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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8

Direct study of changes in catalyst structure-kinetic properties during redox transitions using a new time-resolved technique

Direct study of changes in catalyst structure-kinetic properties during redox transitions using a new time-resolved technique The Temporal Analysis of Products (TAP) pulse response methodology1 is a transient technique offering the time scale needed to deconvolve many reaction steps from the complex network typical to industrial catalytic processes. The traditional TAP measurement observes the gas phase dynamic response but, hereto now, has been devoid of any direct measurement of change in the catalyst itself. The development of an operando technique that couples gas phase transient kinetics to dynamic metal centers and surface species is presented. Significance Unification of the TAP methodology with time-resolved spectroscopic measurement can offer unprecedented insight into the complex kinetic phenomena regulated by the solid catalyst.

03 - NATURAL GAS↗

Revealing Nanoscale Chemical Heterogeneities in Polycrystalline Mo-BiVO 4 Thin Films

The activity of polycrystalline thin film photoelectrodes is impacted by local variations of the material properties due to the exposure of different crystal facets and the presence of grain/domain boundaries. Here a multi-modal approach is applied to correlate nanoscale heterogeneities in chemical composition and electronic structure with nanoscale morphology in polycrystalline Mo-BiVO 4 . By using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy, the characteristic structure of polycrystalline film is used to disentangle the different X-ray absorption spectra corresponding to grain centers and grain boundaries. Comparing both spectra reveals phase segregation of V 2 O 5 at grain boundaries of Mo-BiVO 4 thin films, which is further supported by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and many-body density functional theory calculations. Theoretical calculations also enable to predict the X-ray absorption spectral fingerprint of polarons in Mo-BiVO 4 . After photo-electrochemical operation, the degraded Mo-BiVO 4 films show similar grain center and grain boundary spectra indicating V 2 O 5 dissolution in the course of the reaction. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights into the degradation mechanism and the impact of material heterogeneities on the material performance and stability of polycrystalline photoelectrodes.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Phase segregation dynamics in mixed-halide perovskites revealed by plunge-freeze cryo-electron microscopy

Mixed-halide lead perovskites, with photoexcited charge-carrier properties suitable for high-efficiency photovoltaics, hold significant promise for high-efficiency tandem solar cells. However, phase segregation under illumination, where an iodide-rich phase forms carrier trap states, remains a barrier to application. This study employs plunge-freeze cryoelectron microscopy to visualize nanoscale phase segregation dynamics in CsPb(Br x I 1–x ) 3 films. By rapidly freezing the illuminated samples, we preserve transient photoexcited ion distributions for high-resolution structural and compositional analysis at the nanoscale. Cryogenic scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) techniques (electron energy loss spectroscopy [EELS] and 4D-STEM) captured the dynamics of photo-induced iodine migration from grain boundaries to centers, identified the buildup of anisotropic strain, and captured the heterogeneous evolution of this process within a single grain. These findings provide insight into microscopic phase segregation mechanisms and their dynamics, enhancing our understanding of mixed-halide perovskite photostability.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Confinement-Driven Heterogeneous Benzene Crystallization in Silica Nanopores

Nanoconfinement alters the thermodynamics, dynamics, and kinetics of fluids hosted in nanoscale solid nanopores to an extent that depends on the characteristics of the confining space and the chemistry of the confined fluids. Confinement-induced alterations in the phase behavior of confined energetic fluids under high pressure or low temperature are highly relevant to subsurface and subsea phenomena such as fluid flow in porous media, hydrate formation and dissociation, and gas storage capacity. Although extensive efforts have been directed toward understanding the phase behavior of confined fluids, the role of solid-liquid interfaces in the phase transitions of organic liquids has not been resolved yet. Here, we explore the onset and growth of benzene crystallization confined in 6 nm sized SBA-15 silica nanopores in the temperature range 300-200 K using in situ extended range small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) measurements and atomistic classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The crystallization onset of confined benzene depresses to 265 K compared to the freezing point of bulk benzene ( ~278 K), followed by the continuous growth of the emerged crystals in the pore space with complete crystallization at 200 K. The orientation of the emerged benzene crystals is dominated by parallel (π-π stacking) and perpendicular (T-shape stacking) orientations along the cylindrical pore radius and pore length, respectively. The onset of benzene crystals occurs heterogeneously on the pore surface and grows continuously toward the pore center. Further, confined benzene undergoes a dynamical crossover from fragile to strong dynamics behavior, inferred from the rotational and translational diffusion. The insights provided by this study have significant implications for the phase transitions of confined organic liquids that are relevant to a wide range of applications in the biological, geological, environmental, and chemical fields.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

