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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Synthesis, densification and characterization of ultra-fine W-Al2O3 composite powder

Highlights: • W-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} ultrafine powder was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. • Al{sub 2}(WO{sub 4}){sub 3} was a key process for forming nano-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} coated W structure. • This coated structure inhibited the further growth of W particles. • Dispersed Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} particles improved obviously mechanical properties of W alloy. • Fracture mode changed into intergranular from transcrystalline with Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} addition. - Abstract: W-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} composite powder was prepared via hydrothermal synthesis containing doping, annealing and reduction. The precursors WO{sub 3} and AlOOH were synthesized by the two sets of the hydrothermal reactions, respectively. The formation of Al{sub 2}(WO{sub 4}){sub 3} from these two precursors in an aqueous solution is a key process, which is beneficial to improve the mixing uniformity of final powder to a molecular level. During subsequent reduction, nano-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} coated W particles were obtained, and inhibited the further deposition of reduced W atoms on the adjacent W particles, obtaining ultra-fine Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}/W composite powder. After sintering, the dense and fine-grained W-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} alloy was obtained due to the high sintering activity of ultra-fine powder. Compared with the pure tungsten, the W-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} alloy displays obvious higher values of both strength and plasticity especially when the Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} content is 2 wt%.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Crystallization, densification and dielectric properties of CaO–MgO–Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}–SiO{sub 2} glass with ZrO{sub 2} as nucleating agent

SEM micrographs for the pure CaO–MgO–Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}–SiO{sub 2} glass sintered at 850–1000 °C (a) 850 °C, (b) 900 °C, (c) 950 °C, (d) 1000 °C. - Highlights: • ZrO{sub 2} effects on the crystallization of LTCC glass system were investigated. • ZrO{sub 2} effects on the dielectric properties of LTCC glass system were investigated. • LTCC with a dielectric constant of 6.65 and a low dielectric loss can be obtained. - Abstract: The zirconium oxide effects on the crystallization and dielectric properties of CaO–MgO–Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}–SiO{sub 2} (CMAS) glass were investigated. The results showed that phyllosiloxide and anorthite crystallites were observed in sequence during sintering. For glass added with 8 wt% ZrO{sub 2}, homogeneously dispersed tetragonal ZrO{sub 2} crystallites were observed at 850 °C. The as-prepared CMAS glass–ceramics exhibited a dielectric constant of about 6–7 and a dielectric loss below 0.005 at 100 MHz. The dielectric properties of CMAS glass with 8 wt% ZrO{sub 2} sintered at 850 °C show a low dielectric constant of 6.65 and a dielectric loss tangent of about 2.5 × 10{sup −3}, which provides a promising candidate for LTCC applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

A visco-plastic constitutive model for accurate densification and shape predictions in powder metallurgy hot isostatic pressing

Powder metallurgy hot isostatic pressing (PM-HIP) is an advanced manufacturing process that produces near net shape parts with high material utilization and uniform microstructures. Despite being used frequently to produce small-scale components, the application of PM-HIP to large-scale components is limited due to inadequate understanding of its complex mechanisms that cause unpredictable post-HIP shape distortions. A computational model can provide necessary information about the intermediate and final stages of the HIP process that can help understand it better and make accurate predictions. Generally, two types of computational models are employed for PM-HIP of metal powders, namely, plastic and visco-plastic models. Between these, the plastic model is preferred due to its cheaper calibration approach requiring less experimental data. However, the plastic model sometimes produces incorrect predictions when slight variations of the HIP conditions are encountered in practical situations. Therefore, this work presents a visco-plastic model that addresses these limitations of the plastic model. A novel modified calibration approach is employed for the visco-plastic model that utilizes less experimental data than existing approaches. With the new approach, the data requirement is same for both plastic and visco-plastic models. This also enables a quantitative comparison of plastic and visco-plastic models, which have been only qualitatively compared in the past. When calibrated with the same experimental data, both the models are found to produce similar results. In conclusion, the calibrated visco-plastic model is applied to several complex geometries, and the predictions are found to be in good agreement with experimental observations.

