Observation of an emission peak at plasma cutoff.
Two peaks in emission from low pressure helium or neon discharge simulating plasma slab with second peak corresponding to plasma cut-off frequency
PLASMA FREQUENCY↗
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Results for “PLASMA SPECTRUM”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Unthermalized plasma in bursts sources
The pair e(+)-e(-) annihilation phenomena in hot plasma was studied in order to evaluate the photon energy spectrum. The spectra of the broadening 0.511 MeV annihilation line was calculated in the case of unthermalized plasma, i.e., T sub e(-) does not equal T sub e(+). The energy spectra from annihilation process for unthermalized positrons are characterized by the presence of flat part for energies greater than 0.511 MeV. The flattening in the spectrum of annihilation unthermalized plasma is a strong indication that the observed features of the hard tailed spectrum of the gamma bursts can be well described by annihilation of hot positrons and cold electrons. It is proposed that the mechanism for the production of unthermalized positrons is associated with the charge separation in Eddington limited accretion onto a neutron star.
Tkaczyk, W.↗
On quasi-thermal fluctuations near the plasma frequency in the outer plasmasphere: A case study
We present a derivation of the quasi-thermal electrostatic fluctuation power spectrum in a mult-Maxwellian plasma and show sample calculated spectra. We then apply this theory, which has been successfully applied in oter regions of space, to spectra from two Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorer/Ion Release Module (AMPTER IRM) passes through the duskside plasmasphere. WE show that the plasma line that is often seen in this region is usually quasi-thermal in origin. We obtain a refined estimate of the plasma frequency and infer a cold electron temperature which is consistent within a factor of 2 with both models and previous meausurements by other techniques, but closer investigation reveals that details of the plasma line cannot be explained with the ususal two isotropic Maxwellian model.
Lund, E. J.↗
Space-resolved spectra of laser-produced plasmas in the XUV
The design and imaging properties of an XUV (extreme ultraviolet, 200-550 A) normal-incidence slitless spectrograph, the spectrum obtained from laser-generated plasmas, and the monochromatic plasma images are described. The electron temperature of the plasmas, electron density as a function of position in the plasma, and the thickness of material penetrated by the laser pulse are determined. Elements from Z = 6 to Z = 28 were investigated, in addition to Nb. Secondary plasma-emission regions were observed 2-3 mm from the flat (thick or thin) targets. Time-integrated photographs of the expanding plasmas were recorded by the slitless spectrograph. A technique for obtaining time-resolved images of the plasmas in picosecond time intervals is proposed, and problems in the design of a stigmatic XUV spectrograph are discussed.
Feldman, U.↗
Observing leptogenesis in action with gravitational waves
Leptogenesis is arguably the best motivated theory of baryogenesis given the discovery of finite neutrino masses, yet its experimental test is elusive given its high energy scale. We discuss gravitational waves (GWs) produced via graviton bremsstrahlung in right-handed neutrino decays during leptogenesis. The presence of right-handed neutrinos in the early universe can lead to a period of early matter domination. In this context, the resultant GW spectrum scales quadratically with the right-handed neutrino mass, while its peak frequency scales inversely with the Yukawa coupling. Detecting such a spectrum would provide strong evidence for leptogenesis and the existence of heavy right-handed neutrinos. We also discuss how the GW spectrum emitted from the thermal plasma is altered by an era of early matter domination. We show that it can mimic the effects of additional relativistic degrees of freedom and a higher reheating temperature, and that information from the graviton bremsstrahlung GW spectrum can break this degeneracy.
baryon asymmetry↗
Plasma flow in a magnetic field
Facilities for spectroscopic analysis of plasma flow in magnetic field, and photography of visible spectrum
MAGNETIC FIELD↗
Three-dimensional magnetosheath plasma ion distributions from 200 eV to 2 MeV
This paper presents initial measurements, made with ISEE 1 plasma and energetic-particle instruments, of the three-dimensional magnetosheath plasma ion flow and the spectrum over the energy range of 200 eV to 2 MeV, obtained on two magnetosheath traversals, one on the dawn (December 19, 1977) and the other on the dusk (July 7, 1978) flanks of the magnetosphere. The data suggest that the magnetosheath plasma ion population often consisted of a shocked solar wind component, of energy not greater than 5 keV, and a magnetospheric high-energy (not below 5 keV) component. The shocked solar wind component generally behaved independently of the magnetic field direction, indicating that the magnetic field was carried along in the bulk plasma flow. The high-energy tail was highly modulated by the magnetic field.