The role of an intramolecular hydrogen bond in the redox properties of carboxylic acid naphthoquinones

A bioinspired naphthoquinone model of the quinones in photosynthetic reaction centers but bearing an intramolecular hydrogen-bonded carboxylic acid has been synthesized and characterized electrochemically, spectroscopically, and computationally to provide mechanistic insight into the role of proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) of quinone reduction in photosynthesis. The reduction potential of this construct is 370 mV more positive than the unsubstituted naphthoquinone. In addition to the reversible cyclic voltammetry, infrared spectroelectrochemistry confirms that the naphthoquinone/naphthoquinone radical anion couple is fully reversible. Calculated redox potentials agree with the experimental trends arising from the intramolecular hydrogen bond. Molecular electrostatic potentials illustrate the reversible proton transfer driving forces, and analysis of the computed vibrational spectra supports the possibility of a combination of electron transfer and PCET processes. The significance of PCET, reversibility, and redox potential management relevant to the design of artificial photosynthetic assemblies involving PCET processes is discussed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Scattering theory in noncanonical phase space: A Drift-Kinetic collision operator for weakly collisional plasmas

After developing a scattering theory for grazing collisions in general noncanonical phase spaces, we introduce a guiding center collision operator in five-dimensional phase space designed for plasma regimes characterized by long wavelengths (relative to the Larmor radius), low frequencies (relative to the cyclotron frequency), and weak collisionality (where repeated Coulomb collisions induce cumulatively small changes in particle magnetic moment). The collision operator is fully determined by the noncanonical Hamiltonian structure of guiding center dynamics and exhibits a metriplectic structure, ensuring the conservation of particle number, momentum, energy, and interior Casimir invariants. It also satisfies an H-theorem, allowing for deviations from an equilibrium Maxwellian distribution due to the nontrivial kernel of the noncanonical guiding center Poisson tensor, spanned by the magnetic moment. We propose that this collision operator and its underlying mathematical structure may offer valuable insight into the study of turbulence, transport, and self-organizing phenomena in both laboratory and astrophysical plasmas.

Hamiltonian mechanics↗

Comparison of Gas Phase Fragmentation Behaviors of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Ligands in Lanthanide and Americium Metal Ligand Nitrate Clusters