Hot isostatic pressing↗
DOE OSTI2023

Densification Pressure Optimization of MOF-808-Based Membranes for Lithium Metal Batteries

The use of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in hybrid electrolytes for lithium (Li) metal batteries has grown in prominence in recent years, primarily due to the chemical tunability of the MOF’s pore structures, which can directly influence Li–ion transport properties. The most attractive form factor for a MOF electrolyte is a thin, flexible membrane, which requires the application of pressure to increase the contact between the MOF particles. Herein, a systematic study of the influence of pressure on the properties of MOF-808-based membranes is presented. It is shown that when a dry, roll-pressed membrane is subjected to pressure ≥120 MPa, a total loss of crystallinity and a significant loss of porosity is observed. Alternatively, a slurry-cast membrane, compressed under controlled pressures, can maintain crystallinity and porosity while decreasing the interparticle void space. Interesting, the conductivity of the membranes infiltrated with liquid electrolyte is not greatly affected by the pressure applied, though ultimately it is shown that for cycling with Li metal, compressed membranes with compact particles are preferred. In conclusion, this study highlights the critical importance of controlling the pressure applied to MOF-based membranes during fabrication and during cell assembly and lays out the foundation for further investigation of how to optimize membrane fabrication for hybrid electrolytes that use MOFs as the dominate component.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Densification of the interlayer spacing governs the nanomechanical properties of calcium-silicate-hydrate

Calciuam-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) is the principal binding phase in modern concrete. Molecular simulations imply that its nanoscale stiffness is 'defect-driven', i.e., dominated by crystallographic defects such as bridging site vacancies in its silicate chains. However, experimental validation of this result is difficult due to the hierarchically porous nature of C-S-H down to nanometers. Here in this paper, we integrate high pressure X-ray diffraction and atomistic simulations to correlate the anisotropic deformation of nanocrystalline C-S-H to its atomic-scale structure, which is changed by varying the Ca-To-Si molar ratio. Contrary to the 'defect-driven' hypothesis, we clearly observe stiffening of C-S-H with increasing Ca/Si in the range 0.8 ≤ Ca/Si ≤ 1.3, despite increasing numbers of vacancies in its silicate chains. The deformation of these chains along the b-Axis occurs mainly through tilting of the Si-O-Si dihedral angle rather than shortening of the Si-O bond, and consequently there is no correlation between the incompressibilities of the a-and b-Axes and the Ca/Si. On the contrary, the intrinsic stiffness of C-S-H solid is inversely correlated with the thickness of its interlayer space. This work provides direct experimental evidence to conduct more realistic modelling of C-S-H-based cementitious material.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Densification of chemical vapor deposition silicon dioxide film using oxygen radical oxidation

Silicon dioxide (SiO{sub 2}) films formed by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) were treated with oxygen radical oxidation using Ar/O{sub 2} plasma excited by microwave. The mass density depth profiles, carrier trap densities, and current-voltage characteristics of the radical-oxidized CVD-SiO{sub 2} films were investigated. The mass density depth profiles were estimated with x ray reflectivity measurement using synchrotron radiation of SPring-8. The carrier trap densities were estimated with x ray photoelectron spectroscopy time-dependent measurement. The mass densities of the radical-oxidized CVD-SiO{sub 2} films were increased near the SiO{sub 2} surface. The densities of the carrier trap centers in these films were decreased. The leakage currents of the metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors fabricated by using these films were reduced. It is probable that the insulation properties of the CVD-SiO{sub 2} film are improved by the increase in the mass density and the decrease in the carrier trap density caused by the restoration of the Si-O network with the radical oxidation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Optimization of Preprocessing and Densification of Sorghum Stover at Full-scale Operation