Williams, D. J.↗
Su Lyn: Diagnosing the Boundary Layer with UV and Hard X-Ray Data
Symbiotic stars in which the symbiotic phenomenon is powered solely by accretion, often at an average rate that is higher than in cataclysmic variable stars, provide an important opportunity to diagnose boundary layers around disk-accreting white dwarfs. Here, we investigate SU Lyncis (SU Lyn), a recently discovered example of a purely accretion-powered symbiotic star, using the first reliable X-ray spectroscopy, obtained with NuSTAR, and ultraviolet (UV) photometry obtained with Swift. SU Lyn has hard, thermal, X-ray emission that is strongly affected by a variable local absorber that has little impact on the UV emission. Its X-ray spectrum is described well using a plasma cooling from kT ≈ 21 keV, with a 3-30 keV luminosity of approximately 4.9 × 10(exp 32) erg s(exp -1). The spectrum is also consistent with the presence of reflection with an amplitude of 1.0, although in that case, the bestfit plasma temperature is 20%-25% lower. The UV to X-ray luminosity ratio of SU Lyn changed significantly between 2015 and 2016. We interpret this as a consequence of a drop by almost 90% in the accretion rate. Whereas the UV luminosity of the disk responded linearly, the luminosity of the optically thin (hard X-ray) emission from the boundary layer remained roughly constant because the boundary layer changed from partially optically thick to almost completely optically thin. Under this interpretation, we place a lower limit on the white dwarf mass of 0.7 solar mass (0.8 solar mass if we neglect reflection).
NuSTAR↗
Paired comparison tests of the relative signal detected by capacitive and floating Langmuir probes in turbulent plasma from 0.2 to 10 MHz
Capacitive and floating Langmuir probes paired comparison measurements of electrostatic potential fluctuations spectrum in steady state turbulent magnetically confined plasma
Krawczonek, W. M.↗
Deflection of Solar Energetic Protons by an Ion Thruster
While Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) represent a long-term cancer risk to deep space human missions, Solar Energetic Particles (SEP) represent a significant acute radiation hazard to human spaceflight. This work investigates wave-particle interactions caused by the incidence of a beam of energetic protons, representing a notional SEP event, onto a cloud of ions representing a notional ion thruster plume. The resulting electromagnetic ion/ion instability is developed to investigate the degree to which energetic protons can be scattered out of the initial beam. This work includes investigations of deflection rate dependences on incident SEP energy and flux, ion thruster power and orientation relative to SEP incidence, plume ion species, and background plasma. Also investigated are the spectrum and angular distribution of electromagnetic radiation resulting from the wave-particle interactions. The primary objective of this investigation is to develop a technique for active mitigation of SEP radiation threats to spacecraft and crew, by exploring the wave-particle interaction of a SEP event with the plasma plume expelled from an ion thruster. Since the cost in expended fuel restricts this technique to intermittent use during interplanetary flights, effective prediction of when a SEP event might impact the mission is still important, and the observation of conditions that might lead to SEP events, human-in-the-loop space weather analyses, and development of SEP prediction models remain essential to crew safety, spacecraft function, and mission success.
Interplanetary Space Flight↗
Operando XPS in reactive plasmas: The importance of the wall reactions
In this article, advancements in differential pumping and electron optics over the past few decades have enabled x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements at (near-)ambient pressures, bridging the pressure gap for characterizing realistic sample chemistries. Recently, we have demonstrated the capabilities of an ambient pressure XPS setup for in situ plasma environment measurements, allowing plasma-surface interactions to be studied in operando rather than using the traditional before-and-after analysis approach. This new “plasma-XPS” technique facilitates the identification of reaction intermediates critical for understanding plasma-assisted surface processes relevant to semiconductor nanomanufacturing, such as physical vapor deposition, etching, atomic layer deposition, and many other plasma applications. In this paper, we apply the plasma-XPS approach to monitor real-time surface chemical changes on a model Ag(111) single crystal exposed to oxidizing and reducing plasmas. We correlate surface-sensitive data with concurrent gas-phase XPS measurements and residual gas mass-spectrum analysis of species generated during plasma exposure, highlighting the significant role of plasma-induced chamber wall reactions. Ultimately, we demonstrate that plasma-XPS provides comprehensive insights into both surface and gas-phase chemistry, establishing it as a versatile and dynamic characterization tool with broad applications in microelectronics research. Finally, we outline potential enhancements and future metrology directions to advance plasma-XPS investigations further.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Evidence of outward flow of plasma in a coronal hole
The solar spectrum was photographed in the range 200-700 A with a grazing-incidence stigmatic rocket spectrograph. Doppler shifts of the three coronal lines Si XI (303 A), Mg X (610 A), and Mg IX (368 A) were measured for various regions of the solar disk, including a coronal hole. From the relative shifts in the latter region, an average outward velocity of 16 km/s was computed for the plasma in the coronal hole. The full widths at half-maximum for the above lines were appreciably less in the coronal-hole region than in a quiet region, indicating a lower temperature in the hole. Both the measured velocity and the temperature results are consistent with solar-wind data and with current theories of coronal holes.
Cushman, G. W.↗
Analysis of the backscatter spectrum in an ionospheric modification experiment
Predictions of the backscatter spectrum, including effects of ionospheric inhomogeneity, are compared with experimental observations of incoherent backscatter from an artificially heated region. Our calculations show that the strongest backscatter echo received is not from the reflection level, but from a region some distance below. Certain asymmetrical features are explained of the up-shifted and down-shifted plasma lines in the backscatter spectrum, and the several satellite peaks accompanying them.