Introduction (120 words): Transport of metal ions across the aqueous-organic phase boundary is an essential step in a hydrometallurgical nuclear fuel reprocessing strategy. The study of transport agents for nuclear fuel elements is imperative to guide the design of ligands that boost the separation efficiency of the recovery process from fission products. However, limited studies have been made on the chemistry of these transport agents when complexing with transuranic elements in gas-phase where all surrounding factors are essentially excluded. This work investigates the reagent ligand complexations to transuranic and other metals and their dissociations in the gas phase. Comparisons are made between 4f and 5f elements and between ligands. Methods (120 words): (N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethyl)phenyloctylphosphine oxide (CMPO) and N,N,N',N'-tetraoctyldiglycolamide (TODGA) have been selected to complex with metal nitrates. The actinide americium and lanthanides neodymium, samarium, and europium were investigated as part of this work. The lanthanides were selected to act as size and electron configuration analogues of the minor actinides. Metal complexes with two ligands and two nitrates ([M(NO3)2(CMPO)2]+, for example) are studied in Bruker micrOTOF-Q II mass spectrometer equipped with collision-induced dissociation capability. The comparisons of the mass spectra are made in groups of homogenous ligands and mixed TODGA-CMPO ligands clusters. Comparisons are also made based on the complexed metals (Am and lanthanides). Preliminary data (300 words): Collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry data are collected on two ligands complexed with metal nitrates where the two ligands are homogenous, with (CMPO)2 or (TODGA)2, or heterogeneous, with (TODGA)(CMPO). Several fragmentation patterns are observed among complexes with the CMPO ligand whereas the TODGA ligand commonly dissociates intact from the complex. Most of the metal complexes exhibit similar fragmentation patterns, but there are a few notable deviations in fragmentation patterns between the Am and Ln-bearing complexes. For the [M(CMPO)2(NO3)2]+ complexes, the initial loss of nitrate in the form of nitric acid is observed in all four complexes. However, [Am(CMPO)2(NO3)2]+ exhibits an additional fragmentation not found in the lanthanide complexes. Also, a significantly different ratio of the second nitric acid loss is found in the Am complex. These deviations may indicate the different interaction behaviors between actinides and lanthanides. The [M(TODGA)2(NO3)2]+ complexes exhibit the fragmentation as the loss of one TODGA ligand as an intact form and the loss of nitrate as nitric acid. The Am complex exhibits an additional fragmentation after losing the TOGDA ligand, which is not observed among the Ln complexes. The heterogeneous [M(TODGA)(CMPO)(NO3)2]+ complexes exhibit both similarities and differences between the Am and Ln complexes. For example, the heterogenous Am complex does not exhibit the loss of an intact TODGA ligand while all three Ln complexes do. This indicates that TODGA may bind more strongly to Am than Ln. Additionally, the intensity of the loss of CMPO ligand (as partially or whole) is found to be significantly larger than that of the loss of TODGA (as partially of whole) indicating that TODGA is bound to the metal significantly stronger than CMPO. Planned computational analysis will help understand the deviation in fragmentation behaviors between americium and lanthanide metal centers, or between TODGA and CMPO ligands. Novel aspect (20 words): Gas-phase actinide and lanthanide complex formation and fragmentation provide insight into the coordination environment differences of f-element metals.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Comparison of Gas Phase Fragmentation Behaviors of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Ligands in Lanthanide and Americium Metal Ligand Nitrate Clusters

Title (20 word): Comparison of Gas Phase Fragmentation Behaviors of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Ligands in Lanthanide and Americium Metal Ligand Nitrate Clusters Introduction (120 words): Transport of metal ions across the aqueous-organic phase boundary is an essential step in a hydrometallurgical nuclear fuel reprocessing strategy. The study of transport agents for nuclear fuel elements is imperative to guide the design of ligands that boost the separation efficiency of the recovery process from fission products. However, limited studies have been made on the chemistry of these transport agents when complexing with transuranic elements in gas-phase where all surrounding factors are essentially excluded. This work investigates the reagent ligand complexations to transuranic and other metals and their dissociations in the gas phase. Comparisons are made between 4f and 5f elements and between ligands. Methods (120 words): (N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethyl)phenyloctylphosphine oxide (CMPO) and N,N,N',N'-tetraoctyldiglycolamide (TODGA) have been selected to complex with metal nitrates. The actinide americium and lanthanides neodymium, samarium, and europium were investigated as part of this work. The lanthanides were selected to act as size and electron configuration analogues of the minor actinides. Metal complexes with two ligands and two nitrates ([M(NO3)2(CMPO)2]+, for example) are studied in Bruker micrOTOF-Q II mass spectrometer equipped with collision-induced dissociation capability. The comparisons of the mass spectra are made in groups of homogenous ligands and mixed TODGA-CMPO ligands clusters. Comparisons are also made based on the complexed metals (Am and lanthanides). Preliminary data (300 words): Collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry data are collected on two ligands complexed with metal nitrates where the two ligands are homogenous, with (CMPO)2 or (TODGA)2, or heterogeneous, with (TODGA)(CMPO). Several fragmentation patterns are observed among complexes with the CMPO ligand whereas the TODGA ligand commonly dissociates intact from the complex. Most of the metal complexes exhibit similar fragmentation patterns, but there are a few notable deviations in fragmentation patterns between the Am and Ln-bearing complexes. For the [M(CMPO)2(NO3)2]+ complexes, the initial loss of nitrate in the form of nitric acid is observed in all four complexes. However, [Am(CMPO)2(NO3)2]+ exhibits an additional fragmentation not found in the lanthanide complexes. Also, a significantly different ratio of the second nitric acid loss is found in the Am complex. These deviations may indicate the different interaction behaviors between actinides and lanthanides. The [M(TODGA)2(NO3)2]+ complexes exhibit the fragmentation as the loss of one TODGA ligand as an intact form and the loss of nitrate as nitric acid. The Am complex exhibits an additional fragmentation after losing the TOGDA ligand, which is not observed among the Ln complexes. The heterogeneous [M(TODGA)(CMPO)(NO3)2]+ complexes exhibit both similarities and differences between the Am and Ln complexes. For example, the heterogenous Am complex does not exhibit the loss of an intact TODGA ligand while all three Ln complexes do. This indicates that TODGA may bind more strongly to Am than Ln. Additionally, the intensity of the loss of CMPO ligand (as partially or whole) is found to be significantly larger than that of the loss of TODGA (as partially of whole) indicating that TODGA is bound to the metal significantly stronger than CMPO. Planned computational analysis will help understand the deviation in fragmentation behaviors between americium and lanthanide metal centers, or between TODGA and CMPO ligands. Novel aspect (20 words): Gas-phase actinide and lanthanide complex formation and fragmentation provide insight into the coordination environment differences of f-element metals.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Insights from designing an artificial cascade catalysis system using principles from substrate channeling in enzymes