Transportation costs can be a prohibitive step in bringing biomass to a preprocessing location or biofuel refinery. One alternative to transporting biomass in baled or loose format to a preprocessing location, is to utilize a mobile preprocessing system that can be relocated to various locations where biomass is stored, preprocess and densify the biomass, then ship it to the refinery as needed. The Idaho National Laboratory has a full scale 'Process Demonstration Unit' PDU which includes a stage 1 grinder, hammer mill, drier, pellet mill, and cooler with the associated conveyance system components. Testing at bench and pilot scale has been conducted to determine effects of moisture on preprocessing, crop varieties on preprocessing efficiency and product quality. The INLs PDU provides an opportunity to test the conclusions made at the bench and pilot scale on full industrial scale systems. Each component of the PDU is operated from a central operating station where data is collected to determine power consumption rates for each step in the process. The power for each electrical motor in the system is monitored from the control station to monitor for problems and determine optimal conditions for the system performance. The data can then be viewed to observe how changes in biomass input parameters (moisture and crop type for example), mechanical changes (screen size, biomass drying, pellet size, grinding speed, etc.,), or other variations effect the power consumption of the system. Sorgum in four foot round bales was tested in the system using a series of 6 different screen sizes including: 3/16 in., 1 in., 2 in., 3 in., 4 in., and 6 in. The effect on power consumption, product quality, and production rate were measured to determine optimal conditions.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Biomass Feedstock Supply System Logistics Analysis, Densification and Characterization Research

Idaho National Laboratory's Biomass Logistics Model has developed to a point for which a rigorous verification of the model and the results is appropriate. This verification will help add confidence to the model results and the system's design. The verification process consists of performing a number of predefined scenarios to exercise the most used and common paths and functions in the model. INL subject matter experts that understand the various components, but have not been actively involved in the development of the model, will review the results. This document is a summary of that activity.

Jacobson, Jacob↗
DOE OSTI2014

Performance and Efficiency of Biomass Densification Equipment (CRADA Final Report)

In 2008, a CRADA between the INL and Vermeer was signed and work began between the two parties to look at improvements in grinding processes for agricultural crop residues. Preprocessing is a critical operation in the biomass feedstock assembly system of a lignocellulosic biorefinery. Preprocessing is typically accomplished using industrial grinders to grind, chop, or otherwise size-reduce biomass materials into a suitable feedstock for conversion to biofuels and bioproducts. Various components of commercial preprocessing equipment capable of handling large-format material (such as large square bales) can be modified or altered to change the overall productivity and efficiency of the process. Many factors affect machine capacity and efficiency and the physical characteristics of preprocessed biomass. Ultimately, grinder capacity and efficiency can be enhanced by selecting hammer and screen configurations that optimize grinder performance-based mass flow and energy consumption. Variations in grinder capacity and efficiency were evaluated by altering the type, number, and orientation of the hammer; the screen type and size; and the rotational drum speed of the grinder. Fuel use and grinder capacity were compared with each modification made to the grinder system and the original design of the horizontal grinder test platform. Modifications evaluated in this study resulted in a significant increase in grinder capacity and efficiency.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Investigation of the Deposition and Densification Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Pressurized Spray Deposited (PSD) 3-D Printed Ceramic Components

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and HotEnd Works teamed to investigate the use of pressurized spray deposition (PSD) technology for the production of ceramic parts via additive manufacturing. Scanning electron microscopy of sintered parts provided by HotEnd Works revealed voids large enough to compromise the mechanical properties of PSD manufactured parts. Scanning electron microscopy and particle size analysis of the alumina oxide powder feedstocks indicated that the powders contained some large particles and some agglomerations in the powder. Further classification of the powder feedstocks and removal of the agglomerates by sonication in the liquid used for the PSD process are recommended. Analysis of sintered parts indicated that the sonic modulus for the alumina part is consistent with other known values for alumina. The density for this part was determined by standard Archimedes immersion density methods and was found to be > 99.7 % of the theoretical density for pure alumina.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