Kim, H.↗
Physics of beam-driven ion cyclotron emission in the large plasma device
Abstract Ion cyclotron emission (ICE) is widely observed from spatially localised minority energetic ion populations in toroidal magnetically confined fusion (MCF) plasmas, both tokamaks and stellarators. Its spectral structure is typically regular with narrow suprathermal peaks, whose frequency separation matches a local energetic ion cyclotron frequency. Here we report the first computational (fully nonlinear self-consistent kinetic particle-in-cell code) and analytical (linear magnetoacoustic cyclotron instability (MCI)) studies of ICE observations from cylindrical plasmas contained in the Large Plasma Device (LAPD). Because LAPD is cylindrical, the plasma physics giving rise to the observed ICE spectrum necessarily excludes toroidal effects. Our approach, previously successful for toroidal plasma ICE, assumes slab geometry and hence is well adapted to LAPD. ICE from LAPD is strongly electrostatic, as distinct from electromagnetic, and is driven by 15 keV beam ions for which the ratio of perpendicular speed to the local Alfven speed, v ⊥ / v A , is 0.15, lower than in MCF plasmas from which beam-driven ICE has previously been observed. Our results are in good agreement with these observations. There is congruence between simulated ICE spectra, obtained in the saturated nonlinear regime of our computations, and observed ICE spectra; the underlying physics is essentially the same as in toroidal plasmas; and there is alignment with linear analytical theory where appropriate. The present work establishes a mapping from the cylindrical LAPD ICE observations to toroidal MCF ICE observations. The LAPD spectra are instances of beam-driven MCI-type ICE in its sub-Alfvenic, predominantly electrostatic manifestation, which has precedents in MCF stretching back to the 1990s. An interesting corollary is that, for many purposes, ICE in toroidal MCF plasmas ‘might as well’ be occurring in a cylinder.
Samant, O. (ORCID:0000000226055363)↗
Suzaku Observation of Two Ultraluminous X-ray Sources in NGC 1313
TA study was made of two ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) in the nearby faceon, late-type Sb galaxy NGC 1313 using data from Suzaku, the 5th Japanese X-ray satellite. Within the 90 ks observation, both sources named X-1 and X-2 exhibited luminosity change by about 50%. The o.4-10keV X-ray luminosity was measured. For X-1, the spectrum exhibited a strong power-law component with a high energy cutoff which is thought to arise from strong Comptonization by a disk corona, suggesting the source was in a very high state. Absorption line features with equivalent widths of 40-80 eV found at 7.00 keV and 7.8 keV in the X-1 spectrum support the presence of a highly ionized plasma and a high mass accretion rate on the system. The spectrum of X-2 in fainter phase is presented by a multicolor disk blackbody model.
Mizuno, T.↗
The soft X-ray spectrum of the Vela supernova remnant
An X-ray spectrum of a major fraction of the Vela supernova remnant has been obtained during scanning observations with the low energy proportional counters of the A-2 experiment, flown on HEAO 1. A deconvolution analysis of the data shows that the spectrum exhibits pronounced line emission near 0.6 keV due primarily to oxygen ions. Model fits using the Raymond-Smith hot plasma emission calculations indicate that the spectrum can be well described by a model involving two collisional equilibrium components with temperatures of 2.4 x 10 to the 6th and 1.9 x 10 to the 7th K, respectively. The abundances of oxygen and iron are found to be constrained to lie near their normal cosmic values.
Kahn, S. M.↗
Analysis of the backscatter spectrum in an ionospheric modification experiment
The purpose of this study is to compare predictions of the backscatter spectrum, including effects of ionospheric inhomogeneity, with experimental observations of incoherent backscatter from an artificially heated region. Our calculations show that the strongest backscatter echo received is not from the reflection level but from a region some distance below (about 900-1100 m for an experiment carried out at Arecibo). By taking the standing wave pattern of the pump properly into account the present theory explains certain asymmetrical features of the upshifted and downshifted plasma lines in the backscatter spectrum.
Kim, H.↗
Analysis of the backscatter spectrum in an ionospheric modification experiment
Predictions of the backscatter spectrum are compared, including effects of ionospheric inhomogeneity with experimental observations of incoherent backscatter from an artificially heated region. Calculations show that the strongest backscatter echo received is not, in fact, from the reflection level, but from a region some distance below (about 0.5 km for an experiment carried out at Arecibo), where the pump wave from a HF transmitter approximately 100 kW) is below the threshold for parametric amplification. By taking the standing wave pattern of the pump into account, asymmetry is explained of the up-shifted and down-shifted plasma lines in the backscatter spectrum, and the several peaks typically observed in the region of the spectrum near the HF transmitter frequency.
Kim, H.↗