Generalizing the key requirements of highly-selective, multi-step chemical conversions involving spatially separated reaction centers remains one of the grand challenges of chemistry. Much work towards this effort has focused on decomposing multi-step conversions into their constituent reactions, whose intermediates are successively upgraded in a chemical cascade via diffusion from center to center. This approach for synthesizing more complex molecules takes its cues from biochemical networks, where near-unit conversion of even complex carbohydrates is achieved by upgrading chemical precursors via enzymatic cascades. In this computational study we examine a simple cascade involving coupled Ag and Cu catalysts that sequentially converts CO2 to CO and then CO2 and CO to reduced products, generically named CO2Product and COProduct. The system architecture is inspired by the phenomenon of biological substrate channeling, and components are examined to evaluate their effects on conversion efficiency in the cascade. Aside from a substrate channel linking two reaction centers, we find efficient cascades must also incorporate directional substrate diffusion, compartmentalization of the reaction centers, and proper timing of substrate arrival at the active center. We make explicit linkages between these requirements and chemical conversion in known biological systems, revealing additional control elements that could be incorporated.

CO 2 reduction↗

Unconventional Pathway in the Gas‐Phase Synthesis of 9 H ‐Fluorene (C 13 H 10 ) via the Radical–Radical Reaction of Benzyl (C 7 H 7 ) with Phenyl (C 6 H 5 )

Abstract The simplest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) carrying a five‐membered ring—9 H ‐fluorene (C 13 H 10 )—is produced isomer‐specifically in the gas phase by reacting benzyl (C 7 H 7 ⋅) with phenyl (C 6 H 5 ⋅) radicals in a pyrolytic reactor coupled with single photon ionization mass spectrometry. The unconventional mechanism of reaction is supported by theoretical calculations, which first produces diphenylmethane and unexpected 1‐(6‐methylenecyclohexa‐2,4‐dienyl)benzene intermediates (C 13 H 12 ) accessed via addition of the phenyl radical to the ortho position of the benzyl radical. These findings offer convincing evidence for molecular mass growth processes defying conventional wisdom that radical‐radical reactions are initiated through recombination at their radical centers. The structure of 9 H ‐fluorene acts as a molecular building block for complex curved nanostructures like fullerenes and nanobowls providing fundamental insights into the hydrocarbon evolution in high temperature settings.

