more wide-ranging reforms, such as the development of a Distribution System Operator (DSO) framework. Newly proposed market rules may affect how Transactive Energy Systems (TES) will help facilitate efficient formation of DER aggregations and operation of the individual DERs within an aggregation. Within the TES context, the challenge is to fully understand how resource eligibility and operational and planning coordination methods will affect the design and implementation of TES.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Distributed Rules-Based Deconfliction of ADMS Applications - Part 2: Conceptual Implementation

This work introduces a rules-based deconfliction methodology for resolving conflicting device control commands issued by advanced power applications considering a range of technical, economic, environmental, and social objectives. The methodology is designed to serve as one of multiple alternative implementations (along with application cooperation and global optimization) for the numerical component of the Deconfliction Pipeline. Development of the methodology is divided into two parts. The first document previously defined the requirements, context, and methods for decomposing the deconfliction problem using the Laminar Coordination Framework and Variable Grid Structures. The deconfliction problem was decomposed into a distributed optimization problem based on the concept of quasi-static grid segments, which form independent distributed areas for control and coordination. It was recommended that selection of the optimal number of decompositions of the deconfliction problem be made based on a tradeoff analysis between computational speed and global optimality. This second document defines an initial set of technical, economic, and environmental criteria, as well as thirty specific qualitative rules that are used as part of the deconfliction methodology to eliminate non-viable setpoint alternatives. The deconfliction optimization problem is converted into a ranking of individual discrete setpoints, which are scored by the extent to which they satisfy specific decision criteria. The ranking is determined through the concepts of deconfliction exclusivity, priority, and preference. Several multi-criteria decision-making frameworks are examined with the simple multi-attribute rating technique exploiting ranks (SMARTER) recommended as a simple implementation alternative that aligns with the steps of the rules-based deconfliction methodology.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Distributed Rules-Based Deconfliction of ADMS Applications: Part 1: Requirements & Decomposition

This work introduces a rules-based deconfliction methodology for resolving conflicting device control commands issued by advanced power applications considering a range of technical, economic, environmental, and social objectives. The methodology is designed to serve as one of multiple alternative implementations (along with application cooperation and global optimization) for the numerical component of the Deconfliction Pipeline. Development of the methodology is divided into two parts. This first document introduces the requirements, context, and methods for decomposing the deconfliction problem using the Laminar Coordination Framework and Variable Grid Structures. The deconfliction problem is decomposed into a distributed optimization problem based on the concept of quasi-static grid segments, which form independent distributed areas for control and coordination. Selection of the optimal number of decompositions of the deconfliction problem should be made based on a tradeoff analysis between computational speed and global optimality. This second document will define an initial set of technical, economic, and environmental criteria, as well as thirty specific qualitative rules that are used as part of the deconfliction methodology to eliminate non-viable setpoint alternatives. The deconfliction optimization problem is converted into a ranking of individual discrete setpoints, which are scored by the extent to which they satisfy specific decision criteria. The ranking is determined through the concepts of deconfliction exclusivity, priority, and preference. Several multi-criteria decision-making frameworks are examined with the simple multi-attribute rating technique exploiting ranks (SMARTER) recommended as a simple implementation alternative that aligns with the steps of the rules-based deconfliction methodology.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Error quantification of the Arrhenius blending rule for viscosity of hydrocarbon mixtures

Six hundred and seventy-five measurements of dynamic viscosity and density have been used to assess the prediction error of the Arrhenius blending rule for kinematic viscosity of hydrocarbon mixtures. Major trends within the data show that mixture complexity–binary to hundreds of components—and temperature are more important determinants of prediction error than differences in molecular size or hydrogen saturation between the components of the mixtures. Over the range evaluated, no correlation between prediction error and mole fractions was observed, suggesting the log of viscosity truly is linear in mole fraction, as indicated by the Arrhenius blending rule. Mixture complexity and temperature also impact molar volume and its prediction. However, a linear regression between the two model errors explains less than 20% of the observed variation, indicating that mixture viscosity and/or molar volume are not linear with respect to temperature and/or mixture complexity. Extensive discussion of the intermolecular forces and the geometric arrangement of molecules and vacancies in liquids, which ultimately determines its viscosity, is brought into context with the implicit approximations behind the Arrhenius blending rule. The complexity of this physics is not compatible with a simple algebraic correction to the model. However, sufficient data is now available to determine confidence intervals around the prediction of fuel viscosity based on its component mole fractions and viscosities. At -40°C, when all identified components are pure molecules the modeling error is 13.2% of the predicted (nominal) viscosity times the root mean square of the component mole fractions.

10 SYNTHETIC FUELS↗
NASA NTRS1972

Aerodynamic characteristics of an NASA supercritical-wing research airplane model with and without fuselage area-rule additions at Mach 0.25 to 1.00

Transonic pressure tunnel tests at Mach numbers from 0.25 to 1.00 were performed to determine the effects of area-rule additions to the sides of the fuselage on the aerodynamic characteristics of a 0.087 scale model of an NASA supercritical-wing research airplane. Presented are the longitudinal aerodynamic force and moment characteristics for horizontal-tail deflection angles of -2.5 deg and -5 deg with the side fuselage area-rule additions on and off the model. The effects of the side fuselage area-rule additions on selected wing and fuselage pressure distributions at near-cruise conditions are also presented.

Bartlett, D. W.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Design rules for RCA self-aligned silicon-gate CMOS/SOS process

The CMOS/SOS design rules prepared by the RCA Solid State Technology Center (SSTC) are described. These rules specify the spacing and width requirements for each of the six design levels, the seventh level being used to define openings in the passivation level. An associated report, entitled Silicon-Gate CMOS/SOS Processing, provides further insight into the usage of these rules.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1983

Capacity and cutoff rate of (M+1)-ary decision rules for noisy M-ary optical PPM channel

The channel capacity C and the cutoff rate R sub o of two (M + 1)-ary decision rules for noisy M slots/symbol optical pulse position modulation (PPM) with ideal photon counting are computed and compared. Also the values of the optimum thresholds needed to minimize the signal requirements are given. With a minor increase in hardware complexity, the symbol by symbol threshold decision rule is shown to be superior to the slot by slot threshold detection and decision rule in two aspects: first, it saves more than 0.5 dB in signal energy for the very noisy cases of more than one noise photon per slot (for low noise cases it also saves signal energy, but a negligibly small amount). Second, it is more robust to variations in the noise level.

Lee, P. J.↗