He, Chao↗

Revealing Excited‐State Trajectories on Potential Energy Surfaces with Atomic Resolution in Real Time

Abstract Photoexcited molecular trajectories on potential energy surfaces (PESs) prior to thermalization are intimately connected to the photochemical reaction outcome. The excited‐state trajectories of a diplatinum complex featuring photo‐activated metal–metal σ ‐bond formation and associated Pt−Pt stretching motions were detected in real time using femtosecond wide‐angle X‐ray solution scattering. The observed motions correspond well with coherent vibrational wavepacket motions detected by femtosecond optical transient absorption. Two key coordinates for intersystem crossing have been identified, the Pt−Pt bond length and the orientation of the ligands coordinated with the platinum centers, along which the excited‐state trajectories can be projected onto the calculated PESs of the excited states. This investigation has gleaned novel insight into electronic transitions occurring on the time scales of vibrational motions measured in real time, revealing ultrafast nonadiabatic or non‐equilibrium processes along excited‐state trajectories involving multiple excited‐state PESs.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Revealing Excited‐State Trajectories on Potential Energy Surfaces with Atomic Resolution in Real Time

Abstract Photoexcited molecular trajectories on potential energy surfaces (PESs) prior to thermalization are intimately connected to the photochemical reaction outcome. The excited‐state trajectories of a diplatinum complex featuring photo‐activated metal–metal σ ‐bond formation and associated Pt−Pt stretching motions were detected in real time using femtosecond wide‐angle X‐ray solution scattering. The observed motions correspond well with coherent vibrational wavepacket motions detected by femtosecond optical transient absorption. Two key coordinates for intersystem crossing have been identified, the Pt−Pt bond length and the orientation of the ligands coordinated with the platinum centers, along which the excited‐state trajectories can be projected onto the calculated PESs of the excited states. This investigation has gleaned novel insight into electronic transitions occurring on the time scales of vibrational motions measured in real time, revealing ultrafast nonadiabatic or non‐equilibrium processes along excited‐state trajectories involving multiple excited‐state PESs.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Electronic coherence evolution at the nearly commensurate-incommensurate CDW boundary of 1⁢T−TaS 2

Transition-metal dichalcogenides host a variety of charge-density-wave phases that couple lattice, charge, and correlation effects. In 1⁢𝑇−TaS 2 , the commensurate and nearly commensurate states are well characterized, yet the transition near 350 K into the incommensurate phase has lacked direct momentum-resolved insight. In this work, we use temperature-dependent angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to track the electronic structure across this transition. We observe a suppression of quasiparticle spectral weight at the Brillouin-zone center, coincident with the transport anomaly, but without clear evidence of a full band-gap opening. The transition appears to involve momentum-dependent redistribution of spectral weight, consistent with a loss of coherence that reshapes the Fermi surface while leaving conduction dispersions largely intact. These results suggest that the nearly commensurate–incommensurate transition may not align with a conventional metal-insulator transition picture, but rather as an electronic reconstruction driven by loss of coherence. Our work provides new microscopic insight into the resistivity anomaly near room temperature and may guide design principles for collective electronic switching in transition-metal dichalcogenides.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Analysis of Automated Transit Network Systems with Battery-Electric Vehicles in Automated Mobility Districts: Preprint

The paper provides an overview of the insights and findings of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL) ongoing research on the implementation of automated mobility districts (AMDs). AMD is a term coined by NREL to describe a geographically defined district or major activity center located in a dense urban setting with mobility applications provided by automated/autonomous vehicle (AV) systems spanning internal circulation and first-mile/last-mile connections to regional transportation hubs. Research over the past five years has focused on understanding the evolution of AMDs, beginning with demonstrations of automated shuttles prior to the pandemic, to more integrated on-demand mobility systems currently in initial stages of deployment. Initial insights and findings from earlier studies include the need for designation of a "jurisdiction having authority," a clear vision of a complete system to provide end-to-end mobility services, and the requisite intelligent infrastructure to complement AV technology. NREL's most recent Phase III research investigates station boarding/alighting (curb) issues, the full electrification of fleets, and the need for a systems engineering methodology (SEM) to properly analyze the complexities resulting from the convergence of automation, on-demand mobility, and electrification of the transit systems within the AMD. The paper reviews the findings of AMD research conducted during Phase I, II, and III, with special emphasis on Phase III results with respect to a descriptive example of the proposed SEM when a "digital twin" analytical model is used to simulate the transport fleet's battery-electric vehicle miles of travel and associated duty cycles through a rigorous analytical assessment with a comprehensive modeling process.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

Unconventional Pathway in the Gas-Phase Synthesis of 9 H -Fluorene (C 13 H 10 ) via the Radical–Radical Reaction of Benzyl (C 7 H 7 ) with Phenyl (C 6 H 5 )

The simplest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) carrying a five-membered ring - 9H-fluorene (C 13 H 10 ) - is produced isomer-specifically in the gas phase by reacting benzyl (C 7 H 7 •) with phenyl (C 6 H 5 •) radicals in a pyrolytic reactor coupled with single photon ionization mass spectrometry. The unconventional mechanism of reaction is supported by theoretical calculations, which first produces diphenylmethane and unexpectedly 1-(6-methylenecyclohexa-2,4-dienyl)benzene intermediates (C 13 H 12 ) accessed via addition of the phenyl radical to the ortho position of the benzyl radical. These findings offer convincing evidence for molecular mass growth processes defying conventional wisdom that radical–radical reactions are initiated through recombination at their radical centers. Furthermore, the structure of 9H-fluorene acts as a molecular building block for complex curved nanostructures like fullerenes and nanobowls providing fundamental insights into the hydrocarbon evolution in high temperature settings.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Interpretable design of Ir-free trimetallic electrocatalysts for ammonia oxidation with graph neural networks

The electrochemical ammonia oxidation to dinitrogen as a means for energy and environmental applications is a key technology toward the realization of a sustainable nitrogen cycle. The state-of-the-art metal catalysts including Pt and its bimetallics with Ir show promising activity, albeit suffering from high overpotentials for appreciable current densities and the soaring price of precious metals. Herein, the immense design space of ternary Pt alloy nanostructures is explored by graph neural networks trained on ab initio data for concurrently predicting site reactivity, surface stability, and catalyst synthesizability descriptors. Among a few Ir-free candidates that emerge from the active learning workflow, Pt 3 Ru-M (M: Fe, Co, or Ni) alloys were successfully synthesized and experimentally verified to be more active toward ammonia oxidation than Pt, Pt 3 Ir, and Pt 3 Ru. More importantly, feature attribution analyses using the machine-learned representation of site motifs provide fundamental insights into chemical bonding at metal surfaces and shed light on design strategies for high-performance catalytic systems beyond the d-band center metric of binding sites.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Towards dislocation-driven quantum interconnects

A central problem in the deployment of quantum technologies is the realization of robust architectures for quantum interconnects. We propose to engineer interconnects in semiconductors and insulators by patterning spin qubits at dislocations, thus forming quasi one-dimensional lines of entangled point defects. To gain insight into the feasibility and control of dislocation-driven interconnects, we investigate the optical cycle and coherence properties of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, in proximity of dislocations, using a combination of advanced first-principles calculations. We show that one can engineer spin defects with properties similar to those of their bulk counterparts, including charge stability and a favorable optical cycle, and that NV centers close to dislocations have much improved coherence properties. Finally, we predict optically detected magnetic resonance spectra that may facilitate the experimental identification of specific defect configurations. Our results provide a theoretical foundation for the engineering of one-dimensional arrays of spin defects in the solid state.

Materials science↗

A low-temperature, one-step synthesis for monazite can transform monazite into a readily usable advanced nuclear waste form

It has been demonstrated that monazite-type materials are excellent candidates for nuclear waste forms, and hence, their facile synthesis is of great importance for the needed sequestration of existing nuclear waste. The synthesis of monazite, LaPO 4 , requires inconveniently high temperatures near 1000°C and generally involves the conversion of the presynthesized rhabdophane, LaPO 4 •nH 2 O, to the LaPO 4 monazite phase. During this structure transformation, the rhabdophane converts irreversibly to the thermodynamically stable monoclinic monazite structure. A low-temperature (185° to 260°C) mild hydrothermal acid-promoted synthesis of monazite is described that can both transform presynthesized rhabdophane or assemble reagents to the monoclinic monazite structure. The pH dependence of this reaction is detailed, and its applicability to the LnPO 4 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm-Gd), Ca 0.5 Th 0.5 PO 4 , and Sr 0.5 Th 0.5 PO 4 systems is discussed. The crystal growth of Ca 0.5 Th 0.5 PO 4 and Sr 0.5 Th 0.5 PO 4 is described, and their crystal structures were reported. In situ x-ray diffraction studies, performed as a function of temperature, provide insight into the structure transformation process.

Biogeochemistry↗